2,000 Greater & Lesser Mysteries/2,000 Greater and Lesser Mysteries.iso/govern/mys00615.txt

Text File | 1994-06-10 | 1.6 MB | 35,627 lines

LIST OF US AND NATO MILITARY TERMS

"Ilities" - The operational and support requirements a program must
address (e.g., availability, maintainability, vulnerability,
reliability, logistic supportability, etc.)

(DoD)5000.1  DoDD 5000.1

(DoD)5000.2  DoDI 5000.2

(Out of) Hide - Means of funding program, perhaps not planned or
scheduled, out of existing service funds without receiving any outside
help from Congress or OSD.

(S)SARC  (Service) Systems Acquisition Review Council

(Service) System Acquisition Review Council (S) - A council established
by the head of a military department as an advisory body to him and
through him to the SECDEF on major system acquisitions. The (S)SARC is
chaired by the Secretary/Under Secretary of the military department and
is similar in functional composition, responsibilities and operation to
the DAB. In Application. the term (Service) is replaced by the
designation of the applicable Military Department, i.e., ASARC, (Army),
AFSARC(AF), MSARC (USMC). See NPDM (Navy).

AAvailability

A SPEC   System Specification

A-109OMB Circular A-109

AA   Administrative Assistant (Congress)

AAE  Army Acquisition Executive

AAO  Army Acquisition Objective

ACAP Army Cost Analysis Paper

ACAT Acquisition Category (Navy)

ACCT Account

ACI  Allocated Configuration Identiflcation

ACIB Air Characteristics Improvement Board (Navy)

ACM  Authorized Controlled Material

ACMC Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps

ACNO Assistant Chief of Naval Operations

ACO  Administrative Contracting Officer

ACQ STRATAcquisition Strategy

ACS  Assistant Chief of Staff

ACWP Actual Cost for Work Performed

AD   Armament Division (AF); Advanced Development

ADARSArmy Defense Acquisition Regulation Supplement

ADM  Acquisition Decision Memorandum;
 Advanced Development Model

ADP  Automated Data Processing

ADPE ADP Equipment

AE   Acquisition Executive

AECA Arms Export Control Act (1976) as amended.

AED  Aeronautical Engineering Division (AF)

AEDO Aeronautical Engineering Duty Officer

AFAE Air Force Acquisition Executive

AFAESAir Force Acquisition Executive System

AFALCAir Force Acquisition Logistics Center

AFC  Air Force Council

AFCS Army Facilities Component System

AFFTCAir Force Flight Test Center

AFIT Air Force Institute of Technology

AFLC Air Force Logistics Command

AFOTEC   Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center

AFP  Approval for Full Production (Navy)

AFPROAir Force Plant Representative Office

AFR  Air Force Regulation

AFSARC   Air Force Systems Acquisition Review Council

AFSC Air Force Systems Command;
 Armed Forces Staff College

AFSCPAir Force Systems Command Pamphlet

AFTACAir Force Technical Applications Center

AI   Artificial intelligence

AIR STAFFAir Force Headquarters Staff

AL   Acquisition Logistician

ALC  Air Logistics Center (AF)

ALMC Army Logistics Management Center

ALO  Authorized Level Of Organization (Army)

ALP  Approval for Limited Production (Navy)

AMARCArmy Materiel Acquisition Review Committee

AMC  Army Materiel Command (formerly called DARCOM)

AMCCOM   Armament, Munitions, & Chemical Command (Army)

AMP  Army Materiel Plan

AMSAAArmy Materiel Systems Analysis Agency

AMSDLAcquisition Management Systems Data List

AO   Action Officer

AP   Acquisition Plan

AP/A/N/AFAircraft Procurement (Appropriations),
 Army/Navy/Air Force

APDM Amended Program Decision Memorandum

APL  Approved Parts List

APM  Analysis for Program Managers;
 Army Program Memorandum

APPN Appropriation

AQAP Allied Quality Assurance Provision

AR   Army Regulation

ARB  Acquisition Review Board (Navy)

ARC  OBSOLETE--Acquisition Review Committee
   (of the CEB)(Navy)

ARSTAFF  Army Headquarters Staff

AS   Acquisition Strategy

ASA  Assistant Secretary of the Army

ASA (RDA)Assistant Secretary of the Army
 (Research, Development and Acquisition)

ASAF Assistant Secretary of the Air Force

ASAF (RD&L)  OBSOLETE Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
 (Research, Development and Logistics).
 See ASAF Acquisition (A)

ASAF(A)  Assistant Secretary of Air Force (Acquisition)

ASARCArmy Systems Acquisition Review Council (Army)

ASBCAArmed Services Board of Contract Appeals

ASC  Advanced Systems Concept (Navy);
 Army Staff Council

ASD  Assistant Secretary of Defense;
 Aeronautical Systems
 Division (AF)

ASD (C)  Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)

ASD (C3I)Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control,
 Communications and Intelligence)

ASD (FM&P)   Assistant Secretary of Defense
 (Force Management & Personnel)

ASD (LA) Assistant Secretary of Defense
 (Legislative Affairs)

ASD (P&L)Assistant Secretary of Defense
 (Production & Logistics)

ASD (RA) Assistant Secretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs)

ASF  Army Stock Fund

ASN  Assistant Secretary of the Navy

ASN (M&RA)   Assistant Secretary of the Navy
 (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)

ASN (RE&S)   Assistant Secretary of the Navy
 (Research Engineering and Systems)

ASN (S&L)Assistant Secretary of the Navy
 (Shipbuilding and Logistics)

ASO  Aviation Supply Office (Navy)

ASPA OBSOLETE--Armed Services Procurement Act 1947
   (as amended). Superseded by Competition
   in Contracting Act (1984)

ASPO Acquisition Sponsor Project Officer (USMC)

ASPR Obsolete. Armed Services Procurement Regulation
   (Replaced by DAR, Defense Acquisition
   Regulation, which has been replaced by
   DoD Supplement to the FAR -
   Federal Acquisition Regulation)

ATC  Air Training Command (AF)

ATE  Automatic Test Equipment

ATP  Acceptance Test Procedures

AUR  All-Up-Round

AVSCOM   Aviation Systems Command (Army)

Aa   Achieved Availability

Acceptance - The act of an authorized representative of the government
by which the government assumes for itself, or as agent of another,
ownership of existing and identified supplies tendered or approves
specific services rendered, as partial or complete performance of the
contract on the part of the contractor.

Accounts Payable - Amounts due the public or other U.S. Government
agencies for materials and services received, wages earned, and fringe
benefits unpaid.

Accounts Receivable - Amounts due from debtors on open accounts.
Under appropriated funds, amounts due from debtors for reimbursements
earned or for appropriation refunds due.

Accrual Accounting - The basis of accounting whereby revenue is
recognized when it is realized and when expenses are recognized when
incurred, without regard to time of receipt or payment of cash.

Acquisition - The process for obtaining systems, equipment or
modifications to existing inventory items. In DoD, it includes
development (RDT&E) and production (procurement).

Acquisition Category - Navy and Marine Corps designation for
acquisition programs--ACAT I (major); ACAT II, III, IV M/T
(less than major).

Acquisition Decision Memorandum - Documents SECDF milestone decision.
May also be used to document SECDEF decision on joint or OSD/OJCS MNS.

Acquisition Life Cycle - Five phases, each proceeded by a milestone or
other decision point, during which a system goes through research,
development, test and evaluation and production. The five phases of the
defense acquisition process are: (l) Concept Exploration,
(2) Demonstartion and Validation, (3) Full Scale Development,
(4) Production and Deployment and (5) Operations Support.
(Pending name changes: (2) Concept Demonstration and Validation,
(3) Full Scale Development and Low Rate Initial Production,
(4) Full Rate Production and Initial Deployment.) See Phases.

Acquisition Logistics - Process of systematically identifying and
assessing logistics alternatives, analyzing and resolving logistics
deficiencies, and managing integrated logistic support throughout the
acquisition process.

Acquisition Plan - A document which records program decisions, contains
the requirement, provides appropriate analysis of technical options and
the life cycle plans for development, production, training and support
of materiel items. Required by the FAR in the Contracting Process.

Acquisition Program - A directed effort funded either through
procurement appropriations, through the Security Assistance Program,
or the RDT&E appropriation with the goal of providing a new or improved
capability in response to a validated need. An acquisition program may
include either development or procurement of system, subsystems,
equipment, munitions, or modifications to them, as well as supporting
equipment, systems, projects, and studies. Excluded from this
definition and from this regulation are general purpose, commercially
available automatic data processing assets.

Acquisition Risk -  The chance that some element of an acquisition
program produces an unintended result with an adverse effect on system
effectiveness, suitability cost, or availability for deployment.
See Risk.

Acquisition Strategy - The conceptual framework for conducting systems
acquisition, encompassing the broad concepts and objectives which
direct and control the overall development, production, and deployment
of a system. It evolves in parallel with the system's maturation.
It must be stable enough to provide continuity but dynamic and flexible
enough to accommodate change. It is tailored to fit the needs for
developing, producing and fielding the system. Required by OMB Circular
A-109 and service directives for virtually all programs.

Act - A bill or measure after it passes one or both Houses of Congress.
Also denotes a law in place.

Action Officer - The person responsible for taking action on a project,
for coordination of all staff activities, and assembling the action
package for decision by higher authority.

Active Repair Time - That portion of down time during which one or more
technicians are working on the system to effect a repair. This time
includes preparation time, fault-location time, fault-correction time,
and final checkout time for the system.

Actual Cost - A cost sustained in fact, on the basis of costs incurred,
as distinguished from forecasted or estimated costs.

Actual Cost of Work Perormed - The costs actually incurred and recorded
in accomplishing the work performed within a given time period.

Actual Dollars - Expenditures as recorded in prior time periods.

Actual Time - The time taken by a workman to complete a task or an
element of a task.

Administrating Contracting Officer - The government contracting officer,
often at an installation other than the one which made the contract,
who handles the business administration of the contract.

Administrative Time - The portion of down time not included under
active repair time and logistics time.

Advance Buy Funding - That part of the procurement funding for an end
item that is separately identified in an earlier year as an advance
procurement.

Advance Buy/Advance Procurment - Procurement of long-lead time
materials or components earlier than the FY in which the end item is
funded. Procurement

Advance Funding - Budget authority provided in an appropriation act
that allows funds to be committed to a specific purpose (obligated) and
spent during this fiscal year even though the appropriation actually is
for the next fiscal year. Advance funding generally is used to avoid
requests for supplemental apprpriations for entitlement programs late
in a fiscal year when the appropriations for the current fiscal year
are too low.

Advanced Development (6.3) - A funding category including all projects
which have moved into the development of hardware for experimental or
operational test. 6.3A is nonsystem and 6.3B is system development.

Advocates - (l) Overseers in OSD and services whose job is to
encourage, monitor, enforce, and report progress in attaining certain
disciplines and goals. Includes advocates for competition,
streamlining, specifications and other topical issues. (2) Persons or
organizations actively supporting and "selling" an acquisition program.

Affordability - Function of cost, priority, and availability of fiscal
and manpower resources.

Aggregates - The totals relating to the whole budget rather than a
particular function, program, or line item. The seven budget aggregates
are budget authority, outlays, revenues, deficit/surplus, level of
public debt, new direct loan obligations, and new guaranteed loan
commitments.

Ai   Inherent Availability

Air Force Designated Acquisition Program - A system acquisition program
not designated as a major system acquisition but determined by the
Secretary of the Air Force to be of such importance and priority as to
require special management attention and Secretarial level milestone
decisions.

Allocable Cost - A cost is allocable if it is assignable or chargeable
to one or more cost objectives in accordance with the relative benefits
received or other equitable relationships defined or agreed to between
contractual parties.

Allocated Baseline - Development specification (type B spec) which
defines performance requirements for each configuration item of the
system.

Allocated Budget - See Total Allocated Budget

Allocated Configuration Indentification - Currently approved
performance-oriented specifications governing the development of
configuration items that are a part of a higher level configuration
item (CI), in which each specification: (l) defines the functional
characteristics that are allocated from those of the higher level CI;
(2) establishes the tests required to demonstrate achievement of its
allocated functional characteristics; (3) delineates necessary
interface requirements with other CIs; and (4) establishes design
constraints, if any, such AS component/part standardization, use of
inventory items and integrated logistic support requirements.

Allocation - An authorization by a designated official of a DoD
component making funds available within a prescribed amount to an
operating agency for the purpose of making allotments (i.e., the first
subdivision of an apportionment).

Allotment - An authorization granted within and pursuant to an
allocation for the purpose of incurring commitments, obligations, and
expenditures in the accomplishment of an approved budget. Therefore, an
allotment is a subdivision of an appropriation which provides the
funding authority for an official to accomplish a specific function or
mission.

Allowance - A time increment included in the standard time for an
operation to compensate the workman for production lost due to fatigue
and normally expected interruptions, such as personal and unavoidable
delays.

Alternatives - A choice limited to one of two or more possibilities.
Can be called options.

Analog Cost Estimate - An estimate of costs based on historical data of
a similar (analog) item.

Analysis of Manufacturing Operations - The review and evaluation of
assembly and fabrication processes to determine how effectively and
efficiently the contractor's manufacturing operations have been planned
or accomplished.

Anti-Deficiency Act Section 3679 Revised  Status (31 U.S.C. 665) -
The salient features of this Act include: (a) Prohibitions against
authorizing or incurring obligations or expenditures in excess of
amounts apportioned by the OMB or in excess of amounts permitted by
agency regulations; (b) establishment of procedures for determining the
responsibility for violations and for reporting violations to the
President, through OMB and to the Congress.

Ao   Operational Availability

Appeal Process - From Congress, provides DoD opportunity to justify
restoration of all or part of any program reductions or changes made by
a committee report. Processed through comptroller. Normally generated
in Pentagon.

Apportioned Effort - Effort that by itself is not readily divisible
into short-span work packages but which is related in direct proportion
to measured effort.

Apportionment - A determination made by the Office of Management and
Budget which limits the amount of obligations or expenditures which may
be incurred during a specified time period. An apportionment may limit
all obligations to be incurred during the specified period or it may
limit obligations to be incurred for a speciflc activity, function,
project, object, or a combination thereof. The third of four phases of
the DoD resource allocation process.

Appraisal - Impartial analysis of information, at each responsible
management and control level, from which the effectiveness and
efficiency of the total process can be measured and
preventive/corrective action determined.

Appropriation - A part of an Appropriation Act by Congress providing a
specified amount of funds to be used for designated purposes.
Appropriations include: (l) research, development, test and evaluation,
RDT&E; (2) reserve personnel, RP; (3) military personnel, MP;
(4) military construction, MC; (5) weapons procurement, WP;
(6) operations and maintenance, O&M; (7) aircraft procurement, AP;
(8) other procurement, OP; (9) shipbuilding and conversion, SC;
(10) family housing, Defense, FHD; (11) claims, Defense, CD;
(12) retired pay, Defense, RPD; (13) procurement, Marine Corps, PMC.

Appropriation Limitation - An amount fixed by Congress within an
appropriation which cannot be exceeded.

Appropriators (Appropriations Committees) - The Senate and House
Appropriations Committees. They originate legislation granting funding
for federal agencies and also have oversight authority to monitor how
funds are spent.

Approved Programs - The technical and operational, schedule, and
quantity requirements reflected in the latest approved SECDEF ADM or in
any other document reflecting a more current decision of the SECDEF or
other appropriate approval authority (such as the President's budget
and supporting documentation). Changes being considered and reflected
in PPBS memoranda (such as POMs, PDMs, and PBDs) may not be reported
until approved and included in the President's budget.

Arithmetic Mean - The sum of all values of a set of observations
divided by the number of observations.
Also known as an average or mean.

Armaments -Weapons with lethality capability(i.e.,missiles,rounds,etc.)

Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals - Board established to act as
the authorized representative of SECDEF or department Secretaries,
in deciding appeals under the disputes clause of government contracts.

Armed Services Committees (Senate and House) - Standing committees of
Senate (SASC) and House (HASC) which authorize DoD programs and conduct
oversight.

Armed Services Procurement Regulation - OBSOLETE. ASPR was redesignated
the Defense Acquisition Regulation, now superseded by the DoD
Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulations.

Assembly - Two or more parts or subassemblies joined together to form A
complete unit, structure, or other article.

Assembly Chart - Portrays the proposed sequence of assembly operations
constituting the assembly process in the production of goods that are
composed of many components.

Assessment Report - The report generated by an independent assessment
of a major system during any phase of the acquisition and support
process to provide an examination and evaluation of technical
requirements, status toward achievement of those requirements, identify
problems and problem causes and make recommendations for correction.

Atmospheric/Off the Wall Estimate - A wild guess (usually a cost
estimate) based on experience of the estimator, but without confidence.

Attrition - The loss of a resource due to natural causes in the normal
course of events such as a turnover of employees or spoilage and
obsolescence or material.

Audit - The systematic examination of records and documents to
determine: (l) adequacy and effectiveness of budgeting, accounting,
financial and related policies and procedures; (2) compliance with
applicable statutes, regulations, Policies  and prescribed procedures;
(3) reliability, accuracy and completeness of financial and
administrative records and reports and (4) the extent to which funds
and other resources are properly protected and effectively used.

Auditor - Represents the cognizant audit office designated by the DCAA
or Service audit activities for conducting audit reviews of the
contractor's accounting system policies and procedures for compliance
with the criteria.

Austerity - Enforced or extreme economy.

Authority - The authority to make and enforce a decision.

Authorization - An act of Congress which permits a federal program or
activity to begin or continue from year to year. It sets limits on
funds that can be appropriated, but does not grant funding which must
be provided by a separate Congressional appropriation.

Authorized Work - That effort which has been definitized and is on
contract, plus that which definitized contract costs have not been
agreed to but for which written authorization has been received.

Authorizers (Authorization Committees) - The standing committees of
Congress which have legislative authority, authorize programs, and
conduct oversight over agency programs. Examples: DoD - Senate and
House Armed Services Committees; Department of Education -- Senate
Labor and Human Resources Committee, House Education and Labor
Committee.

Automatic Data Processing Equipment - (l) A machine, or a group of
inter-connected machines, consisting of input, storage, computing,
control, and output services, which uses electronic circuitry in the
main computing element to perform arithmetic and/or logical operations
automatically by means of internally stored or externally controlled
programmed instructions. (2) The data processing equipment which
directly supports or services the central computer operations.

Availability - A measure of the degree to which an item is in the
operable and commitable state at the start of a mission when the
mission is called for at an unknown (random) time. (See Reliability,
Availability and Maintainability.)

Avoidable Delay - Any time during an assigned work period which is
within the control of the workman and which he uses for idling or for
doing things unnecessary to the performance of the operation. Such time
does not include allowance for personal requirements, fatigue, and
unavoidable delays.
Balanced Line - A series of progressive related operations with
approximately equal standard times for each, arranged so that work
flows at a desired steady rate from one operation to the next.

BBillion

B SPEC   Development/Design Specification

B&P  Bid and Proposal

B/L  Baseline

BA   Budget Authority; Budget Activity

BAC  Budgeted Cost at Completion

BCE  Baseline Cost Estimate

BCM  Baseline Correlation Matrix (AF)

BCWP Budgeted Cost for Work Performed

BCWS Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled

BDS  Business Development Specialist (SBA)

BES  Budget Estimate Submission

BFM  Business and Financial Manager

BIS  Board of Inspection and Survey
 (also, INSURV)(Navy)

BIT  Built-In Test; Binary Digit

BITE Built-In Test Equipment

BLUE $   Navy Appropriation

BMAW Business Managers Advanced Workshop (DSMC)

BMC  Business Management Course (DSMC)

BMD  Business Management Department (DSMC)

BMO  Ballistic Missile Office (AF)

BOA  Basic Ordering Agreement

BOIP Basis of Issue Plans

BOS  Base Operating Support

BOV  Board of Visitors (DSMC)

BRICKBAT Top Priority Program

BT   Builder's Trials (Ships)

BY   Budget Year

Ball Park Estimate - Very rough estimate (usually cost estimate), but
with some knowledge and confidence. ("Somewhere in the ball park.")

Bank - A planned accumulation of work-in-process to permit reasonable
fluctuations in performance times of coordinated or associated
operations.

Bar Chart - The detailed graphical working plan of a part providing
sequence and time for the job scheduled ahead and progress to date.

Base Program - The base program is the program described in the FYDP
base file, when updated to conform to the budget presented to Congress
in January. It constitutes the base from which all current-year program
changes are considered.

Base Year - A reference period which determines a fixed price level for
comparison in economic escalation calculations and cost estimates. The
price level index for the base year is 1.000.

Baseline - Defined quantity or quality used as starting point for
subsequent efforts and progress measurement. See Performance
Measurement Baseline and Program Baseline. Can be a technical baseline
or cost baseline.

Baseline Comparison System - A current operational system, or a
composite of current operational subsystems, which most closely
represents the design, operational, and support characteristics of the
new system under development.

Baseline Cost Estimate - A detailed estimate of acquisition and
ownership costs normally required for high level decisions. This
estimate is performed early in the program and serves as the basepoint
for all subsequent tracking and auditing purposes.

Basic Ordering Agreement - An instrument of understanding (not a
contract) executed between a procuring activity and a contractor which
sets forth negotiated contract clauses which will be applicable to
future procurements entered into between the parties during the term of
the agreement. It includes as specific as possible a description of the
supplies or services and a description of the method for determination
of prices.

Basic Research - 6.1 money. Efforts typically performed in laboratories
as experiments to explore the basic laws of science and their potential
application to DoD weapon systems or technology development.

Basics - Six-week fundamentals of system acquisition management course
required of students prior to embarking on remainder of 20-week PMC
(DSMC).

Bells and Whistles - As the system proceeds through development, offer
requirements for it change, sometimes causing the user of developer to
want to add to its mission--give it more things to do (i.e., more
firepower or armor, another radar, etc.). These new responsibilities or
requirements are called bells and whistles.

Best Effort (Contractor's) - Contractor's responsibility to do the best
job that can be done under terms of the contract. Usually used in
connection with cost-plus contract.

Bid - A prospective contractor's (bidder's) reply to sealed bid a
solicitation document. Needs only government acceptance to constitute a
binding contract.

Bid and Proposal Costs - Costs incurred in preparing, submitting, and
supporting bids and proposals (whether or not solicited) on potential
government or nongovernment contracts.

Bidders (Mailing) List (Master Bidders List) - List of sources
maintained by the procuring officer from which bids or proposals or
quotations can be solicited.

Bidders Conference - In sealed bid procurements, a meeting of
prospective bidders arranged by the contracting officer during the
solicitation period to help solicited firms fully understand the
government's requirements and to give them an opportunity to ask
questions. (For research and development procurements,
see Presolicitation Conference.)

Bill - Most legislative proposals introduced and before Congress.
Designated HR (House of Representatives) or S (Senate) according to
where they originate and by a number assigned in order in which
introduced.

Black Program - Program with high security classification normally
processed outside the DAB or service Life Cycle Management Processes.
Includes some C3I programs and the like.

Blanket Purchase Agreement - A negotiated contractual agreement between
a contractor and the government under which individual purchase orders
not exceeding $2,500 may be placed for a specified period of time and
within a stipulated aggregate amount.

Bless - Agree to something, usually by higher authority, officially or
unofficially.

Bogey - A dollar goal. Usually refers to an amount to be subtracted
from total obligational authority.

Boiler Plate - Prearranged format - applies to anything which is not
subject to frequent change. See General Provisions.

Bottoms Up Cost Estimate - See Engineering Cost Estimate.

Bow Wave - Impact of deferred funding. Early program funding profile
did not match program requirements; subsequent profile shows steep
increases over years to catch up.

Brainstorm - A meeting at which ideas are freely surfaced and
discussed, no matter how far out they may be, in the interest of
uncovering all possible approaches to (or parameters of) an issue or
problem. After all ideas are out, they can be discussed and evaluated.

Brassboard Configuration - An experimental device (or group of devices)
used to determine feasibility and to develop technical and operational
data. It will normally be a model sufficiently hardened for use outside
of laboratory environments to demonstrate the technical and operational
principles of immediate interest. It may resemble the end item, but is
not intended for use as the end item.

Breadboard Configuration - An experimental device (or group of devices)
used to determine feasibility and to develop technical data. It will
normally only be configured for laboratory use to demonstrate the
technical principles of immediate Interest. It may not resemble the end
item and is not intended for use as the projected end item.

Break-even Analysis - Analysis of proposed procurement and
facilitization to compare potential cost of establishing a second
source with potential savings due to competitive pressure from the
second source.

Break-even Point - (l) In business enterprise, the point at which
revenues from sales exactly equal total incurred costs, i.e.,
Revenues = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs. (2) In decision-making such as
make versus buy, lease versus buy, etc., it is the point of
indifference, meaning that level of activity where either method
results in exactly the same cost. These type of break-even decisions
often involve making assumptions about levels of activity such as
number of units needed.

Breakout - Execution of acquisition strategy to convert some parts or
systems components from contractor furnished to government furnished.
Rather than having prime contractor provide from its sources,
government goes out to industry direct and procures items.

Budget - A plan of operations for a fiscal period in terms of (a)
estimated costs, obligations, and expenditures; (b) source of funds for
financing including anticipated reimbursements and other resources; and
(c)history and workload data for the projected programs and activities.

Budget Activity - A budget activity is a major subdivision of a budget
appropriation, generally in mission areas. It records estimates for a
component function or activity to be funded by the appropriation.

Budget Authority - Authority provided by law to enter into obligations
which generally result in disbursements of Government funds. Also known
as obligational authority.

Budget Estimate - Cost estimate prepared for inclusion in DoD budget to
support acquisition program.

Budget Estimate Submission - The service budget submissions to OSD
showing budget requirements for  inclusion in the DoD budget.
Every other Fall (even years) under two- year budget, every Fall under
one-year budget.

Budget Execution - See Execution.

Budget Resolution - A congressional concurrent resolution (neither law
nor binding) passed by both Houses of Congress which sets overall
spending levels for the authorizers and appropriators for the budget
before them.

Budget Year - The year following the current fiscal year, and for which
the budget estimate is prepared. For example, if the current fiscal
year is Fiscal Year 1985, the budget year would be Fiscal Year 1986.

Budget for Work Packages - See Work Package Budgets.

Budgeted Cost for Work Performed - The sum of the budgets for completed
work packages and completed portions of open work packages, plus the
appropriate portion of the budgets for level of effort and apportioned
effort.

Budgeted Cost for Work Scheduled - The sum of the budgets for all work
(work packages, planning packages, etc.) scheduled to be accomplished
(including in-process work packages), plus the amount of level of
effort and apportioned effort scheduled to be accomplished within a
given time period.

Budgeting - The process of translating approved resource requirements
into a funding profile.

Builder's Trial - Evaluation trials and inspection conducted underway
by the builder for the purpose of assuring the builder and the Navy
that the ship is, or will be, ready for acceptance trials. This trial
should be a comprehensive test of all ship's equipment and approximate
the scope of the acceptance trial.

Built-in Test Equipment - Any device permanently mounted in the prime
equipment and used for the express purpose of testing the prime
equipment, either independently or in association with external test
equipment.

Burden - Costs which cannot be attributed or assigned to a system as
direct cost (overhead rates, general and administrative expenses,etc.).

Burn Rate - The monthly rate at which a contract's funds are expended
during the period of the contract.

Buy - (l) To approve, concur, or accept an action or proposal from
another agency or office. (2) The number of end items to be procured
either over a certain period or in total.

Buy-American Act - Provides U.S. government generally give preference
to domestic end products. (41 USC 10 A-D). This preference is accorded
during price evaluation process by applying punitive evaluation factor
to most foreign products. Subsequently modified (relaxed) by Culver-
Nunn Amendment (1977) and other 1979 trade agreements for dealing with
NATO allies.

Buy-in - Submission of an offer, usually substantially below estimated
cost, with the expectation of winning the contract.
Capability - A measure of the system ability to achieve the mission
objectives, given the system condition during the mission.

C SPEC   Production Specification

C-V-PCost-Volume-Profit

C/PD Cost/Pricing Data

C/SCSC   Cost/Schedule Control Systems Criteria

C/SSRCost/Schedule Status Report

C2   Command and Control

C3I  Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence

C4   Command, Control, Communications & Computers

CAD  Computer Aided Design

CAIG Cost Analysis Improvement Group (OSD)

CALS Computer Aided Logistic Support

CAM  Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAO  Contract Administration Office

CAP  Contractor Acquired Property

CAR  Command Assessment Review (AF);
 Configuration Audit Review

CAS  Cost Accounting Standard;
 Contract Administration Services

CAT  Computer Aided Testing

CBD  Commerce Business Daily

CBO  Congressional Budget Office

CBR  Chemical, Biological, Radiological

CBTDEV   Combat Developer

CC   Crystal City (Arlington, VA)

CCB  Configuration Control Board

CCDR Contractor Cost Data Reporting

CCN  Contract Change Notice

CDR  Critical Design Review

CDRL Contract Data Requirements List

CE   Current Estimate; Concept Exploration Phase

CEB  CNO Executive Board (Navy)

CECOMCommunications Electronics Command (Army)

CEO  Chief Executive Officer

CEP  Circular Error Probable;
 Contract Estimating and Pricing

CER  Cost Estimating Relationship

CETS Contractor Engineering and Technical Services

CFE  Contractor Furnished Equipment

CFEN Contractor Furnished Equipment Notice

CFM  Contractor Financial Management;
 Contractor Furnished Material

CFPM Contract Finance for PM's Course (DSMC)

CFSR Contract Funds Status Report

CHEMEChemical Engineering

CI   Configuration Item

CIA  Central Intelligence Agency

CICA Competition in Contracting Act (1984)

CID  Commercial Item Description

CILOPConversion in Lieu of Procurement (Navy)

CINC Commander in Chief

CIP  Component Improvement Program

CITA Commercial or Industrial-Type Activities.

CJCS Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff

CM   Configuration Management; Contract Management

CMC  Commandant of the Marine Corps

CMP  Configuration Management Plan

CNA  Center for Naval Analyses

CNAD Conference of NATO Armaments Directors

CNC  Computer Numerical Control

CNO  Chief of Naval Operations

CO   Contracting Officer; Change Order;
 Commanding Officer

COC  Certificate of Competency;
 Certification of Compliance

COCO Contractor Owned/Contractor Operated (Facilities)

COEA Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis

COGP Commission on Government Procurement (1972)

COMDTCommandant

COMMINT  Communications Intelligence

COMOPTEVFOR  Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force
 (Navy)

COMPTComptroller (pronounced controller)

CONUSContinental United States

COR/COTR Contracting Officer's (Technical) Representative

CPAF Cost-Plus-Award Fee

CPAM CNO Program Assessment Memorandum (Navy)

CPFF Cost-Plus-Fixed Fee

CPIF Cost-Plus incentive Fee

CPM  Critical Path Method;
 Contractor Performance Measurement

CPM-ISP  CPMC Individual Study Program (DSMC)

CPMC Contractor Performance Measurement Course (DSMC)

CPO/CCPO (Consolidated) Civilian Personnel Office

CPPC Cost-Plus-Percentage of Cost

CPR  Cost Performance Report

CPSR Contract Procurement/Purchasing System Review

CPU  Control Processing Unit

CR   Cost Reimbursement; Continuing Resolution

CRA  Continuing Resolution Authority

CRISDComputer Resources Integrated Support Document

CRLCMP   Computer Resources Life Cycle Management Plan

CRT  Cathode Ray Tube

CSA  Chief of Staff of the Army

CSAF Chief of Staff of the Air Force

CSC  Computer Software Component

CSCI Computer Software Configuration Item

CSDM Computer Software Documents Manual

CSOM Computer Software Operator's Manual

CSS  Contractor Support Services

CTEA Cost and Training Effectiveness Analysis

CWBS Contract Work Breakdown Structure

CY   Calendar Year; Current Year

Capacity Analysis - An analysis most frequently employed in a machine
or process area to project capacity for additional business.

Captive Carry - In testing, the use of the primary (or similar)
platform in which to deploy the weapon system being tested.

Centralized Management - The concept of using a single, designated
management authority. It includes system management, program/project
management, and product management.

Change Order - Unilateral direction to a contractor to modify a
contractual requirement within the scope of the contract, pursuant to
the Changes clause contained in the contract.

Chop - Concurrence acquired during coordination.

Co-Production - An effort between governments to produce the same end
item, or components of the same end item, in concert.
See Dual Production (similar).

Coefficient of Correlation - A summary statistic which measures the
degree of correlation between variables and is expressed in numerical
terms which are independent of the units of the original data.

Coefficient of Determination - The square of the coefficient of
correlation indicating the percent variation in the dependent variable
explained by the independent variable(s). Its range is from 0 to 1.0.

Combat Development - Covers research, development, and testing of new
doctrines, organizations, and materiel for early integration into the
Army structure. (Army)

Combat System Test Installation - A collection of sybsystems including
weapon, sensor, and information processing equipment together with
their interfaces installed for the purposes of early testing prior to
the availability of a first production item, at a test facility
designed to simulate the essential parts of the production item.

Commerce Business Daily - Publication of Department of Commerce in
which government publicizes a potential buy (a "synopsis") to notify
interested vendors.

Commercial Item - An end item available on the commercial market, most
likely not developed/produced for DoD.

Commitment - A firm administrative reservation of funds for future
obligations by the local comptrollers. Based upon firm procurement
directives, orders, requisitions, authorizations to issue travel
orders, or requests.

Commonality - A quality which applies to materiel or systems possessing
like and interchangeable characteristics enabling each to be utilized
or operated and maintained by personnel trained on the others without
additional specialized training; and/or having interchangeable repair
parts and/or components; and applying to consumable items
interchangeably equivalent without adjustment.

Compatibility - The compability of two or more operational
items/systems to exist or function as elements of a larger operational
system or operational environment without mutual interference. Applies
also to multi-service or multi-national use.
See soldier--machine interface.

Competition - Part of an acquisition strategy whereby more than one
contractor is sought to bid on performing a service or function, with
the winner being selected on the basis of criteria established by the
activity for whom the work is to be performed. The law and DoD policy
requires maximum (full and open) competition throughout the acquisition
life cycle.

Component - (l) Subsystem, assembly, subassembly or other major element
of an end item. (2) Military department, or agency, of DoD.

Component Acquisition Executive - See Service Acquisition Executive.

Component Breakout - See Breakout.

Compounding - The process of increasing the future worth of a present
amount. An application of the principle that future worth is greater
than present worth when viewed from the future due to the payment of
interest.

Comptroller - The chief financial manager for the activity to which
assigned. At OSD level, ASD(C) is responsible for PPBS and all
budgetary matters.

Computer Program - A series of instructors or statements in a form
acceptable to a computer, designed to cause the computer to execute an
operation.

Computer Resources Life Cycle Management Plan - The primary program
management document that describes the development, acquisition, test,
and support plans for computer resources integral to, or used in,
direct support of systems.

Computer Software - Computer programs and computer data bases.

Computer Software Documentation - Technical data, including computer
listings and printouts in human-readable form which (a) documents the
design or details the software, (b) explains the capabilities of
software, or (c) provides operating instructions.

Concept Exploration - Beginning at Mission Need Determination, the
initial phase of the system acquisition process. During this phase,
the acquisition strategy is developed, system alternatives are proposed
and examined, and the systems program requirements document is expanded
to support subsequent phases.

Concurrency  -  Part  of an acquisition strategy which would combine or
overlap two or more phases of the acquisition process, or would combine
development T&E with operational T&E.

Configuration - A collection of an item's descriptive and governing
characteristics, which can be expressed (A) in functional terms, i.e.,
what performance the item is expected to achieve; and (b) in physical
terms; i.e., what the item should look like and consist of when it is
built.

Configuration Identification - Configuration Identification is the
process of establishing and describing the contractual baselines.

Configuration Item - An aggregation of hardware/computer software
programs or any of its discrete portions which satisfies an end use
function and is designated by the government for configuration.

Configuration Management - A procedure for applying technical and
administrative direction and surveillance to (a) identify and document
the functional and physical characteristics of an item or system,
(b) control any changes to such characteristics and (c) record and
report the change, process, and implementation status. The CM process
must be carefully tailored to the capacity, size scope, and phase of
the life cycle, nature and complexity of the system involved.

Congressional Budget Resolution - See Budget Resolution.

Constant Year Dollars - A method of relating dollars in several years
by removing the effects of inflation and showing all dollars at the
value they would have in a selected base year.

Constraints - Restrictions or boundaries impacting overall capability,
priority, and resources.

Consumer Price Index - A measure of the change over time in the buying
power of the dollar, derived by comparing the price of like items
during different time periods.

Contingency Testing - Additional testing required to support a decision
to commit added resources to a program, when significant test
objectives have not been met during planned tests.

Continuing Resolution - Congressional action (has the power of law) to
provide budget authority for specific ongoing activities when the
regular fiscal year Appropriation Act has not been enacted by the
beginning of the fiscal year. The CR usually specifies a maximum rate
at which the agency may incur obligations and is sometimes on the rate
of spending of the prior year. Normally, (l) new programs cannot be
started under a CR, and (2) the CR is for a designated period.

Contract - An agreement between two or more legally competent parties,
in the proper form, on a legal subject matter or purpose, for a legal
consideration.

Contract Action - An action resulting in a contract.

Contract Adjustment Board - A departmental board (for example, Army
Contract Adjustment Board) at the Secretarial level which deals with
disputes and requests for extraordinary relief under Public Law 85-804.

Contract Administration Office - The activity identified in the DoD
Directory of Contract Administration Services Components assigned to
perform contract administration responsibilities. It is a general term
and includes AFPRO's, NAVPRO's, SUPSHlP's, Army plant representatives,
and DCAS field offices.

Contract Authority - A type of budget authority that permits a federal
agency to incur obligations before appropriations have been passed or
in excess of the amount of money in a revolving fund.
Contract authority must be funded subsequently by an appropriation so
that the commitments entered into can be paid.

Contract Award - Takes place when contracting officer has signed and
distributed the contract to the contractor.

Contract Budget Base - The negotiated contract cost plus the estimated
cost of authorized unpriced work.

Contract Categories - Two categories, sometimes called families:
cost-reimbursement (where government pays the cost, subject to
limitations), and fixed-price (where government pays a price, subject
to a maximum ceiling amount if a sharing incentive is used.)

Contract Data Requirements List - Document used to order ("buy") and
require delivery of data. Tells contractor what data to deliver, when
and how it will be accepted, where to look for instructions, etc.

Contract Definition - A funded effort, normally by two or more
competing contractors, to establish specifications, to select
technical approaches, to identify high-risk areas, and to make cost
and production time estimates for developing large weapons systems.

Contract Type - See Contract Categories.

Contract Work Breakdown Structure - The complete WBS for a contract,
developed and used by a contractor within the guidelines of MIL-STD
881A, and in accordance with the contract statement of work.

Contracting Activity - Each service designates certain commands as
contracting activities. The subordinate command in which the Principal
Contracting Office is located. It may include the program office,
related functional support offices, and contracting offices. DoD Far
Supplement 2.1 lists the CA's. Examples are AFSC, ESD, AMC, MICOM, and
NAVAIRSYSCOM. Synonomous with Procuring Activity. The Head of the CA
(HCA) has certain approval and authority responsibilities.

Contracting Officer - Any officer or civilian designated with authority
to enter into, administer or terminate contracts for the organization.

Contractor - An entity in private industry which enters into contracts
with the government to provide goods or services. In this GLOSSARY, the
word also applies to government-operated activities which perform work
on major defense programs.

Contractor Acquired Property - Property procured or otherwise provided
by the contractor for the performance of a contract, title to which is
vested in the government.

Contractor Performance Reporting - Method requiring periodic accounting
and reporting by contractor on performance under contract to date.

Controllability - The ability to increase of decrease spending for a
particular program in the fiscal year in question. "Relatively
uncontrollable" refers to spending that will occur without any new
action by Congress and usually refers to spending that results from
entitlements and other open-ended programs, permanent appropriations,
and commitments now coming due from budget authority enacted in
previous years.

Convergence Point - The value (on the X-axis) where the experience
curve crosses the horizontal line representing the labor standard.
The point in time (unit number) when workers, on a learning curve,
attain standard performance.

Cooperative Development - Cooperative development includes any method
by which governments cooperate to make better use of their collective
research and development resources to include technical information
exchange, harmonizing of requirements, codevelopment, interdependent
research and development, and agreement on standards.

Cooperative Logistics - This term is used to denote the international
cooperation among NATO member nations in the logistical support of
weapons and other defense systems used in the armed forces involved.

Cost Account - A management control point at which actual costs can be
accumulated and compared to budgeted cost for work performed. A cost
account is a natural control point for cost/schedule planning and
control, since it represents the work assigned to one responsible
organizational element on the contract work breakdown structure
element.

Cost Accounting - A system of accounting analysis and reporting on
costs of production of goods or services, or of operation of programs,
activities, functions or organizational units. The system may also
embrace cost estimating, determination of cost standards based on
engineering data, and comparison of actual and standard costs for the
purpose of aiding cost control.

Cost Analysis - A process employed to develop or assess the
reasonableness and validity of resource requirement estimates for
military systems and programs. This process includes a statement or
report of the assessment together with related conclusions.

Cost Analysis Improvement Group - An organization within the office of
the OSD Director, PA&E which advises the DAB on all matters concerning
the estimation, review and presentation of cost analysis of future
weapon systems. The CAIG also develops common cost estimating
procedures for DoD.

Cost Avoidance - An action taken in the immediate timeframe that will
decrease costs in the future. For example, an engineering improvement
that increases the mean time between failures and thereby decreasing
operating support costs can be described as a cost avoidance action.
It is possible for the engineering change to incur higher costs in the
immediate timeframe. As long as net total life cycle costs are less, it
is a cost avoidance action. The amount of the cost avoidance is
determined as the difference between two estimated cost patterns, one
before the change and the one after.

Cost Breakdown Structure - A system for subdividing a program into (a)
hardware elements and subelements; (b) functions and subfunctions; and
(c) cost categories to provide for more effective management and
control of the program.

Cost Center - A cost center is a subdivision of a field activity or a
responsibility center, for which identification of costs is desired and
which is amenable to cost control through one responsible supervisor.

Cost Effectiveness - (l) A comparative evaluation derived from analysis
of alternatives (actions, methods, approaches, equipment, weapon
systems, support systems, force combinations, etc.) in terms of the
interrelated influences of cost and effectiveness in accomplishing a
specific mission. (2) A cost-effective balance must be achieved among
acquisition costs, ownership costs of major systems, and system
effectiveness in terms of the mission to be performed.

Cost Estimate - A judgment or opinion regarding cost of an object,
commodity or service. A result of product of an estimating procedure
which specifies the expected dollar cost required to perform a
stipulated task or to acquire an item. A cost estimate may constitute a
single value or a range of values.

Cost Estimating Methodologies - (l) Round table/expert judgment;
(2) Comparison/analogy; (3) Parametric/top-down and (4) Detailed
engineering/bottoms-up.

Cost Estimating Relationship - A mathematical relationship that defines
cost as a function of one or more parameters such as performance,
operating characteristics, physical characteristics, etc.

Cost Growth - A term related to the net change of an estimated or
actual amount over a base figure previously established. The base must
be relatable to a program, project or contract and be clearly
identified including source, approval authority, specific items
included, specific assumptions made, date and the amount.

Cost Incurred - A cost identified through the use of the accrued method
of accounting and reporting or otherwise actually paid. Cost of direct
labor, direct materials, and direct services identified with and
necessary for the performance of a contract, and all properly allocated
and allowable indirect costs as shown by the books of the contractor.

Cost Model - A compilation of cost estimating logic that aggregates
cost estimating details into A total cost estimate.

Cost Objective - A function, organizational subdivision, contract, or
other work unit for which cost data are desired and for which
provision is made to accumulate and measure the cost of processes,
products, jobs, capitalized projects, and so forth.

Cost Overrun - The amount by which a contractor exceeds (a) the
estimated cost and/or (b) the final limitation (ceiling) of his
contract.

Cost Performance Report - A monthly report procured by the PM from the
contractor to obtain data from the contractor's management system.
In standard format; used in PM's decision-making process.

Cost Reimbursement Contracts - In general, a category of contracts
whose use is based on payment by the government to a contractor of
allowable costs as prescribed by the contract. Normally only "best
efforts" of the contractor are involved. Includes (a) cost, (b) cost
sharing, (c) cost-plus-fixed fee (CPFF) (d) cost-plus-incentive fee
(CPIF) and (e) cost-plus award fee (CPAF) contracts.

Cost Savings - An action that will result in a smaller than projected
level of costs to achieve a specific objective. Incentive contracts
where the contractor and government share in any difference in cost
below the estimated target cost incurred by the contractor to achieve
the objective of the contract is a cost savings. It differs from a cost
avoidance in that a cost target has been set from which the amount of
savings can be measured. In a cost avoidance, the amount is determined
as the difference between two estimated cost patterns.

Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis - The quantitative
documented examination of alternative prospective systems for the
purpose of identifying the preferred system for eliminating mission
deficiency and its associated equipment and organizations.
The examination aims at finding more precise answers to a question and
not at justifying a conclusion. The analytical process includes
tradeoffs among alternatives, the measurement of the effectiveness,
and cost of the alternatives.

Cost-Based Budget - A budget based on the cost of goods and services
actually to be received during a given period whether paid for before
the end of the period or not. Not to be confused with an
expenditure-based budget, which is based on the cost of goods and
services received and actually paid for.

Cost/Benefit - A criterion for comparing programs and alternatives when
benefits can be valued in dollars. Also referred to as benefit-cost
ratio which is a function of equivalent benefits and equivalent costs.
Useful in the search for an optimal program mix which produces the
greatest number of benefits over costs.

Cost/Pricing Data - Used by contractor to respond to an RFP from
Government. The Truth-in-Negotiations Act required bidding Kr to
certify the accuracy of C/PD at time award is made.

Cost/Schedule Control Systems Criteria - Standards used to evaluate the
effectiveness of contractors' internal systems. The C/SCSC do not
require any data to be reported to the Government, but do provide for
access to data needed to evaluate the system and monitor its operation
during the life of the contract.

Crew Load - The number of workers assigned to complete the work on a
defined production component.

Critical Design Review - Determines that the detail design satisfies
the performance and engineering specialty requirements of the
development; specification establishes the detail design compatibility
among the item and other items of equipment facilities; computer
programs and personnel, assesses producibility and risk areas and
reviews the preliminary product specifications. Conducted during full
scale development.

Critical Issues - Those aspects of a system's capability, either
operational, technical, or other, that must be questioned before a
system's overall suitability can be known, and which are of primary
importance to the decision authority in reaching a decision to allow
the system to advance into the next phase of development.

Critical Material - A material that has been classified as being
essential to the U.S. economy. There are approximately 40 minerals in
this category. The U.S. is more than 5O percent dependent on foreign
sources for over half of these.

Critical Weakness Reliability Test - This test determines the mode of
failure when equipment is exposed to environments in excess of the
anticipated environments. By this testing, critical levels can be
determined for parameters such as vibration, temperature and voltage
which will adversely affect the component.

Cross-Servicing - That function performed by one military service in
support of another military service for which reimbursement is required
from the service receiving support.

Cumulative Average Curve - A plot of the average cost of N units at any
quantity N or the total cost divided by the total quantity.

Current Level - The amounts provided or required by law as a result of
permanent appropriations, advance appropriations, existing entitlement
authority, and previous year outlays from discretionary appropriations.
Credit authority provided by any of these laws is also considered to be
part of the current level, as are direct loans that result from
defaults on guaranteed loans. See Controllability.

Current Services - An estimate, provided each year by OMB in Special
Analysis A, of the budget authority and outlays that would be needed in
the next fiscal year to continue federal programs at their current
levels. These estimates reflect the anticipated costs of continuing
these programs at their present spending levels without any policy
changes, that is, ignoring all new presidential and cogressional
initiatives that have not yet been enacted into law.

Current Year - The fiscal year in progress. (See also "Budget Year")
Also called the execution year.

Current-Year Dollars, or Then-Year Dollars - Dollars that include the
effects of inflation or escalation and reflect the price levels expected
to prevail during the year at issue. See escalated dollars.

Cycle - (l) Time required to complete a predetermined number of
article(s) of production. (2) Also refers to the resource allocation
process occurring annually (or every other year).

DDevelopment

D LEVEL  Depot Level of Maintenance

D SPEC   Process Specification

D&F  Determination and Findings

DA   Department of the Army;
 Department of Administration;
 Decision Analysis; Developing Agency/Activity

DAB  Defense Acquisition Board

DAC  Defense Acquisition Circular

DAE  Defense Acquisition Executive

DAE/PE   Defense Acquisition Executive/
 Procurement Executive

DAEP Defense Acquisition Environment and Process (DSMC)

DAES Defense Acquisition Executive Summary

DAF  Department of the Air Force

DAIP Defense Acquisition Improvement Program
 (Carlucci Initiatives)

DALSODA Logistics Staff Officer

DAP  Designated Acquisition Program (Army)

DAPM Defense Acquisition and Policy Management (DSMC)

DAR  OBSOLETE--Defense Acquisition Regulation
   (formerly ASPR). Replaced by DoD
   Supplement to the FAR

DARCOM   OBSOLETE--U.S. Army Material Development and
   Readiness Command. Now AMC.

DARPADefense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DARS Defense Acquisition Regulatory System

DAS  Director of the Army Staff; Defense Audit Service

DASC Department of the Army Systems Coordinator

DASD Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense

DASN (RE&S)  Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy
 (Research, Engineering & Systems)

DASN (S&L)   Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy
 (Shipbuilding & Logistics)

DBDD Data Base Design Document

DC   Development Coordinator (Navy. USMC)

DC/S (I&L)   Deputy Chief of Staff Installations and Logistics
 (USMC)

DC/S RD&SDeputy Chief of Staff, Research,
 Development & Studies (USMC)

DCA  Defense Communications Agency

DCAA Defense Contract Audit Agency

DCAS Defense Contract Administration Services

DCASMA   Defense Contract Administration Services
 Management Area

DCASPRO  Defense Contract Administration Service
 Plant Representative's Office

DCASRDefense Contract Administration Service Region

DCNO Deputy Chief of Naval Operations

DCP  Decision Coordinating Paper

DCPR Weight - The empty weight of the airplane less: (l) wheels,
brakes, tires and tubes; (2) engines; (3) starter; (4) cooling fluid;
(S) rubber or nylon fuel cells; (6) instruments; (7) batteries and
electric power supply and conversion equipment; (8) electronic
equipment; (9) turret mechanism and power operated gun mounts;
(10) remote fire mechanism and sighting and scanning equipment;
(11) air conditioning units and fluid; (12) auxiliary power plant unit;
and (13) trapped fuel and oil.

DCRDA Department of the Army System Coordinator - Individual or team
designated by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (RDA) to
function as the HQDA POC for all aspects of a system's development and
acquisition, and to coordinate the status of all events in the
acquisition process for DoD major systems and program reviews.

DCS  Deputy Chief of Staff

DCSI Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (Army)

DCSLEDeputy Chief of Staff Logistics Engineering

DCSLOG (Des-log) Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (Army)

DCSOPS (Des-ops) Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans
 (Army)

DCSPER (Des-per) Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel (Army)

DCSRDA (Des-rada)OBSOLETE--Deputy Chief of Staff for Research,
   Development and Acquisition.
   See ASA (RDA). (Army)

DCSXODeputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations (AF)

DDC  Defense Documentation Center
 (renamed Defense Technical Information Center)

DDR&EDirector, Defense Research & Engineering (OSD)

DE   Decision Exercises (DSMC)

DEM/VAL, D/V Demonstration/Validation Phase

DEPL Deployment

DEPSECDEFDeputy Secretary of Defense

DESC Defense Electronic Supply Center

DESCOM   Depot System Command (Army)

DEVCEN   Marine Corps Development Center

DFARSDoD Supplement to the FAR

DG   Defense Guidance

DGL  Distinguished Guest Lecturer

DGSC Defense General Supply Center

DIA  Defense Intelligence Agency

DIB  Defense Industrial Base

DID  Data Item Description

DIDS Data Item Description System

DIPECDefense Industrial Plant Equipment Center

DIR (PA&E)   Director, Program Analysis and Evaluation (OSD)

DISAMDefense Institute of Security
 Assistance Management

DLA  Defense Logistics Agency

DLSIEDefense Logistics Studies Information Exchange

DM   Decision Memorandum

DMA  Defense Mapping Agency

DML  Depot Maintenance Level

DMMC Defense Manufacturing Management Course (DSMC)

DMO  Defense Mobilization Order

DMS  Defense Materials System

DMSO OBSOLETE--Director Major Staff Office (Navy)

DNA  Defense Nuclear Agency

DNC  Direct Numerical Control

DNSARC   OBSOLETE--Department of the Navy Systems
   Acquisition Review Council. See NPDM.

DOE  Department of Energy

DON  Department of the Navy

DOP  Development Options Proposal (Navy)

DOT&EDirector. Operational Test and Evaluation (OSD)

DP   Development Plan/Proposal; Decision Package

DPA  Defense Production Act

DPESODoD Product Engineering Services Office

DPG  Defense Policy Guidance

DPM  Defense Program Memorandum/Deputy Program Manager

DPML Deputy Program Manager for Logistics

DPPG Defense Policy and Planning Guidance

DPS  Decision Package Sets; Defense Priorities System

DRB  Defense Resources Board

DRI  Department of Research & Information (DSMC)

DSARCOBSOLETE--Defense Systems Acquisition
   Review Council. See DAB.

DSB  Defense Science Board

DSMC Defense Systems Management College

DSP  Defense Standardization Program

DSS  Decision Support System

DSSA Defense Security Assistance Agency (OSD)

DT   Development Testing

DT&E Development Test and Evaluation

DT&E Director of (Development) Test and Evaluation
 (OSD)

DT/OTDevelopment Testing/Operational Testing

DTC  Design-to-Cost

DTD  Dated

DTIC Defense Technical Information Center
 (formerly Defense Documentation Center)

DTLCCDesign to Life-Cycle-Cost

DTUPCDesign to Unit Production Cost

DUSD(T&E)Deputy USD (Test & Evaluation)

Data - All recorded information, regardless of form or characteristic.
It is delivered under contract. Technical data excludes management and
financial data. See Limited Data Rights and Unlimited Rights.

Data Call - In response to the PM's "data call," CDRL candidate items
are developed by persons with data needs. Most are developed to fit
under standard data item descriptions (DID's).

Debit - (l) Any bookkeeping entry in recording a transaction, the
effect of which is to decrease a liability, revenue, or capital account
or increase an asset, or expense account; (2) having a balance that
represents an asset; (3) the act of making such an entry; (4) a debit
memo or debit invoice used in dealings with customers or suppliers.

Debug - To test or check out a program of instructions and data for an
computer in order to eliminate mistakes.

Decision Coordinating Paper - The principal DoD document to record
essential system program information for use in support of the SECDEF
decision-making process at Milestones II, III, IV, and V. Summarizes
accomplishments to date and plans for next phase.

Decrement - Need to reduce funding level for a particular program.

Defective Pricing - Result of cost/pricing data which was certified by
contractor to be accurate and complete not being so.

Defense Acquisition Board - The senior general management DoD
acquisition board. Chaired by USD(A). The primary forum used by DoD to
provide advice, assistance, and recommendations, and to resolve issues
regarding all aspects of the DoD Acquisition System in support of
USD(A)'s oversight responsibilities as DAE and PE.

Defense Acquisition Board Committee - The appropriate supporting
Committee of the DAB which holds pre-DAB meetings to agree on issues,
develop recommendations and highlight significant issues for the DAB.

Defense Acquisition Executive - The principal advisor and assistant to
the SECDEF and the focal point in OSD for the systems acquisition
process. The Acquisition "Czar." Currently the USD(A).

Defense Contract Administration Service - An agency, under direction of
Director of Defense Logistics Agency, created as a result of Project 60
to provide unified contract administration services to DoD components
and NASA, for all contracts except those specifically exempted.

Defense Enterprise Program - A specific service program designated to
streamline acquisition process by reducing number of officials between
PM and senior procurement executive (through the PEO). Fist DEP
designations by SECDEF begin in FY 88.

Defense Guidance - Document issued by SECDEF to DoD components
providing strategic framework for developing the Service POM's. Result
of planning effort by OJCS, OSD and services. Until 1986, issued
annually in January. In connection with two-year budget process,
is issued every other (even) year.

Defense Mission - The mission of the DoD as specified by the
legislative authority.

Defense Resources Board - The senior-level body which supervises the
OSD review of the DoD components' POM's and budget submissions and
manage the program and budget review process. Membership is principal
OSD ASD's and USD's.

Defense System Acquisition Review Council - OBSOLETE. See Defense
Acquisition Board.

Defense Systems Management College - A DoD college dedicated to
educating persons in the DoD systems acquisition process, both military
and civilian in government and industry, and conducting research to
support and improve DoD acquisition program management. The Commandant
reports to the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition).

Deferral - An action of the President that temporarily withholds,
delays, or precludes the obligation or expenditure of budget
authority. A deferral must be reported by the President to Congress in
a deferral message. The deferral can be overturned if either house
passes a resolution disapproving it. A deferral may not extend beyond
the end of the fiscal year in which the message reporting it is
transmitted to Congress.

Deferral of Budget Authority - Any action by any officer or employee of
the U.S. which temporarily withholds, delays, or effectively precludes
the obligation or expenditure of budget authority. Deferrals may not
extend beyond the end of the current fiscal year and may be overturned
by the passage of an impoundment resolution by either House of
Congress. (See Rescission.)

Deficiency - Operational need minus existing and planned capability.
The degree of inability to successfully accomplish one or more mission
tasks or functions required to achieve mission or mission area
objectives. Deficiencies might arise from changing mission objectives,
opposing threat systems, changes in the environment, obsolescence, or
depreciation in current military assets.

Deficit - The difference between income (revenue) and expenditure
when expenditure is greater.

Degradation - Lowering of quality, performance or status.

Delay Allowance - A time increment included in a time standard to allow
for predictable contingencies and minor delays beyond the control of
the workmen.

Delta Demonstration and Validation - Funding change/difference.
Normally the second phase in the acquisition process, following
Milestone I. Consists of steps necessary to resolve or minimize
logistics problems identified during concept exploration, verify
preliminary design and engineering, build prototypes, accomplish
necessary planning, fully analyze trade off proposals, and prepare
contract. The objective is to validate the choice of alternatives and
to provide the basis for determining whether or not to proceed into
full scale development.

Department of Defense Acquisition System - A single, uniform system
whereby all equipment, facilities and sources are planned, designed,
developed, acquired, maintained, and disposed of within DoD. The system
entails establishing policies and practices that govern acquisition,
determining and prioritizing resource requirements, directing and
controlling the process and reporting to Congress.

Department of the Navy - It is composed of the executive part of the
Department of the Navy: the Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps; the entire
operating forces, including naval aviation, of the U.S. Navy and of the
U.S. Marine Corps, and the reserve components of those operating
forces; and all shore (field) activities, headquarters, forces, bases,
installations, activities, and functions under the control or
supervision of the Secretary of the Navy. It includes the U.S. Coast
Guard when it operates as a military organization.

Dependability - A measure of the degree to which an item is operable
and capable of performing its required function at any (random) time
during a specified mission profile, given item availability at the
start of the mission.

Deploy/Deployment - (l) Fielding the weapon system by placing it into
operational use with units in the field/fleet. (2) To arrange, place or
move strategically or appropriately.

Design Interface - The relationship of logistics-related design
parameters, such as R&M,to readiness and support resource requirements.
These logistics-related design parameters are expressed in operational
terms rather than as inherent values and specifically related to system
readiness objectives and support costs of the materiel system
(DoDD 5000.39), one of the principal elements of ILS.

Design Parameters - Qualitative, quantitative, physical, and functional
value characteristics that are inputs to the design process, for use in
design tradeoffs, risk analyses, and develpment of a system that is
responsive to system requirements.

Design to Cost/Goal - Management concept wherein rigorous cost goals
are established during development and the control of systems costs
(acquisition, operating, and support) to these goals is achieved by
practical tradeoffs between operational capability, performance, costs,
and schedule. Cost, as a key design parameter, is addressed on a
continuing basis and as an inherent part of the development and
production process. A DTC goal should be in the form of average unit
flyaway cost. Also, DTC parameters for operation and support will be
selected--parameters that are design-controllable, significantly affect
O&S costs, and can be measured during test and evaluation. Parameters
may be expressed in dollars or by other measurable factors, e.g.,
manpower, reliability or maintainability. Firm goals and thresholds
will be established no later than entry into FSD (Milestone II). This
is an in-house goal, almost contractual in nature, between the PM
(Service) and the SECDEF. Allocations from this goal will become the
contractual DTC goals for contractors supporting the program.

Design-to-Unit Production Cost - Contractual provision which is the
anticipated unit production price to be paid by the Government for
recurring production costs; based on 8 stated production quantity,
rate, and time frame.

Designated Acquisition Program - Program designated by Army
Acquisition Executive for ASARC milestone review.

Detail Specification - A specification which covers all requirements
for one or more types of items or services so as not to require
preparation of and reference to a general specification for the common
requirements.

Detailed Cost Estimate - See Engineering Cost Estimate.

Determination and Findings - A special form of written approval by
authorized official required by statute or regulation as prerequisite
to taking certain contracting actions.

Developing Activity/Agency - The command responsible for R&D and
production of a new item.

Development Test I - A series of tests conducted during the DEM/VAL
phase. Components, subsystems, or the total (or full) system are
examined to determine whether the system is ready for FSD. State-of-
the-art technology is addressed in DT 1.

Development Test II - A series of tests, normally during FSD, which
provide the technical data necessary to assess whether the system is
ready for low-rate initial or full production. It measures the
technical performance and safety characteristics of the item and
evaluates its associated tools, test equipment, training package, and
maintenance test package as described in the development plan. DT II
addresses accomplishment of engineer design goals and the fulfillment
of contract specifications.

Development Test III - Tests conducted during production.

Development Test and Evaluation - T&E conducted to measure progress,
usually of components/subsystems, and to assist the engineering design
and development process and verify attainment of technical performance
specifications and objectives. Usually conducted under controlled or
laboratory conditions. Can be conducted before or after production
begins.

Development Testing/Operational Testing - Conducted concurrently by DT
and OT test organizAtions to achieve test objectives for both DT and OT
It may be a complete test, a subtest, or a phase of a test.

Deviation - A specific written authorization, granted prior to the
manufacture of an item, to depart from a particular performance or
design requirement of a specification, drawing or other document for a
specific number of units or a specific period of time.

Direct Cost - Any cost that is specifically identified with a
particular final cost objective. Is not necessarily limited to items
that are incorporated into the end product as labor or material.

Direct Engineering - Engineering effort directly traceable to the
design, manufacture, or control of specific end products.

Direct Labor - Labor that is specifically identified with a particular
final cost objective. Manufacturing direct labor includes fabrication,
assembly, inspection and test for constructing the end product.
Engineering direct labor consist of engineering labor such as
reliability, quality assurance, test, design, etc., that is readily
identified with the end product.

Direct Labor Standard - A specified output or a time allowance
established for a direct labor operation.

Direct Materials - Includes raw materials, purchased parts and
subcontracted items required to manufacture and assemble completed
products. A direct material cost is the cost of material used in making
a product and is directly associated with a change in the product.

Disbursements - In budgetary usage, gross disbursements represent the
amount of checks issued, cash, or other payments made less refunds
received. Net disbursements represent gross disbursements less income
collected and credited to the appropriation or fund account, such as
amounts received for goods and services provided. (See also Outlays).

Discounting -The process of reducing a future amount to a present value.

DoD  Department of Defense

DoD Components - The Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, the
Organization of the JCS, and the OSD and activities administratively
supported by OSD.

DoD Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System - See Planning,
Programming and Budgeting System.

DoDCIDepartment of Defense Computer Institute

DoDD Department of Defense Directive

DoDI Department of Defense Instruction

DoDISS   Department of Defense Index of
 Specifications & Standards

Dog and Pony Show - A briefing which uses a number of viewgraph slides,
flip charts, or other training aids. Sometimes this term is used to
simply indicate that someone is to be briefed.

Down Select - To reduce the number of contractors working on a program
by eliminating one or more for the next phase.

Draft Request for Proposal - Usually sent out to prospective industry
bidders authorized by Government to receive it in advance of final RFP.
Solicits contractors' recommendations to add, delete, or - modify
requirements, and gives them heads-up on what is anticipated.

Driver(s) - A decision or condition that forces subsequent decisions or
conditions to occur as a consequence--makes something happen.

Dual Production - In NATO context, production of a weapon system in
Europe and U.S. refers not only to independent production lines for
entire systems, but also to interdependent components production.
See Co-Production.
Early-On - That an action should be taken at the beginning of an
evolution (i.e., planning early-on in system development for adequate
support.)

Dual Source - Two contractors producing the same components or end
items for the same program.

E SPEC   Materiel Specification

E3   Electromagnetic environmental effects.

EA   Evolutionary Acquisition

EAC  Estimated Cost at Completion

EAPROM   Electrically Alterable Programmable
 Read-Only Memory

ECAC Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center

ECCM Electronic Counter-Countermeasures

ECM  Electronic Countermeasures

ECP  Engineering Change Proposal

EDM  Engineering Development Model

EDP/EElectronic Data Processing/Equipment

EI   End Item

EIA  Environmental Impact Assessment

EIR  Equipment Improvement Recommendation (Army)

EIS  Environmental Impact Statement

ELINTElectronic Intelligence

EMC  Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMI  Electromagnetic Interference

EMP  Electromagnetic Pulse

EOQ  Economic Order Quantity

EP   Engineering Proposal; Engineering Practice

EPA  Environmental Protection Agency;
 Extended Planning Annex;
 Economic Price Adjustment

EPROMEraseable Programmable Read-Only Memory

ERC  Executive Refresher Course (DSMC)

ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration

ES   End Strength; Expert Systems (Computers)

ESD  Electronics Systems Division (AF)

ESF  Economic Support Fund

ETR  Estimated Time to Repair

EW   Electronic Warfare

EXP  Expense

Earned Hours - The time in standard hours credited to a workman or
group of workmen as a result of their completion of a given task or
group of tasks.

Economic Analysis - A systematic approach to a given program, designed
to assist the manager in solving a problem of choice. The full problem
is investigated. Objectives and alternatives are searched out and
compared in the light of their benefits and costs through the use of an
appropriate analytical framework.

Economic Life - The period of time over which the benefits to be gained
from a system may Reasonably be expected.

Economic Lot Size - That number of units of material or a manufactured
item that can be purchased or produced within the lowest unit-cost
range. Its determination involves reconciling the decreasing trend in
preparation unit costs and the increasing trend in unit costs of
storage, interest, insurance, depreciation, and other costs incident
to ownership, as the size of the lot is increased.

Economic Ordering Quantity - The most economical quantity of parts to
order at one time to support a defined production rate considering the
applicable procurement and inventory costs.

Economic Production Rate - The most economically feasible rate at which
an end item can be manufactured.

Economies of Scale - Reductions in unit cost of output resulting from
the production of additional units. Stem from (l) increased
specialization of labor as volume of output increases, (2) decreased
unit costs of materials, (3) better utilization of management,
(4) acquisition of more efficient equipment, and (5) greater use of
by-products.

Effectiveness - The extent to which the goals of the system are
attained, or the degree to which a system can be expected to achieve a
set of specific mission requirements. Also, an output of the cost
effectiveness analysis.

Efficiency Factor - The ratio of standard performance time is actual
performance time, usually expressed as a percentage.

Electromagnetic Interference - Engineering term used to designate
interference in a piece of electronic equipment caused by another piece
of electronic or other equipment. Sometimes refers to interference
caused by nuclear explosion.

Element - A complete, integrated set of subsystems capable of
accomplishing an operational role or function, such as navigation.
It is the CI delivered by a single contractor.

Embedded Computers(s)/Resorces - Computer system physically
incorporated (not necessarily within) into a larger system whose
function is not data processing. Can be stand-alone, but still
integral to larger system. Can be used for other purposes provided
primary function is to support weapon system. A subset of Mission
Critical Computer Resources. (See Mission Critical Computer Resources.)

Employment - The manner of action of using. For example, in the Air
Force the phrase "air employment," "employment of the air arm,"
"employment of aircraft," or "employment of air power" are doctrinal
phrases, usually connoting a manner of use consonant with political,
strategic, and tactical concepts. A proper employment of aircraft
implies their use in such a way as to take full advantage of their
actual or real capabilities, both positive and passive in whatever
situation that might arise, either in peace or in war.

Enactment - Action by Congress on the President's budget. Includes
hearings, budget resolution, authorization and appropriations acts.
Result is appropriations (funding) for Federal Government. Second of
four phases in DoD resource allocation process.

End Item - The final production product when assembled, or completed,
and ready for issue/deployment.

Engineering Change Proposal - A proposal to the responsible authority
recommending that a change to an original item of equipment be
considered, and the design or engineering change be incorporated into
the article to modify, add to, delete or supersede original parts.

Engineering Cost Estimate - Estimate derived by summing detailed cost
estimates of the individual work packages and adding appropriate
burdens. Usually determined by a contractor's industrial engineering,
price analysts and cost accountants.

Engineering Development - 6.4 money. A funding category including those
development programs being engineered for service use but which have
not yet been approved for procurement or operation.

Entitlement - Legislation that requires the payment of benefits to all
persons or governments that meet the eligibility requirements
established in the law (i.e., Social Security, Medicare, and veterans
pensions).

Environmental Assessment/Enviromental Impact Statement - EA contains an
estimate of whether or not a proposed system will adversely affect the
environment or be environmentally controversial, in which case an EIS
is prepared.

Equipment - A major subdivision of a weapon system or subsystem that
performs a function impacting the operational capability and readiness
of the weapon system/subsystem. It is grouped into two general
categories: mission equipment and support equipment. Equipment does not
denote bit-part pieces or components elements that comprise an
equipment entity.

Equipment Scheduling and Loading - The effective and efficient loading
of machines according to their capabilities to perform defined
operations utilizing their maximum capability to assure attainment of
the manufacturing schedule.

Escalated Dollars - See Current-Year Dollars or Then-Year Dollars.

Escalation - Use of a price index to convert past to present prices or
of converting present to future prices; increase due to inflation.

Estimated Cost at Completion - Actual direct costs, plus indirect costs
or allocable to the contract, plus the estimate of costs (direct and
indirect) for authorized work remaining.

Evaluation Criteria - Standards by which achievement of required
operational effectiveness/suitability characteristics, or resolution of
technical or operational issues may be judged. At Milestone Il and
beyond, evaluation criteria must include quantitative goals (the
desired value) and thresholds (the value beyond which the
characteristic is unsatisfactory).

Evolutionary Acquisition - One major, innovative, alternative strategy
developed for C3I systems acquisition that is adaptive and incremental.
The strategy is based on: a short requirements statement; a functional
general description of the total, overall capability desired;
a flexible architecture where evolution can occur with minimum
redesign; a plan for evolution that leads toward the desired overall
capability; an initial, core operational capability fielded early;
subsequent increments of capability defined, funded, developed and
fielded relying upon continuous feedback from the user as well as the
developer and tester.

Executable (Program) - A program is executable if the PM has adequate
near-term approved funding (affordability).

Execution - The operation of carrying out a program as contained in the
approved budget. Often referred to as "Budget Execution."

Executive Program - An acquisition program that uses the service
acquisition process. Typically, the program is of major national
significance, and is characterized by short direct lines of
communication, reduced staff involvement, and simplified procedures.

Expenditure - A charge against available funds. It is evidenced by
voucher, claim, or other document approved by competent authority.
Expenditure represents the actual payment of funds.

Expense Element - An expense element identifies the type of resource
being consumed in the functional/subfunctional category or program
element. These are listed and defined by DoD Directive.

Expense Limitation - The financial authority issued by a claimant to an
intermediate level of command is an expense limitation. Amounts therein
are available for issuance of operating budgets to responsibility
centers.

Expenses - Cost of operation and maintenance of activities on the
accrual basis over time, as distinguished from costs of acquisition of
property. Expenses include but are not limited to the cost of:
(a) civilian personnel services; (b) military personnel services;
(c) supplies and material consumed or applied; (d) travel and
transportation of personnel; (e) rental of facilities and equipment;
(f) equipment (having a unit value of less than $1,000) and (g)
services received (purchased utilities, leased communications,
printing and reproduction, and other). The cost of minor construction
of a value of $75,000 or less is included as an expense.

Expired Appropriation - An appropriation which is no longer available
for new obligation but is still available for disbursement to liquidate
existing obligations. Maintains all original accounting identity, e.g.,
YR, appropriation, PE, etc.

Exploratory Development - 6.2 money. A funding category including all
effort toward the solution of specific military problems, short of
major development projects.

Extended Planning Annex - A document providing program guidance for an
additional 10 years beyond the POM.

Extrapolation from Actual Costs - Extrapolation method requires
prototype or preproduction actual cost data on system considered.
Primarily used in estimating the production cost of system hardware,
and assumes a relationship (technical, performance) between cost of
prototypes and production units.

F3/FFF   Form-Fit-Function

FA-IPT   First Article Initial Production Testing

FA-PPT   First Article Preproduction Testing

FAC  Federal Acquisition Circular

FAI  Federal Acquisition Institute

FAR  Federal Acquisition Regulations

FAT  First Article Testing; Factory Acceptance Test

FC   Fixed Cost

FCA  Functional Configuration Audit

FCI  Functional Configuration Identification

FCRC Federal Contract Research Center

FDR  Final/Formal Design Review

FDTE Force Development Testing and Experimentation
 (Army)

FEBA Forward Edge of Battle Area

FFP  Firm Fixed Price

FFRDCFederally Funded R&D Center

FFW  Failure-Free Warranty

FISO Force Integration Staff Officer (Army)

FIT  Fault Isolation Tree

FLOT Forward Line of Troops; Flotilla

FM   Financial Management

FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

FMECAFailure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis

FMP  Fleet Modernization Plan (Navy)

FMS  Foreign Military Sales; Flexible Machining System

FMSA Foreign Military Sales Act

FMSO Foreign Military Sales Order

FOC  Full Operational Capability

FOIA Freedom of Information Act

FORSCOM  U.S. Army Forces Command

FOT&EFollow-on Operational Test and Evaluation

FP   Fixed Price

FPAF Fixed Price Award Fee

FPDS Federal Procurement Data System

FPIF Fixed Price Incentive Fee

FPM  Fundamentals of Program Management

FPR  Obsolete--Federal Procurement Regulations.
   Replaced by FAR.

FQR  Formal Qualification Review

FRACAS   Failure Reporting, Analysis and
 Corrective Action System

FSAMCFundamentals of Systems Acquisition
 Management Course (DSMC)

FSCM Federal Supply Code for Manufacturers

FSD  Full Scale Development Phase
 (Sometimes called Full Scale
 Engineering Development, FSED)

FSG  Federal Stock Group

FSM  Firmware Support Manual

FSN  Federal Stock Number

FSS  Federal Supply Schedule

FTD  Foreign Technology Division (AF)

FUE  First Unit Equipped

FY   Fiscal Year

FYDP Five Year Defense Program

FYP  Five Year Plan. At Component Level,
 e.g. Department of the Navy Five Year Plan
 (DNFYP).

Fabrication - The construction of a part from raw material.

Facilities - Industrial property (other than material), special
tooling, military property, and special tooling, military property,
and special test equipment for production, maintenance, research,
development, or test, including real property and rights therein,
buildings, structures, improvements, and plant equipment.

Facility - (l) A physical plant, such as real estate and improvements
thereto, including buildings and equipment, that provides the means for
assisting or making easier, the performance of a function; for example,
base arsenal, factory. (2) Any part of adjunct of a physical plant, or
any item of equipment that is an operating entity and contributes or
can contribute to the execution of a function by providing some
specific type of physical assistance.

Failure - The event in which any part of an item does not perform as
required by its performance specification.

Failure-Free Warranty - It is a procurement methodology whose purpose
is to bring the manufacturer, or design control agent, into the loop of
continuously upgrading the field reliability of designated equipment(s).

Fallback Position - Alternative (second choice) position.

Family of Weapons - In NATO context, composed of related and
complementary systems in a particular mission area.

Fast Track Program - An acquisition program in which time constraints
require design, development, production, testing, and support
acquisition processes to be compressed or overlapped.

Fatigue - A physical weakening of material because of age or stress.

Fatigue Allowance - Time included in the production standard to allow
for decreases or losses in production which might be attributed to
worker fatigue. (Usually applied as a percentage of the leveled,
normal, or adjusted time.)

Feasibility Study - A study of the applicability or desirability of any
management or procedural system from the standpoint of advantages
versus disadvantages in any given case.

Fenced Funding - An identified aggregation of resources that is
reviewed, approved and managed as a distinct entity. The proposed
program must be developed within directed resource limitations and the
approved program is to be implemented within the specified (SECDEF)
resources. Examples of fenced areas are: Intelligence and Security,
and Support to Other Nations.

Fences - Fences, or resource levels, established for a particular
program provide a way by which OSD or the Service Headquarters can
exert functional influence. Fences may just as appropriately be called
ceilings and floors.

Field - See Deploy/Deployment.

Figure of Merit - The numerical value assigned to a measure of
effectiveness, parameter or other figure, as a result of an analysis,
synthesis, or estimating technique.

Final Assembly - The joining together of the major sections to perform
a complete unit.

First Article Testing - Production testing that is planned, conducted,
and monitored by the materiel developer. FAT includes preproduction
and initial production testing conducted to ensure that the contractor
can furnish a product that meets the established technical criteria.

First Unit Equipped Date - The scheduled date system or end item and
its agreed upon support elements are issued to the designated initial
operational capability unit and training specified in the new equipment
training plan has been accomplished. (Army)

Fiscal Guidance - The annual guidance issued by the SECDEF in the
Defense Guidance which provides the fiscal constraints that must be
observed by the DoD Components in the formulation of force structures
and FYDP and by the OSD in reviewing proposed programs.

Fiscal Year - U.S. Government: 1 October to 30 September (12 months).

Five-Year Defense Program - The official DoD document which summarizes
forces and resources associated with programs approved by SECDEF. Its
three parts are the organizations affected, appropriations accounts
(RDT&E, operations & maintenance, etc.) and the 10 major force programs
(strategic forces, airlift/sealift, R&D, etc.). R&D is Program 6.
Under the annual PPBS cycle, FYDP is published normally three times:
October, January and May. The primary data element in FYDP
representing aggregation of organizational entities and related
resources is the program element.

Fixed Costs - Costs that do not vary with the volume of business, such
as property taxes, insurance, depreciation, security, and minimum water
and utility fees.

Fixed Price Contracts - In general, a category of contracts whose use
is based on the establishment of a firm price to complete the required
work. Includes (a) firmfixed price (FFP), (b) fixed price with
escalation, (c) fixed price redeterminable, and (d) fixed price with
incentive provisions (FPI) contracts.

Flesh Out - Add information of consequence to a basic structure or
format so as to embellish one's points.

Flow Chart - A graphical explanation of a particular process. In the
case of a production process, it usually includes symbols to allow
recognition of operations, inspections, storage, etc.

Flow Diagram - The paths of movement of workers and/or materials
super-imposed on a graphical representation of a work area.

Flow Process Chart - A graphic representation of the sequence of all
operations, transportations, inspections, delays, and storages
occurring during a process or procedure.

Flow Time - The time required for a defined amount of work
to be completed.

Flyaway Costs - The cost related to the production of a useable end
item of military hardware. Flyaway cost includes the cost of procuring
the basic unit (airframe, hull, chassis, etc.), a percentage of basic
unit for changes allowance, propulsion equipment, electronics,
armament, and other installed government-furnished equipment, and
nonrecurring production costs. Flyaway cost equates to Rollaway and
Sailaway cost.

Focal Point- In a particular organization (e.g., the headquarters of a
major command) the principal point of contact for coordination and
exchange of information related to C/SCSC implementation or
surveillance.

Follow-On Operational Test and Evaluation - That T&E which is necessary
during and after the production period to refine the estimates made
during OT&E, to evaluate changes, and to reevaluate the system to
ensure that it continues to meet operational needs and retains its
effectiveness in a new environment or against a new threat.

Force Integration Staff Officer - Army individual assigned to ODCSOPS
to serve as HQDA user representative for a specific system. Provides
continuous coordination necessary for integration of a new system into
the Army force structure.

Force Levels - Number of aircraft, ships, troops and other forces that
are required to accomplish assigned tasks or missions. Normally
identified by specified aircraft model, ship type, Army divisions, etc.

Forces - Broadly, the fighting elements (combatant) of the overall
defense structure; units, equipment, etc., shown in the FYDP.

Foreign Military Sales - Sales of U.S. Government defense articles and
services to a foreign government or international organization under
security assistance programs authorized by the Arms Export Control Act.

Form, Fit, or Function Data - Technical data pertaining to items,
components or processes for the purpose of identifying source, size,
configuration, mating and attachment characteristics, functional
characteristics and performance requirements.

Formal Advertising -OBSOLETE. Replaced in title only by sealed bidding.
Process remains same.

Formal Qualification Review - A systems level configuration audit
conducted after system testing is completed to ensure that performance
requirements of the system specification have been met.

Forward Financing - A procedure to use X-year money (primarily RDT&E)
in year X + 1. Primarily USAF term. See Forward Funding.

Forward Funding - Carryover of RDT&E funding (BA) into second year of
appropriations availability. Requires permission from high authority.

Forward Pricing - Use of progressively escalated labor rates to convert
direct labor hours to direct labor dollars and progressively escalated
direct material and subcontract dollars to develop an escalated
estimate. Constant dollar pricing uses a single unescalated set of
labor rates and does not escalate direct materiel and subcontract
dollars and develops an unescalated estimate.

Four Pillars of Sound Defense - Readiness, sustainability, force
structure, modernization.

Front End/Up Front - Planning or resource commitment at the beginning
of the development process to anticipate later requirements and reduce
future problems. See Early-on.

Full Funding/Fully Funded - The annual appropriation of funds for the
total estimated costs to be incurred in the delivery of a given
quantity of a usable end item. A budget rule applied to procurement and
military construction appropriations.

Full Scale Development - Normally the third phase in the acquisition
process, following Milestone II. The system/equipment and the principal
items necessary for its support are fully developed, engineered,
designed, fabricated, tested, and evaluated. The intended output is, as
a minimum, a preproduction system which closely approximates the final
product, the documentation necessary to enter the production phase, and
the test results which demonstrate that the production product will
meet stated requirements.

Full and Open Competition - All responsible sources are eligible to
compete. The standard for competition in contracting. Required in DoD
by the Competition in Contracting Act (1984).

Functional (Traditional) Organization - The classic organization.
Typically a service or one product structure, with clear lines of
authority in functional areas reporting ultimately to one head.
(DoD Services are functional organizations.)

Functional Analysis - An approach to the solution of a problem, in
which the problem is broken down into its component functions, such as
intelligence, firepower, or mobility. Each relevant function is then
further analyzed and broken down into smaller functional components
until a level of molecularity suitable for solution of the problem is
attained.

Functional Baseline - Program requirements (type A spec) technical
portion; provides basis for contracting and controlling system design.

Functional Configuration Audit - The formal examination of functional
characteristics test data for configuration item, prior to acceptance,
to verify that the item has achieved the performance specified in its
functional or allocated configuration identification.

Functional Configuration Identification - The current approved or
conditionally approved technical documentation for a configuration item
as set forth in specification, drawing and associated lists and
documents referenced therein.

Fund Availability - The status of obligational authority.

Fund Subdivision - A segment of an appropriation or other fund, created
by funding action as an administrative means of controlling obligations
and expenditures within an agency.
Gantt Chart - A graphic representation of a time scale of the current
relationship between actual and planned performance.

Funding Profile - Program funding, usually displayed in columnar spread
sheet format by years, starting with previous year through current year
and out-years.

Funding Wedge - Initial funding estimate used to get a program
recognized in the FYDP. Similar to Swag.

G & A  General and Administrative

GAO  General Accounting Office

GAQA Government Acquisition Quality Assurance

GAT  Government Acceptance Test

GBD  Geometric Data Base

GBL  Government Bill of Lading

GFAE Government Furnished Aeronautical Equipment

GFE  Government Furnished Equipment

GFF  Government Furnished Facilities

GFI  Government Furnished Information

GFM  Government Furnished Material

GFP  Government Furnished Property

GFS  Government Furnished Software

GIDEPGovernment Industry Data Exchange Program

GNP  Gross National Product

GOCO Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated (Facility)

GOGO Government-Owned, Government-Operated (Facility)

GOVT (Federal) Government

GPETEGeneral Purpose Electronic Test Equipment

GREEN $  Marine Corps Appropriations

GRH  Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Budget Deficit Control Act

GSA  General Services Administration

GSBCAGovernment Services Board of Contract Appeals

GSE  Ground Support Equipment

General Accounting Office - An agency of the legislative branch,
responsible solely to the Congress, which functions to audit all
negotiated government contracts and investigate all matters relating to
the receipt, disbursement, and application of public funds. Determines
whether public funds are expended in accordance with appropriations.

General Provisions - The mandatory (by law or regulation) clauses for
all DoD contracts for the type of procurement involved--sometimes
called "boiler plate." The clauses devised particularly for the
procurement are called the Special Provisions.

General Specification - A general specification covers requirements
common to two or more types, classes, grades, or styles of products,
services or materials; this avoids the repetition of common
requirements in detail specifications. It also permits changes to
common requirements to be readily effected. General specifications may
also be used to cover common requirements for weapon systems and
subsystems.

General and Administrative Costs - Any management, financial or other
expense incurred or allocated to a business unit for the general
management and administration of the business unit as a whole.

Get Well - To solve a program problem. Usually implies requirement for
or discovery of additional funding.

Goal - Something to which one aspires for a program, or, a point aimed
at for achievement.

Government Acquisition Quality Assurance - The function by which the
government determines whether a contractor has fulfilled his contract
obligations pertaining to quality and quantity.

Government Furnished Equipment - Items in the possession of, or
acquired by, the government and delivered to or otherwise made
available to the contractor. See FAR 45.101.

Government Furnished Material - Material is government property which
may be incorporated into or attached to an end item to be delivered
under a contract or which may be consumed in the performance of a
contract. It includes, but is not limited to, raw and processed
material, parts, components, assemblies, and small tools and supplies.
See FAR 45.101.

Government Furnished Property - Property in the possession of or
acquired directly by the government, and subsequently delivered to or
otherwise made available to the contractor.

Government Purpose License Rights - Rights to use, duplicate or
disclose technical data for Government purposes only, and to have or
permit others to do so for Government purpose only. Does not grant
Government the right to have or permit others to use TD for commercial
purposes.

Gramm/Rudman/Hollings - Name given to the balanced budget act of 1985
to reduce the Federal Government's budget deficit in increments by 1990.

Grass Roots Cost Estimate - See Engineering Cost Estimate.

Guarantees - Congressional language term for contractor warranties.
See Warranties.

H/W  Hardware (Computers)

HAC  House Appropriations Committee

HARDMAN  Manpower Planning for Hardware (Navy)

HASC House Armed Services Committee

HBC  House Budget Committee

HCA  Head Contracting Agency /Activity

HDBK Handbook

HFE  Human Factors Engineering

HOI  Headquarters Operating Instruction (AF)

HOL  Higher Order Language

HQ   Headquarters

HQMC Headquarters, Marine Corps

HW   Hardware

HWCI Hardware Configuration Item

Handling - The coordination and integration of all operations embracing
packaging, protection, and movement of material by available equipment
for short distances.

Hardware - (l) Computers: The physical equipment which makes up a
computer system, e.g., terminals and storage devices, as opposed to
programming software. (2) Weapons and combat equipment.

Harmonization - The process and/or results of adjusting differences or
inconsistencies to bring significant features into agreement.

Head of the Contracting Activity - The agency head authorized to
contract for supplies and services. May be delegated to major command
heads within an agency. Title is by virtue of position.

Heads Up - Term typifying warning someone of pending or probable future
action that would impact on that person or his/her program.

Heartburns - (l) An appeal issue that seeks to reverse or amend a
decision by a congressional committee adversely affecting the budget.
In particular it is an appeal issue identified as being of major
concern to SECDEF. It is addressed to the chairperson of the next
committee scheduled to mark up the budget request. (2) Also, any
specific negative reaction to a proposal.

High Priority Program - The priority of the program will be established
according to current Air Force and AFSC directives and higher authority.
This is generally accomplished on the basis of the Air Force Importance
Category/Precedence Rating given in the Program Management Directive.

Hit - Move by Congress or comptroller to reduce service or activity
budget, usually by percentage of total obligational authority or set
amount. In short, a budget reduction from outside the program.

Human Factors Engineering - The design of man-made devices, systems and
environments to enhance their use by people. Also called human
engineering, human factors and ergonomics.
Idle Time - A time interval during which either the workman, the
equipment, or both do not perform useful work.

I&L  Installations and Logistics

IAW  In Accordance With

ICA  Independent Cost Analysis

ICAF Industrial College of the Armed Forces

ICE  Independent Cost Estimate

ICG  Interactive Computerized Graphic

ICP  Inventory Control Point

ICWG Interface Control Working Group

IDA  Institute for Defense Analysis

IDD  Interface Design Document

IE   Industrial Engineer

IES  Industrial Engineering Standard

IF   Industrial Fund

IFB  Invitation for Bid

IFT  Industry Field Trip (DSMC)

IG   Inspector General

IGCE Independent Government Cost Estimate

ILS  Integrated Logistics Support

ILSMPILS Management Plan

ILSMTILS Management Team

ILSP ILS Plan

IM   Item Manager

IMET International Military Education and Training

IMIP Industrial Modernization Improvement Program

IML  Intermediate Maintenance Level

INSURV   Board of Inspection and Survey (BIS)(Navy)

IOC  Initial Operational Capability

IOT&EInitial Operational Test and Evaluation

IP   Industry Program (DSMC)

IPCE Independent Parametric Cost Estimate

IPE  Industrial Plant Equipment

IPF  Initial Production Facilities

IPP  Industrial Preparedness Planning

IPR  In-Progress/ Process Review

IPS  Integrated Program Summary

IR&D Independent Research and Development

IRS  Interface Requirements Specification

ISA  International Security Affairs (OSD)

ISEA In-Service Engineering Agent (Navy)

ITP  Integrated Test Plan

IV&V Independent Verification and Validation

Implementing Command - The command responsible for the acquisition
and/or modification of the system (AF).

Impoundment - An action by the President that prevents the obligation
or expenditure of budget authority. Deferrals and rescissions are the
two types of presidential impoundments.

Impoundment Resolution - A resolution of Congress disapproving a
deferral or recission of budget authority set forth in a special
message ordinarily transmitted by the President. Passage of an
impoundment resolution by either House of Congress has the effect of
overturning the deferral and requires that such budget authority be
made available for obligation.

In Process Inventory Control - The process whereby materials and parts
are effectively and efficiently planned and controlled to assure their
availability at the required stage of production.

In-process Review/Interim Program Review - Review of a project or
program at critical points to evaluate status and make recommendations
to the decision authority.

Independent Cost Analysis - An analysis of program cost estimates
conducted by an impartial body disassociated from the management of
the program.

Independent Cost Estimate - An estimate of program cost developed
outside normal advocacy channels by a team which generally includes
representation from cost analysis, procurement, production management,
engineering and program management.

Independent Government Cost Estimate - An estimate of the cost for
goods and/or estimate of services to be procured by contract. Such
estimates are prepared by government personnel, i.e., independent of
contractors.

Independent Research and Development - Technical effort by industry
which is not sponsored by, or required in performance of, a contract
and which consists of projects falling within the areas of (l) basic
and applied research, (2) development, and (3) systems and other
concept formulation studies. Also, discretionary funds which industry
can allocate to projects when convinced that funds will yield a large
return on investments through subsequent contract. See FAR 31.001.

Independent Verification and Validation - An independent review of the
software product for functional effectiveness and technical sufficiency.

Indirect Cost Pool - A grouping of incurred costs identified with two
or more cost objectives but not specifically identified with any final
cost objective.

Indirect Costs - Costs, which because of their incurrence for common or
joint objectives, are not readily subject to treatment as direct costs.

Individual Acceptance Test - This is based on a test of predetermined
critical items to verify their operational characteristics prior to
assembly into subsystems. Waivers to this requirement such as using the
end item acceptance tests is not recommended as production expediency.
This test should be capable of being performed on the same fixtures
used for preceeding type tests.

Industrial Base - The capability of industry to respond to the needs of
and produce end items for DoD or other buyers.

Industrial Engineering - The art and science of utilizing and
coordinating personnel, equipment, and materials to attain a desired
quantity of output at a specified time and at an optimum cost. This may
include gathering, analyzing, and acting upon facts pertaining to
building and facilities, layouts, personnel organization, operating
procedures, methods, processes, schedules, time standards, wage rates,
wage-payment plans, costs, and systems for controlling the quality and
quantity of goods and services.

Industrial Engineering/Detailed Estimate - A basic method of cost
estimating that examines design data at a sufficiently low level detail
to apply time and material standards. This method requires detail
drawing, material lists identification of production quantities and
techniques. Also referred to as a bottoms-up approach and as
engineering build-up of costs.

Industrial Facilities - Industrial property (other than material,
special tooling, military property, and special test equipment) for
production, maintenance, research and development, or test, including
real property and rights therein, buildings, structures, improvements,
and plant equipment.

Industrial Fund - A revolving fund established at DoD industrial type
activities where products or services are provided external users. The
purpose of the fund is to provide a more effective means of controlling
costs; establish a flexible means for financing, budgeting and
accounting; encourage the creation of buyer-seller relationships; place
budgeting and accounting on a more commercial basis; and encourage
cross-servicing between military departments. Charges to the fund are
made for procurement of materials, services and labor and the fund is
reimbursed by proceeds from the sale of products and services.

Industrial Modernization Incentives Program - Provides government
incentive to a contractor to motivate investment of own funds in
improvements which result in reducing acquisition costs.

Industrial Plant Equipment - That part of planned equipment exceeding
defined acquisition cost thresholds, used for the purpose of cutting,
abrading, grinding, shaping, forming, joining, testing, measuring,
heating, treating, or otherwise altering the physical, electrical or
chemical properties of materials, components or end items, entailed in
manufacturing, maintenance, supply, processing, assembly, or research
and development operations.

Industrial Resource Analysis - A discrete analysis of industrial base
capabilities conducted to determine availability of production
resources required to support a major system production program.

Industry - Generally refers to private sector defense contractors.

Information System - A combination of personnel, efforts, forms,
instructions, procedures, data, communication facilities and equipment
that provides an organized and interconnected means for displaying
information in support of specific functions.

Inherent Availability - Availability of a system under an ideal support
environment.

Inherent R&M Value - Any measure of realiability or maintainability
that includes only the effects of item design and installation, and
assumes an ideal operating and support environment.

Initial Operational Capability - The first attainment of the capability
to employ effectively a weapon, item of equipment, or system of
approved specific characteristics, and which is manned or operated by
an adequately trained, equipped, and supported military unit or force.
Usually a target year or period of a year established early-on which
drives the development and production schedule. Normally based on the
threat.

Initial Operational Test and Evaluation - That portion of OT&E
conducted prior to the Milestone III decision.

Inspection - The examination and testing of supplies and services
(including, when appropriate, raw materials, components, and
intermediate assemblies) to determine whether they conform to
specified requirements.

Integrated Logistic Support - A composite of all the support
considerations necessary to assure the effective and economical support
of a system for its life cycle. It is an integral part of all other
aspects of system acquisition and operation. ILS is characterized by
harmony, and coherence among all the logistic elements. The principal
elements of ILS include: (a) maintenance planning; (b) supply support,
(c) technical data; (d) facilities; (e) manpower and personnel;
(f) training and training support; (g) support equipment; (h) computer
resources support; (i) packaging, handling, storage and transportation;
(j) design interface.

Integrated Logistic Support Alternatives/Trade-Offs - Supporting data
comes from "Lessons Learned" files comparative analysis, technolgical
opportunities, use studies, field visits, standardization requirements,
functional and military requirements, constraints, maintenance and
operational approaches. This information is used in analyses and
assessments of support for the identified alternatives system designs,
using established lists of design criteria, utility curves, and
criteria weights.

Integrated Logistic Support Elements - Principal logistics elements
that must be properly integrated to achieve economical and effective
support of a system or equipment throughout its life cycle. SEE ILS.

Integrated Logistic Support Management Plan - Early logistics plan
dealing with organizational authorities and responsibilities and
containing broad logistics strategy, thresholds and maintenance
concepts, etc.

Integrated Logistic Support Plan - The formal planning document for
logistics support. It is kept current through the program life and sets
forth the plan for operational support, provides a detailed ILS program
to fit with the overall program, provides decision-making bodies with
necessary ILS information to make sound decisions in system development
and production and provides the basis for ILS procurement
packages/specifications RFP's, SOW's, source selection evaluation,
terms and conditions, and CDRL's.

Integrated Program Summary - OBSOLETE. Formerly the document which
supplemented Decision Coordinating Paper for Milestone II/III.

Integration/Integrator - Act of putting together as the final end item
various components of a system. The Integrator in acquisition is the
"prime prime" contractor.

Interchangeability - A condition which exists when two or more items
possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be
equivalent in performance and durability, are capable of being
exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves
or of adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for
fit and performance.

Interconnection - The linking together of interoperable systems.

Interface - A common boundary or connection between persons, or between
systems, or between persons and systems.

Interference Time - A period of time during which one or more machines
are not operating because the workman or workmen assigned to operate
them are busy operating other machines in their assignment or are
performing necessary duties related to operating such other machines
such as making repairs, cleaning the machines, or inspecting completed
work.

Interim Contractor Support - A cost-effective logistics support
alternative. It allows the service to defer investment in all or part
of the support resources (spares, technical data, support equipment,
training equipment, etc.) and to use contractor support while the
organic capability is being phased in.

Internal Audit - The independent appraisal activity within an
organization for the review of the accounting, financial and related
operations as a basis for protective and constructive services to
management.

Internal Control - Internal review and internal checks established by
the commanding officer to safeguard property and funds; to check
accuracy, reliability and timeliness of accounting data to promote
operational efficiency; and to ensure adherence to prescribed
management policies and procedures.

Internal Replanning - Replanning actions performed by the contractor
for remaining effort within the recognized total allocated budget.

Interoperability - (1.) (DoD, NATO) The ability of systems, units or
forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems,
units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to
operate effectively together. (2.) (DoD) The condition achieved among
communications-electronic systems or items of communications-
electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged
directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users.

Inventory Objective - The quantity of an item of material that will
satisfy the military requirement under specified mobilization
conditions. It is based on threat analysis, approved U.S. force
projections, combat usage, mobilization training usage, and production
capabilities. It does not include quantities required to replace those
units consumed, lost, or worn out in the peacetime period which are
included in programmed procurement objectives.

Investments/Investment Cost - RDT&E and production dollars
(for a system).

Invitation for Bid  A solicitation document used in formally advertised procurements.

Issue - Something in dispute or to be decided.

Issue Papers - OSD documents defining issues raised during review of
the POM.

Issue-book Cycle - A process followed during OSD review of the POM.
It begins in early June and extents until late July.

Iteration - Repetitive requirement. Examples: numerous re-drafts of a
document, or re-working a funding profile to satisfy everyone involved.

JAMACJoint Aeronautical Materials Activity

JCMPOJoint Cruise Missile Project Office

JCS  Joint Chiefs of Staff

JIEP Joint Intelligence Estimate for Planning

JIT  Just-in-Time

JLC  Joint Logistics Commanders

JLRSAJoint Long Range Strategic Appraisal.
 Replaced the JLREID

JMSNSOBSOLETE -- Justification for
 Major System New Start.
 See Mission Need Statement

JOA  Joint Operating Agreement

JOP  Joint Operating Procedures

JPAM Joint Program Assessment Memorandum

JPO  Joint Program Office

JRMB OBSOLETE -- in acquisition process.
 Joint Requirements & Management Board.
 See DAB. Still applicable to
 Organization of the
 Joint Chiefs of Staff.

JSCP Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan

JSOR Joint Services Operational Requirement

JSPD Joint Strategic Planning Document

JSPS Joint Strategic Planning System

JT&E Joint Test and Evaluation

JTF  Joint Test Force

Job - A group of contiguous operations related by similarity of
functions that can be completed by one or more workers without
interference or delay.

Job Analysis - A detailed examination of a job to determine the duties,
responsibilities and specialized requirements necessary for its
performance.

Job Lot - A relatively small number of a specific type of part or
product that is produced at one time.

Job Order - (l) A formal instruction to perform certain work according
to specifications, estimates, etc. (2) Descriptive of a cost system
whereby costs are accumulated by job orders.

Job Shop - A manufacturing enterprise devoted to producing special or
custom made parts or products usually in small quantities for specific
customers.

Joint Logistics Commanders - Senior logistics military officers of the
Army, Navy, and Air Force; (l) Commander, U.S. Army Materiel Command;
(2) Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics); (3) Commander, Air
Force Systems Command, and (4) Commander, Air Force Logistics Command.

Joint Program - An acquisition program which encompasses the
requirements of and is staffed by two or more Services.

Joint Test and Evaluation - T&E conducted jointly by two or more DoD
components for systems to be acquired by more than one component or for
a component's systems which have interfaces with equipment of another
component.

Joint Test and Evaluation Program - An OSD program for Joint T&E,
structured to evaluate or provide information on system performance,
technical concepts, system requirements or improvements, systems
interoperability, improving or developing testing methodologies, or for
force structure planning, doctrine or procedures.

Joint Working Group - Composed of representatives for the combat and
materiel developers and appropriate subject matter experts. The primary
purpose is to provide a forum for direct communication facilitating the
coordination of requirements documents.

Just-In-Time - A "pull" system, driven by actual demand. Goal is to
produce one part just-in-time for the next operation. Reduces stock
inventories, but leaves no room for error. As much a managerial
philosophy as it is an inventory system.
Labor Productivity - The rate of output of a workman or group of
workers per unit of time, usually compared to an established standard
or expected rate of output.

Justification for Major System New Start - OBSOLETE. It replaced the
MENS in 1982; was replaced by MNS in 1987.

KThousand; Contract

KO   Contracting Officer (Also CO)

KR/KrContractor

KT   Contract

L&L/LL   Legislative Liaison

LA   Legislative Affairs; Legislative Assistant
 (Congress)

LABCOM   Laboratory Command (Army)

LAN  Local Area Network

LBTS Land Based Test Site

LCC  Life Cycle Cost

LCM  Life Cycle Management

LCSMMLife Cycle System Management Model

LEM  Logistic Element Manager

LLCSCLower-Level Computer Software Component

LLO  Legislative Liaison Office

LLTM Long Lead Time Material

LMI  Logistics Management Institute

LOA  Letter of Agreement (Army);
 Letter of Offer and Acceptance;
 Letter of Authorization

LOB  Line of Balance

LOE  Level of Effort

LOG  Logistics

LOGAMP   Logistics and Acquisition Management Program
 (Army)

LOGCAP   Logistics Command Assessment of Projects

LOGO Limitation of Government Obligation

LOI  Letter of Instruction; Letter of Intent

LOR/ALevel of Repair/Analysis

LP   Limited Procurement

LR   Letter Requirement (Army)

LRG  Logistics Review Group (Navy)

LRIP Low Rate Initial Production

LRP  Low Rate Production

LRRAPLong Range Research,
 Development and Acquisition Plan (Army)

LRU  Line Replaceable Unit

LSA  Logistic Support Analysis

LSAR Logistic Support Analysis Record

LSI  Large Scale Integration

Labor Standards - A compilation by time study of standard time for each
element of a given type of work.

Landbased Test Site - A facility duplicating/simulating as many
conditions as possible of a system's planned operational installation
and utilization. (Navy)

Lapsed Funds - Expired appropriations lapse 2 years after expiration
date. All unliquidated obligations are transferred to the "M" account
for each appropriation where they are merged with unliquidated
obligations of all other lapsed appropriations for earlier years of the
same appropriAtions. A potential source of funds for handling overruns.

Lead Component/Service - The DoD component designated by SECDEF to be
responsible for management of a system acquisition involving two or
more DoD components in a joint program.

Leader-Follower Concept - A government contractual relationship for the
delivery of an end item through a prime or subcontract relationship or
to provide assistance to another company. (l) Prime contract awarded to
established source (leader) who is obligated to subcontract to and
assist another source (follower). (2) A contract is awarded to a leader
requiring him to assist the follower who has prime contract for
production. (3) Prime contract awarded to the follower for production
and follower is obligated to subcontract with a designated leader for
assistance. (The leader can or cannot be producing under another
contract).

Learning/Improvement Curve - A mathematical way to explain and measure
the rate of change of cost (in hours or dollars) as a function of
quantity.

Legislative Affairs/Liaison - The interaction between DoD (OSD,
services and agencies) and Congress. Includes responses to requests for
information , preparation of reports, appearances at hearings, etc.
Usually coordinated by and conducted through LA/LL offices.

Less Than Major Programs - In DoD, those remaining acquisition programs
not designated by SECDEF as major programs. Also referred to as all
other programs."

Lessons Learned - Capitalizing on past errors is judgement, material
failures, wrong timing or other mistakes ultimately to improve a
situation or system.

Lethality - The probability that weapon effects will destroy the target
or render it neutral.

Letter of Agreement - An Army document in which the combat and materiel
developers outline the basic agreements for further investigation of a
potential materiel system.

Letters of Allowance - Initiated by OMB to DoD containing the
President's determinations of what the Defense budget should contain.

Level of Effort - Effort of a general or supportive nature which does
not produce definite end products or results.

Leveled Time - The average time adjusted to account for the difference
in operator performance, such as skill, effort and conditions.

Leverage - The power to act or influence to attain goals or gains.

Licensed Production - Agreements by U.S. commercial firms with foreign
governments/firms to produce weapon systems.

Life Cycle (Weapon System) - All phases of the system's life including
research, development, test and evaluation, production, deployment
(inventory), operations and support and disposal.

Life Cycle Cost - The total cost to the government of acquisition and
ownership of that system over its useful life. It includes the cost of
development, acquisition, support, and, where applicable, disposal.

Life Cycle Model (Acquisition) - SEE Life Cycle (Weapon System).
Identifical except does not include disposal.

Life Units - A measure of use duration applicable to the item (such as
operating hours, cycles, distance, rounds fired, attempts to operate).

Life-Cycle Management - Process for administering an automated
information system or hardware support system over its whole life,
with emphasis on strengthening early decisions which shape costs and
utility.

Limited Production - The initial production of a system in limited
quantity. Part of acquisition strategy to be used in OT&E for
verification of production engineering and design maturity and to
establish a production base prior to a decision to proceed with
production. Decision usually made near end of FSD or at Milestone IIIA
or equivalent. Also called Low Rate Initial Production or Pilot
Production.

Limited Rights - In technical data, means rights to use, duplicate or
disclose TD in whole or in part, by or for the Government, with the
express written permission of the party furnishing the TD be (l)
released or disclosed outside the Government; (2) used by the
Government for manufacture (or if software documentation, for preparing
the same or similar software); or (3) used by party other than the
Government except under certain restricted circumstances.
SEE Sec.227,470-482 of DFARS.

Line Authority - DoD officials in the direct chain of authority from
SECDEF to the program manager, excluding staffs. The authority to give
an order in their own name.

Line Item (Budget) - A specific program end item with its own identity
(e.g., BlB Bomber).

Line Production - A method of plant layout in which the machines and
other equipment required, regardless of the operations they perform,
are arranged in the order in which they are used in the process
(lay-out by product).

Line Replacable Unit - An essential support item removed and replaced
at field level to restore end item to an operationally ready condition.

Line Stock - Parts or components (for example, screws, washers, solder,
common resistors, etc.) which are physically identifiable with the
product, but which are of very low value, and therefore, do not warrant
the usual item-by-item costing techniques.

Line of Balance - A graphic display of scheduled units versus actual
units over a given set of critical schedule control points on a
particular day.

Ll   Letter of Intent (LOI)

Local Purchase  Authorized purchase of materials, supplies and services
by an installation for its own use.

Logistic Time - That portion of down time during which repair is
delayed solely because of the necessity to wait for a replacement part
or other subdivision of the system.

Logistics (NATO Definition) - The science of planning and carrying out
the movement and maintenance of forces. In its most comprehensive
sense, those aspects of military operations which deal with: (a) design
and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution,
maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of material; (b) movement,
evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; (c) acquisition or
construction, maintenance operation, and disposition of facilities;
and (d) acquisitioning or furnishing of services.

Logistics - The science of planning and carrying out the movement and
maintenance of forces. In its most comprehensive sense, those aspects
of military operations which deal with: (a) design and development,
acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation,
and disposition of materials; (b) movement, evacuation, and
hospitalization of personnel; (c) acquisiton or construction,
maintenance, operation, and disposition of facilities;
(d) acquisitioning or furnishing of services.

Logistics Annex - A brief description of the logistics considerations
essential to program planning and decisions at Milestones I, II and
III.

Logistics Support - The supply and maintenance of materiel essential to
proper operation of a system in the force.

Logistics Support Analysis - A formal tool under MIL-STD 1388-1A that
helps identify and tradeoff qualitative and quantitative logistics
support requirements. It is a logical, documented basis from which to
influence design and force a degree of requirements integration.
It also provides a yardstick from which to assess logistics objectives
achievement.

Logistics Support Analysis Record - A formal tool under MIL-STD 1399-2A
that uses records/forms to document operations and maintenance
requirements, RAM, task analyses, technical data, support/test
equipment, facilities, skill evaluation, supply support, ATE and TPS,
and transportability. LSAR is the basis for training, personnel, supply
provisioning and allowances construction, support equipment acquisition,
facilities construction and preparation, and for maintenance--
preventative and corrective.

Logistics Supportability - The degree to which adequate provisions can
be made in systems  acquisition for support and test equipment, supply
support, maintenance manuals, technical data, and support facilities.

Long-Lead Items/Long-Lead Time Materials - Those components of a system
or piece of equipment for which the times to design and fabricate are
the longest, and, therefore, to which an early commitment of funds may
be desirable in order to meet the earliest possible date of system
completion. Might be ordered during FSD to arrive for production start.

Lot Acceptance Test - This test is based on a sampling procedure to
assure that the product retains its quality. No acceptance or
installation should be permitted until this test for the lot has been
successfully completed.

Low Rate Initial Production - A low rate of output at the end of full
scale development or beginning of production. Reduces the Government's
exposure to large retrofit problems and costs while still providing
adequate numbers of hard tooled production items for final development
and operational tests prior to full production decision. Part of
acquisition strategy. Risk reduction method. Decision often made at
Milestone IIIA or equivalent, Also called Pilot Production or Limited
Production.
Machine Controlled Time - That part of a work cycle that is entirely
controlled by a machine and, therefore, is not influenced by the skill
or effort of the worker.

MMaintainability; Mission; Manpower

MAA  Mission Area Analysis

MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group

MAC  Military Airlift Command

MACOMMajor Command (Army)

MAD  Mission Area Deficiency

MADP Materiel Acquisition Decision Process (Army)

MAJCOM   Major Command (AF)

MALC Management of Acquisition Logistics Course (DSMC)

MAM  Materiel Acquisition Manager (Army)

MANPRINT Manpower Personnel Integration (Army)

MANTECH/MT   Manufacturing Technology

MAP  Military Assistance Program

MAR  Management Assessment Review (AF)

MARCORPS U.S. Marine Corps

MAS  Military Agency for Standardization;
 Military Assistance Sales

MASRCMajor Automated System Review Council (OSD)

MATDEV   Materiel Developer

MATE Multipurpose Automatic Test Equipment

MC (MILCON)A/N/AFMilitary Construction (Appropriation),
 Army/Navy/Air Force

MCCR Mission Critical Computer Resources

MCCS Mission Critical Computer System

MCDECMarine Corps Development and Educational Center

MCOTEA   Marine Corps Operational Test
 and Evaluation Center

MCP  Mission Coordinating Paper;
 Military Construction Plan

MCPDMMarine Corps Program Decision Meeting

MD   Managerial Development (DSMC)

MDC  Management Decision Center

MDT  Mean Down Time

ME   Manufacturing Enginering

MENS Obsolete--Mission Element Need Statement.
   Replaced by JMSNS
   which subsequently was replaced by MNS.

MER  Manpower Estimate Report

MFHBFMean Flight Hours Between Failure

MFP  Materiel Fielding Plan

MICOMMissile Command (Army)

MILCON   Military Construction (Appropriation)

MILPERS  Military Personnel

MILSCAP  Military Standard Contract
 Administration Procedure

MILSPEC  Military Specification\

MILSTAMP Military Standard Transportation
 and Movement Procedures

MILSTD   Military Standard

MILSTEP  Military Supply and Transportation
 Evaluation Procedures

MILSTRAP Military Standard Transaction Reporting
 and Accounting Procedures

MILSTRIP Military Standard Requisitioning
 and Issue Procedures

MIPR Military Interdepartmental Purchase Request

MIS  Management Information System

MK   Mark

MLA  Military Liaison Assistant (Congress)

MLDT Mean Logistics Delay Time

MMT  Manufacturing Methods Technology

MND  Mission Need Determination; Mission Need Document

MNS  Mission Need Statement

MOA  Memorandum of Agreement

MOD  Modification; Ministry of Defense (Allied)

MOE  Measure of Effectiveness

MOP  Memorandum of Policy (JCS)

MOU  Memorandum of Understanding

MP   Materiel Professional (Navy)

MP/A/N/AF/M  Military Personnel (Appropriation),
 Army/Navy/Air Force/USMC

MPMC Multinational Program Management Course (DSMC)

MPT  Manpower, Personnel and Training

MRB  Material Review Board

MRD  Milestone Review Document

MRF  Milestone Reference File

MRP  Materials Requirement Planning

MS   Milestone

MSAC Management of Software Acquisition Course (DSMC)

MSAPCManagement of Systems Acquisition Policy Course
 (DSMC)

MSARCMarine Corps Systems Acquisition Review Council

MSC  Major Subordinate Command

MSD  Material Support Date

MSG  Message

MT/MANTECH   Manufacturing Technology

MTBF Mean Time Between Failure

MTBMAMean Time Between Maintenance Actions

MTP  Materiel Transfer Plan (Army)

MTTR Mean Time To Repair

MYP  Multi-year Procurement

Machine Element - A work cycle subdivision that is distinct,
describable, and measurable, the time for which is entirely controlled
by a machine, and, therefore, not influenced by the skill or effort of
the worker.

Maintainability - The ability of an item to be retained in or restored
to specified condition when maintenance is performed by personnel
having specified skill levels, using prescribed procedures and
resources, at each prescribed level of maintenance and repair.
(See Reliability, Availability And Maintainability.)

Maintenance Concept/Plan - A description of maintenance considerations
and constraints for system/equipment under development. A preliminary
maintenance concept is developed and submitted as part of the
preliminary system operational concept for each alternative solution
candidate by the operating command with the assistance of the
implementing and supporting commands. A major driver in design of the
system/equipment and support planned for it.

Maintenance Planning - The process conducted to evolve and establish
maintenAnce concepts and requirements for the lifetime of a material
system (DoDD 5000.39), one of the principal elements of ILS.

Major Assembly - An operation in the construction of a section which
joins a number of subassemblies.

Major System (Congressional Definition) - Redefined by the DoD
Authorization Act, FY85-dollar thresholds lowered: RDT&E - $75M plus
(in FY 80 constant $), Procurement - $300M plus (in FY 80 constant $).

Major System (DoD Definition) - A designation by The DAE based on:
(l) Development risk, urgency of need, or other items of interest to
DAE (2) Joint acquisition of a system by DoD and representatives of
another nation, or by two or more DoD components; (3) The estimated
requirement for the system's RDT&E, procurement (production). A MNS is
required for all acquisitions for which estimated costs will exceed
$250M (FY 87 $) in RDT&E funds or $1.5B (FY 87 $) in procurement funds
or both. (Pending: Category I--A program requiring SECDEF or USD(A)
decision; Category 11--a program whose decision is deferred to service
acquisition executive.)

Make-or-Buy Program - That part of a contractor's written plan for the
development or production of an end item which outlines the subsystems,
major components, assemblies, subassemblies, and parts he intends to
manufacture, test-treat, or assemble himself (make), and those he
intends to purchase from others (buy).

Man-Machine Interface - Degree of compatibility between the user
(individual) and the equipment being used.
See Soldier - Machine Interface.

Management Reserve - An amount of the total allocated budget withheld
for management control purposes, rather than designated for the
accomplishment of a specific task or set of tasks. It is not a part of
the Performance Measurement Baseline. Synonymous with Management
Reserve Budget.

Manpower - The total supply of persons available and fitted for Service.
"Spaces." Numbers. Indexed by requirements including jobs lists, slots,
or billets characterized by descriptions of the required people to fill
them.

Manpower Estimate Report - An estimate of the number of personnel
required to operate, maintain, support and train for the acquisition
upon full operational deployment. Service prepares; submitted to
Congress by SECDEF 90 days prior to approval for FSD or production.
For all major acquisitions.

Manpower Scheduling and Loading - The effective and efficient
utilization and scheduling of available manpower according to their
skills to ensure that required manufacturing operations are properly
coordinated and executed.

Mantech (Manufacturing Technology) - Refers to any action which has as
its objective: (l) the timely establishment or improvement of the
manufacturing processes, techniques, or equipment required to support
current and projected programs, and (2) the assurance of the
availability to produce, reduce lead time, ensure economic availability
of end items, reduce costs, increase efficiency, improve reliability,
or to enhance safety and anti-pollution measures.

Manual Element - A distinct, describable, and measurable subdivision of
a work cycle or operation performed by one or more human motions that
are not controlled by process or machine.

Manufacturing Engineering - Preproduction planning and operation
analysis applied to specific projects. Other similar functions include
sustaining (on-going) engineering, production engineering, and
production planning.

Manufacturing Management Production/Capability Review - A review
accomplished by the program office during source selection to determine
each competing contractor's existing and planned manufacturing
management system and production capability/capacity to meet all known
production requirements of the proposed system considering all current
firm and projected business.

Manufacturing Resource Planning - Based on philosophy that efficient
manufacturing results from clear and concise communication throughout
the organization.

Market Research - The process used for collecting and analyzing
information about the entire market available to satisfy the minimum
agency needs to arrive at the most suitable approach to acquiring,
distributing and supporting supplies and services.

Markup - Line-by-line review and approval/disapproval/modification of
the defense budget by congressional committees.

Material - Property which may be incorporated into or attached to an
end item to be delivered under a contract or which may be consumed or
expended in the performance of a contract. It includes, but is not
limited to, raw and processed material, parts, components, assemblies,
fuels and lubricants and small tools and supplies which may be
consumed in normal use in the performance of a contract.

Material Fielding Plan - Plan to ensure smooth transition of system
from developer to user.

Material Fielding and Training - The action of checking out equipment
functions and operator and maintnenance personnel training after
production and before turnover to users.

Material System - A final combination of subsystems, components, parts,
and materiels that make up an entity for use in combat or in support
thereof, either offensively or defensively, to destroy, injure, defeat,
or threaten the enemy. It includes the basic materiel items and all
related equipment, supporting facilities, and services required for
operating and maintaining the system.

Materiel Developer - The Army command or agency responsible for R&D and
production validation of an item.

Matrix Organization - Combines the advantages of the pure functional
(traditional) structure and the product organizational structure.
The PM has total responsibility and accountability for program sucess.
Functional managers provide technical and business assistance to the PM
from outside the PMO (sharing).

Mean Time Between Failures - For a particular interval, the total
functional life of a population of an item divided by the total number
of failures within the population. The definition holds for time,
rounds, miles, events, or other measures of life unit, a basic
technical measure of reliability.

Mean Time to Repair - The total elapsed time (clock hours) for
corrective maintenance divided by the total number of corrective
maintenance actions during a given period of time, a basic technical
measure of maintainability.

Measure of Effectiveness - The quantitative expression (sometimes
modified by subjective judgment) of the success of a system in
achieving a specified objective.

Memorandum of Agreement - (l) In contract administration, an agreement
between a program manager and a Contract Administration Office,
establishing the scope of responsibility of the CAO with respect to the
C/SCSC surveillance functions and objectives, and/or other contract
administration functions on a specific contract or program. (2) Any
written agreement in principle as to how program will be administered.

Memorandum of Understanding (NATO) Official agreements concluded
between the defense ministries of NATO nations and ranking below
government-level international treaties. Defacto, such agreements are
generally recognized by all partners as binding even if no legal claim
could be based on the rights and obligations laid down in them.

Methods Engineering - The technique that subjects each operation of a
given piece of work to close analysis in order to eliminate every
unnecessary element or operation and in order to approach the quickest
and best method of performing each necessary element or operation.
It includes the improvement and standardization of methods, equipment,
and working conditions; operator training; the determination of
standard times; and occasionally devising and administering various
incentive plans.

Methods Study - Systematic recording of all activities performed in a
job or position of work including standard times for the work
performed. Work simplification notes are written during the study.

Metric System/Metrication - A decimal system of weights and measures.
Basic units are the meter (39.37") for length and the gram
(15.432 grains) for mass and weight.

Metrics - The theory or system of measurement.

Metrology - The science of weights and measures used to determine
conformance to technical requirements including the development of
standards and systems for absolute and relative measurements.

Micromanagement - The notion perceived or real--of closely detailed
scrutiny of a program of activities by one's superiors in the chain of
command, or by Congress. Results in second-guessing, reviews, changes,
cuts or justiffcation in most cases. A usurption of authority or
responsibility.

Midpoint Pricing - Uses a single set of rates that are the average of a
future time period in lieu of progressively escalated rates to develop
an escalated price estimate.

Midyear Review - (l) An update of President's original budget proposal
by OMB. Submitted to Congress by 15 July. (2) An examination of
specific portions of the budget by the comptroller at approximately the
middle of a FY. Primary examination is of operations and maintenance
appropriations. Also used to release or expedite funding.

Milestone - The point when a recommendation is made and approval sought
regarding starting or continuing (proceeding to next phase) an
acquisition program. Milestones are: 0 (Mission Need Determination),
I (Concept Selection), II (Program Go-Ahead), III (Production),
IV (Readiness and Support) and V.

Milestone Reference File - A working file provided by the DoD component
to the DSARC Executive Secretary at each milestone decision point.

Military Operational Requirements - The formal expression of a military
need, response to which results in development or acquisition of items,
equipments, or systems.

Military Property - Government-owned property designed for military
operations. It includes end items and integral components of military
weapons systems, along with the related peculiar support equipment
which is not readily available as a commercial item. It does not
include government material, special test equipment, special tooling or
facilities.

Military Utility - The military worth of a system performing its
mission in a competitive environment including versatility
(or potential) of the system. It is measured against the operational
concept, operational effectiveness, safety, security and cost/worth.
Military utility estimates form A rational basis for making management
decisions.

Minimum Buy - The purchase of material in standard bulk quantities even
though the contract requirement is less than the standard quantity.
This is done when price does not increase proportionately for
quantities less than the standard quantity.

Mission - The objective or task, together with the purpose, which
clearly indicates the action to be taken.

Mission Area - A segment of the defense mission as established by
SECDEF. Each DoD component has mission areas (i.e., Navy - sea control)
for which it must equip its forces for potential hostities.

Mission Area Analysis - Continuous analysis of assigned mission
responsibilities in the several mission areas to identify deficiencies
in the current and projected capabilities to meet essential mission
needs, and to identify opportunities for the enhancement of capability
through more effective systems and less costly methods.

Mission Critical Computer Resources - ADPE or services if the function,
operation, or use: (l) involves intelligence activities; (2) involves
cryptologic activities related to national security; (3) involves
command and control of military forces; (4) involves equipment which is
an integral part of a weapon or weapons system; or (5) is critical to
direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions.

Mission Element - A segment of a mission area critical to the
accomplishment of the mission area objectives and corresponding to a
recommendation for a major system capability as determined by a DoD
Component.

Mission Element Need Statement - OBSOLETE. Superseded in 1982 by
Justification for Major System New Start and in 1987 by Mission Need
Statement.

Mission Equipment - Any item which is a functional part of a system or
subsystem and is required to perform mission operations.

Mission Need Statement - Submitted prior to POM submission. Approval by
SECDEF is Milestone 0. Documents major mission deficiencies
(or opportunities for improvement) in a service's ability to meet
mission requirements when such deficiencies can be corrected by:
(l) using an existing U.S. system or allied military or commercial
system, (2) a major modification to an existing system, or (3) a new
major acquisition. A joint MNS is prepared to document major
deficiencies in two or more DoD components. OSD or OJCS may also
prepare MNS.

Mission Reliability - The probability that a system will perform
mission essential functions for a period of time under conditions
stated in the mission profile. Note that there are no mission
preconditions stated here such as repairs accomplished in accordance
with manual, or that repairs will even be made during the mission.

Mission Sponsor - The CMC or a DCNO, responsible for developing the
overall goals, objectives, rationale, justification, and resource
requirements for a specified mission area. (Navy)

Mock Up - A model, built to scale, of a machine, apparatus, or weapon.
It is used in examining the construction, critical clearances,
or testing a new development, or in teaching personnel how to operate
or maintain the actual machine, apparatus, or weapon.

Modification - A configuration change to a produced configuration item.

Module - An independently compilable software component made up of one
or more procedures or routines or a combination of procedures and
routines.

Multi-Year Appropriation - Congressional appropriation available for
incurring obligations for a definite period in excess of one fiscal
year; i.e., for two or more years.

Multi-year Procurement - A method of competitively purchasing up to 5
years' requirements in one contract which is funded annually as
appropriations permit. If necessary to cancel the remaining quantities
in any year, the contractor is paid an agreed-upon portion of his
unamortized nonrecurring start-up costs. SEE Multi-Year Appropriation.
Navy Decision Coordinating Paper - Document required for all ACAT II
programs; provides basic review documentation for use in determining
the previous phase process and making recommendations for next
Milestone and subsequent phases.

Multiservice T&E - T&E conducted by two or more DoD components for
systems to be acquired by more than one DoD component, or for a DoD
component's systems that have interfaces with equipment of another DoD
component.

NAC  Navy Advanced Concepts; North Atlantic Council

NADEFCOL NATO Defense College

NAE  Navy Acquisition Executive

NAMMONATO Multi-Role Combat Aircraft Development
 and Production Management Organization

NAPR NATO Armaments Planning Review

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NAVAIR SYSCOMNaval Air Systems Command

NAVELEX SYSCOM   OBSOLETE -- Naval Electronics Systems Command.
 See NAVSPAWAR .

NAVFAC SYSCOMNaval Facilities Engineering Command

NAVMAT   OBSOLETE--Naval Material Command

NAVMATINST   OBSOLETE -- Naval Material Command Instruction

NAVPRO   Naval Plant Representative Office

NAVSEA SYSCOMNaval Sea Systems Command

NAVSPAWAR SYSCOM Naval Space & Warfare Systems Command

NAVSUP SYSCOMNaval Supply Systems Command

NBC  Nuclear, Biological, Chemical

NC   Numerical Control

NDCP Navy Decision Coordinating Paper

NDI  Non-Development Item (Army)

NDU  National Defense University

NMA  National Military Authorities (NATO)

NMC  Not Mission Capable

NME  Naval Material Establishment

NOA  New Obligation Authority

NOR  Notice of Revision

NPDM Navy Program Decision Meeting

NSA  National Security Agency

NSC  National Security Council

NSCCANuclear Safety Cross-Check Analysis

NSD  Navy Support Date

NSF  Navy Stock Fund

NSS  National Supply System

NTIS National Technical Information Service
 (Department of Commerce)

NTP  Navy Training Plan

NWC  National War College; Naval War College

Navy Program Decision Meeting - Similar to Service Acquisition Review
Councils. (SEA.) Forum at which Navy makes decisions on programs at
various levels in OPNAV.

Negotiated Contract Cost - The estimated cost negotiated in a
cost-plus-fixed fee contract, or the negotiated contract target cost in
either a fixed-price-incentive contract or a cost-plus-incentive fee
contract.

Negotiation - Contracting through the use of either competitive or
other-than-competitive proposals and discussions. Any contract awarded
without using sealed bidding procedures is a negotiated contract.

New Vision PMC - Revised 20-week PMC which centers around 6-weeks
Basics course and 14-week scenario-driven course. (DSMC)

Non-developmental Item - A generic term describing either a commercial
product or an item which has been developed and used by another
service, country, or government agency. Use of NDI reduces R&D costs
and speeds up acquisition process. Also called off-the-shelf item.

Nonappropriated Funds - Moneys derived from sources other than
congressional appropriations, primarily from the sale of goods and
services to DoD military and civilian personnel and their dependents
and used to support or provide essential morale, welfare, recreational,
and certain religious and education programs. Another distinguishing
characteristic of these funds is the fact that there is no
accountability for them in the fiscal records of the Treasury of the
United States.

Nonrecurring - Costs which are not proportional to the number of units
produced.

Normal Pace - The work rate usually used by workers performing under
capable supervision but without the stimulus of an incentive-wage-
payment plan.

Nuclear Survivability - Ability of a system to accomplish its mission
in a nuclear environment by any of the following: threat avoidance,
hardening, proliferation or reconstitution.

Numerical Control - Tape controlled machine operation which provides
high repeatability for multiple process steps.

O&M  Operations and Maintenance

O&O/PLAN Operational and Organizational/Plan

O&S  Operations and Support

O/S  Operations and Support Phase

OAS  Office of the Assistant Secretary

OAS  Organization of American States

OB   Operating Budget

OBA  Operating Budget Authority

OBE  Overtaken By Events

OCD  Operational Control Document

OCLL Office, Chief of Legislative Liaison (Army)

OCSA Office of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army

OCT  Operational Climatic Testing

OD   Organization Development

OE   Operational Effectiveness;
 Organizational Effectiveness

OFPP Office Federal Procurement Policy (OMB)

OGC  Office of General Counsel

OI   Operating Income

OIM  Office of Industrial Mobilization

OJCS Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

OJT  On-the-Job Training

OLA  Office of Legislative Affairs (Navy)

OM/A/N/AF/M  Operation and Maintenance (Appropriations),
 Army/Navy/Air Force/USMC

OMB  Office of Management and Budget

ONAS OBSOLETE--Office of Naval Acquisition Support

ONR  Office of Naval Research

OP/A/N/AFOther Procurement (Appropriation),
 Army/Navy/Air Force

OPE  Other Plant Equipment

OPEVAL   Operational Evaluation (Navy)

OPM  Office of Personnel Management

OPNAVOffice of the Chief of Naval Operations

OPNAVINSTOPNAV Instruction (Navy)

OPR  Office of Primary Responsibility

OPSECOperations Security

OPTEVFOR Operational Test and Evaluation Force (Navy)

OR   Operations Research; Operational Requirement
 (Navy)

OR/SAOperations Research/Systems Analysis

ORWG Operational Requirements Working Group

OS   Operational Suitability

OSD  Office of the Secretary of Defense

OT   Operational Testing

OT&E Operational Test and Evaluation

OTA  Operational Test Agency

OTEA Operational Test and Evaluation Agency (Army)

OTP  Outline Test Plan

OUSDRE   OBSOLETE -- Office of the Under Secretary of
 Defense for Research and Engineering.
 See USD(A) & DDR&E (OSD).

Objective - The target of an organization or system. In military
organizations this is usually synonymous with the mission. A detailed
analysis would indicate that (l) at times it is difficult to obtain an
explicit statement of an organization's objectives, (2) objectives will
vary at different levels within an organization, (3) several objectives
will exist at one level, some of which may conflict, and (4) objectives
are dynamic and change with time.

Obligated Balance - The amount of BA committed for speciflc purpose but
not actually spent.

Obligation - A duty to make a future payment of money. The duty is
incurred as soon as an order is placed, or a contract is awarded for
the delivery of goods and the performance of services. The placement of
an order is sufficient. An obligation legally encumbers a specified sum
of money which will require outlay(s) or expenditure(s) in the future.

Obligational Authority - (l) A congressional authorization to procure
goods and services within a specified amount by appropriation or other
authorization; (2) The administrative extension of such authority,
as by apportionment or funding; (3) The amount of authority so granted.

Off the Shelf - Procurement of existing systems or equipment without an
RDT&E program or with minor development to make system suitable for DoD
needs. May be commercial system/equipment or one already in DoD
inventory. See Non-Developmental Item.

Offer - A response to a solicitation that, if accepted, would bind the
offeror to perform the resultant contract.

Offset Agreements - Any agreement made by DoD to purchase foreign items
to offset some specific amount or percentage of that country's
expenditures in the US. for U.S. defense items.

One-Year Appropriations - Appropriations generally used for current
administrative, maintenance, and operational programs, including the
procurement of items classified as "expense." These appropriations are
available for obligation for one fiscal year.

Operating Budget - An operating budget is the annual budget of an
activity stated in terms of Budget Classification Code,
functional/subfunctional categories and cost accounts. It contains
estimates of the total value of resources required for the performance
of the mission including reimbursable work or services for others.
It also includes estimates of workload in terms of total work units
identified by cost accounts.

Operating Costs - Those program costs necessary to operate and maintain
the capability. These costs include Military Personnel and Operations
and Maintenance.

Operating Time - The time during which the system is operating in a
manner acceptable to the operator.

Operating and Support Cost - Those resources required to operate and
support (O&S) a system, subsystem, or a major component during its
useful life in the operational inventory.

Operation - (l) The intentional changing of an object in any of its
physical or chemical characteristics; (2) the assembly or disassembly
of parts or objects; (3) the preparation of an object for another
operation, transportation, inspection, or storage; (4) planning,
calculating, or the giving or receiving of information; (S) military
action using deployed forces.

Operation Process Chart - Identifies the successive operations,
in their required sequence, for producing a product (component).

Operation and Support - (l) The fifth phase of the acquisition process.
Begins after MS IV; (2) Associated with cost of operating and
supporting a system after it is deployed or in inventory.

Operation and Support Cost Parameters - Major programs using DTC are
required to have O&S cost goals established in the form of some
measureable parameters which can be monitored during test and
evaluation as well as operation. These O&S parameters are to be
established by the PM, subject to review for adequacy, to influence the
design and to control O&S costs. They are to be contract goals for
achievement by the contractor.

Operational Availability - The degree, expressed in terms of 1.0 as the
highest, to which one can expect an equipment or weapon system to work
properly when it is required. The equation is uptime over uptime plus
downtime, expressed as Ao. It is the quantitative link between
readiness objectives and supportability.

Operational Capability - The measure of the results of the mission,
given the condition of the system during the mission (dependability).

Operational Climatic Testing - Tests addressing the upper and lower
bands of the climatic spectrum, ranging from severe European winter to
Mid-East summer. These tests will provide an assessment of operational
suitability of a system under the climatic conditions it is most likely
to encounter in actual usage.

Operational Effectiveness - The overall degree of mission
accomplishment of a system used by representative troops in the context
of the organization, doctrine, tactics, threat, and environment in the
planned operational employment of the system.

Operational R&M Value - Any measure of reliability or maintainability
that includes the combined effects of item design, quality,
installation, environment, operation, maintenance, and repair.

Operational Requirement - Navy document which describes major
characteristics of the alternative selected by OPNAV. It is submitted
as originating document for all Navy new starts (less than major
programs)--ACAT's 11, III, IV.

Operational Suitability - The degree to which an operationally
effective system can be satisfactorily placed in field use, with
consideration being given to availability, transportability,
reliability, maintainability, safety, logistic supportability,
training requirements, and other "ilities."

Operational System Development - 6.7 money. A funding category
including R&D effort directed towards development, engineering and test
of systems, support programs, vehicles and weapons that have been
approved for production and deployment.

Operational Test 11 - The test of engineering development prototype
equipment prior to the initial production decision. Its goal is to
estimate an item's military utility, operational effectiveness, and
operational suitability in as realistic an operational environment as
possible. Test objectives are based on the critical issues which are
best examined by using elements in an operational environment.

Operational Test I - The operational test of a hardware configuration
of a system, or components thereof, to provide an indication of
military utility and worth to the user. Testing should refine
identified critical issues, report areas that should be addressed in
future OT and identify new ones for subsequent testing. OT I can be
accomplished during the Dem/Val Phase on brassboard configuration,
experimental prototypes, or surrogates to provide data leading to the
decision to enter full-scale development.

Operational Test III - OT conducted after production has begun.

Operational Test and Evaluation - That T&E conducted to estimate a
system's military utility, operational effectiveness and operational
suitability, as well as the need for any modifications. It is
accomplished by operationl and support personnel of the types and
qualifications expected to use and maintain the system when deployed
and is conducted in as realistic an operational environment as possible.

Operational Transaction Period - Begins with delivery of first
production article and extends to program management responsibility
transition.

Operational and Organizational Plan - Describes how an Army system will
be integrated into the force structure, deployed, operated and
supported in peacetime and wartime.

Operations Security - Protection of military operations and activities
resulting from identification and subsequent elimination or control of
indicators susceptible to hostile operations.

Option - A contractual clause permitting an increase in the quantity of
supplies beyond that originally stipulated or an extension in the time
for which services on a time basis may be required.

Ordering Activity - An activity which originates a requisition or order
for procurement, production, or performance of work or services by
another activity.

Organic - The capability to perform a function within the organization
without outside assistance, or, self contained.

Original Budget - The budget established at, or near, the time the
contract was signed, based on the negotiated contract cost.

Other Plant Equipment - That part of plant equipment, regardless of
dollar value, which is used in or in conjunction with the manufacture
of components or end items relative to maintenance, supply, processing,
assembly or research and development operations, but excluding items
categorized as industry plant equipment.

Out-Years - Normally, all 5 years beyond the year being worked in the
upcoming POM/budget. If POM 87 is being prepared, out-years are
FY88-92.

Out-of-court Settlement - An out-of-court settlement resolves a major
issue, which during program review presents an alternative to a
proposal in the POM. It is known as out-of-court because the issue was
resolved outside the deliberation of the Defense Resources Board.
The settlement reflects agreement reached through working level
negotiations between members of the services and OSD.

Outfitting - See Provisioning.

Outlays - Actual expenditures. Checks issued, interest accrued on the
public debt, or other payments, net of refunds and reimbursements.
Total budget outlays consist of the sum of the outlays from
appropriations and funds in the budget, less receipts.

Output - (l) In contracting, the desired results from the contractor.
(2) In ADP, the result of what the computer is asked to do when
activated.

Output Standard - Specifies the number of items or amount of services
that should be produced in a specific amount of time by a specific
method.

Overhead - (See Indirect Costs).

Oversight - Review activity by congressional committees of DoD programs
to determine (l) status, (2) if the law is being followed or (3) basis
for possible future legislation.
Packaging, Handling Storage & Transportation - The resources, processes,
procedures, design considerations, and methods to ensure that all
system, equipment, and support items are preserved, packaged, handled,
and transported properly including: environmental considerations,
equipment preservation requirements for short-and long-term storage,
and transportability (DoDD 5000.39), one of the principal elements of
ILS.

P&A  Price and Availability

P&L  Profit and Loss

P&T  Personnel and Training

P3I  Pre-Planned Product Improvement

PA   Program Authorization (Air Force);
 Product Assurance

PA&E Program Analysis and Evaluation

PAM  Pamphlet

PAPS Periodic Armaments Planning System (NATO)

PAR  Program Assessment Review (AF)

PARR Program Analysis and Resource Review

PAT&EProduction Acceptance Test and Evaluation

PB   President's Budget; Program Baseline

PBD  Program Budget Decision

PBS  Program Budget System (Army)

PC   Program Coordinator (Navy); Personal Computer;

PCA  Physical Configuration Audit

PCB  Printed Circuit Board

PCD  Program Change Decision

PCI  Product Configuration Identification

PCM  Program Cost Management

PCO  Procuring Contracting Officer; OBSOLETE,
 Principal Contracting Officer

PCR  Program Change Request;
 Procurement Center Representative

PD   Program Director (AF); See PROD/DEPL.

PDA  Principal Developing Agency/Activity;
 Principal Decision Authority

PDE  Principal DoD Executive

PDM  Program Decision Memorandum

PDP  Program Development Plan

PDR  Preliminary Design Review

PDRC Program Development Review Committee (Navy)

PE   Planning Estimate; Program Element;
 Procurement Executive (OSD)

PEC  Program Element Code

PEM  Program Element Monitor (AF)

PEP  Producibility Engineering and Planning

PERS Personnel

PERT Program Evaluation Review Technique

PESO Product Engineering Services Office

PFM  Program Financial Management

PGC  Policy Guidance Council (DSMC)

PHST Packaging, Handling, Storage and Transportation

PI   Product Improvement; OBSOLETE --
 Program Initiation Point (Milestone 0).
 See Mission Need Determination.

PIP  Product Improvement Proposal

PK   Probability of Kill

PKO  Peacekeeping Operations

PL   Public Law

PM   Program Manager; Project Manager

PMC  Program Management Course (DSMC)

PMCS Program Management Control System

PMD  Program Management Document

PMDB Program Management Decision Brief (DSMC)

PMO  Program Management Office

PMP  Program Management Plan

PMR  Program Manager Review

PMRT Program Management Responsibility Transfer (AF)

PMSS Program Manager's Support System

PMW  Program Manager's Workshop (DSMC)

POA&MPlan of Actions and Milestones

POC  Point of Contact

POL  Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants

POM  Program Objectives Memorandum

POMCUS   Prepositioned (Prepositioning)
 Material Configured to Unit Sets

POMD Policy and Organization Management Department
 (DSMC)

PP   Procurement Plan

PPBESPlanning, Programming, Budgeting
 and Execution System (Army)

PPBS Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (DoD)

PPL  Provisioning Parts List

PPM  Principles of Program Management (DSMC)

PPR  Production Progress Report

PPS  Post-Production Support

PR   Procurement Request

PRAT Production Reliability Acceptance Test

PRC  Program Review Committee (AF)

PRO  Plant Representative Office

PROD Production

PROD/DEPL, P/D   Production and Deployment Phase

PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory

PRR  Production Readiness Review

PSM  Professional Staff Member (Congress)

PWRMSPrepositioned War Reserve Materiel Stocks

PY   Prior Year

Packaging - The process and procedures used to protect material.
It includes cleaning, drying, preserving, packaging, marking and
utilization.

Packard Commission - President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense
Management, 1986. Made number of significant recommendations on
re-organization of JCS, defense command structure and defense
acquisition process. Many of these were enacted into law or instituted
within DoD. The most significant one recommended establishing USD (A).

Parameter - A determining factor or characteristic. Usually related to
performance in developing a system.

Parametric Cost Estimate - A cost estimating methodology using
statistical relationships between historical costs and other program
variables such as system physical or performance characteristics,
contractor output measures, manpower loading, etc. Also referred to as
a top-down approach.

Performance - The subset of all system outputs which relate to the
requirements/capability.

Performance Measurement Baseline - The time-phased budget plan against
which contract performance is measured. It is formed by the budgets
assigned to scheduled cost accounts and the applicable indirect bugets.
It equals the total allocated budget less management reserve.

Personnel - A body of persons usually employed in an organization.
"Faces." Individuals, by grade, experience, skill levels, etc.

Perturbation - Confusion, disorder or mistake in a program which
signals "problem."

Phases - The five phases of the defense acquisition process are:
(l) Concept Exploration, (2) Demonstration and Validation, (3) Full
Scale Development, (4) Production and Deployment and (5) Operations
Support. (Pending name changes: (2) Concept Demonstration and
Validation, (3) Full Scale Development and Low Rate Initial Production,
(4) Full Rate Production and Initial Deployment.) See Acquisition Life
Cycle.

Physical Configuration Audit - A technical examination of a designated
configuration item to verify that the item "as built" conforms to the
technical documentation which defines the item.

Piece Part - A single piece not normally subject to disassembly without
destruction or impairment of use, such as resistors, transistors,
relays, gears.

Pilot Line Items - Production items manufactured to confirm production
feasibility.

Pilot Production - See Limited Production, Low Rate Initial Production.

Pitch - A briefing, either informal or formal.

Planning, Programming Budgeting System - An integrated system in DoD
for the establishment, maintenance, and revision of the FYDP and the
DoD budget. Annual cycle. (For FY 88/89, two-year budget under
experimentation with Congress). Focal point is ASD (comptroller).
Output is DoD budget. First of four phases of Resource Allocation
Process.

Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution System - The Army
Planning, programing, Budgeting, and Execution System renames and
replaces the Army PPBS as the primary resource management system. The
initiative, taken by the Army Staff during the FY 1984-1988 cycle,
constitutes a first step to reemphasize Army review of program and
budget execution. See Planning, Programing, and Budgeting System.

Point of Contact - Person serving as coordinator, action officer or
focal point for an activity.

Post Production Support - The planning for and provision of logistics
support to the system after the end item production line has closed
down. Requires tailored support activity usually documented in a PPS
Plan.

Pre-Award Survey (Facility Capability Review) - Study of a prospective
contractor's financiaI, organizational, and operational status made
prior to contract award to determine his responsibility and eligibility
for government procurement.

Pre-Planned Product Improvement - Planned future evolutionary
improvement of developmental systems for which design considerations
are effected during development to enhance future application of
projected technology. Includes improvements planned for ongoing systems
that go beyond the current performance envelope to achieve a needed
operational capability.

Pre-Production Prototype - An article in final form employing standard
parts, representative of articles to be produced subsequently in a
production line.

Preliminary Design Review - Conducted on each configuration item to
evaluate the progress, technical adequacy and risk resolution of the
selected design approach, determine its compatibility with performance
and engineering specialty requirements of the development specification
and establish the existence and compatability of the physical and
functional interfaces among the item and other items of equipment,
facilities, computer programs and personnel.

Preproduction Test - Test of design qualified hardware using production
tooling and processes which will be used to produce the operational
hardware. No production hardware should be accepted prior to
satisfactory completion of this test. Test objectives include gaining
confidence that production hardware is going to work; it will be
reliable; it can be maintained and supported by the user and is not
over designed.

Preproposal Conference - In negotiated procurements, a meeting held
with potential contractors a few days after Requests for Proposals
have been sent out, to promote uniform interpretation of work
statements and specifications by all prospective contractors.
See also Bidders Conference.

President's Budget - The Federal Government budget for a particular
fiscal year transmitted in January (first Monday after January 3rd) to
the Congress by the President in accordance with the Budget and
Accounting Act of 1921, as amended. Includes all agencies and
activities of the executive, legislative and judicial branches
(For FY 88/89, two-year budget for DoD submitted in January 1987.)

Presolicitation Conference - A meeting held with potential contractors
prior to a formal solicitation, to discuss technical and other problems
connected with a proposed procurement. The conference is also used to
elicit the interest of prospective contractors in pursuing the task.

Preventive Maintenance - All actions performed in an attempt to retain
an item in specified condition by providing systematic inspection,
detection, and prevention of incipient failures (MIL-STD-1388-1A).

Price Level Index - A factor used to convert constant dollar amounts
from one base year to another.

Prime/Prime Contractor - (l) The principal (or only) contractor
performing under contract; (2) could include not only the principal,
who acts as integrator or lead, but other major contractors teaming or
performing in concert with integrator.

Probability of Kill - The lethality of a weapon system. Generally
refers to armaments. (i.e, missiles, ordnance, etc.)

Procedure - A standardized and fixed sequence of source statements
which accomplishes a specific function.

Process - (l) A planned series of actions of operations which advances
a material or procedure from one stage of completion to another, and
(2) a planned and controlled treatment that subjects materials to the
influence of one or more types of energy for the time required to bring
about the desired reactions or results.

Process Layout - A method of plant layout in which the machines,
equipment, and areas for performing the same or similar operations are
grouped together, i.e., layout by function.

Process Sheet - A document, originating in manufacturing engineering
and sent to the production floor, which describes and illustrates
methods and tools to be used in fabricating or assembling specific
parts or subassemblies.

Procurement - Act of buying goods and services for the Government.

Procurement Executive Procurement Plan - Top procurement official in
DoD. Also the DAE. The principal long-range procurement planning
document charting the course of major procurement programs over their
life cycle, keyed to the DoD FYDP.

Procurement Request - Document which describes the required supplies or
services so that a procurement can be initiated. Some procuring
activities actually refer to the document by this title; others use
different titles such as Procurement Directive. Combined with
specifications, the SOW and CDRL, it is called the PR Package, a basis
for solicitation.

Procuring Activity - Unless agency regulations specify otherwise, the
term shall be synonomous with contracting activity.

Procuring Contracting Officer - The government agent designated by a
warrant having the authority to obligate the Government. The PCO
negotiates and signs the actual contractual document. Administration of
the contract after award may be delegated to an Administrating
Contracting Officer. (Term principal CO is obsolete.)

Producibility - The degree to which articles can be replicated, given
the considerations of manufacturing techniques, availability of
materials and labor, and total costs.

Producibility Engineering and Planning - Applies to production
engineering tasks to ensure a smooth transition from development into
production. PEP, a Systems Engineering approach, assures that an item
can be produced in the required quantities and in the specified
timeframe, efficiently and economically, and will meet necessary
performance objectives within its design and specification constraints.
As an essential part of all engineering design, it is intended to
identify potential manufacturing problems and suggest design and
production changes or schedule trade-offs which would facilitate the
production process.

Producibility Review - A review of the design of a specific hardware
item or system to determine the relative ease of producing it using
available production technology considering the elements of
fabrication, assembly, inspection and test.

Product Assurance Plan - Implements a product assurance program
including reliability, availability and maintenance, quality hardware
and software and system assessment to ensure user satisfaction, mission
and operational effectiveness and performance to specified requirements.

Product Baseline - Established by the detail design documentation for
each configuration item. Normally includes Process baseline (type D
spec), Material baseline (type E spec), type C spec, and drawings.

Product Configuration Identification - The current approved technical
documentation which defines the configuration of a configuration item
during the production, operation, maintenance and logistic support
phases of its life cycle and which prescribes that necessary for; (l)
fit and function characteristics of a CI, (2) the selected functional
characteristics selected for production acceptance testing, and (3) the
production acceptance tests.

Product Divisions - Of Air Force Systems Command Aeronautical Systems
Division, Electronics Systems Division, Ballistic Missile Office,
Space Division, and Human Systems Division.

Product Improvement - Effort to incorporate a configuration change
involving engineering and testing effort on end items and depot
repairable components, or changes on other than developmental items to
increase system or combat effectiveness or extend useful military life.
Usually results from feedback from the users.

Product Manager - The individual, designated by a materiel developer,
who is delegated authority and assigned responsibility for centralized
management of a development/acquisition program that does not quality
for system/program/project management.

Product Manufacturing Breakdown - Takes the product physical
description and decomposes it into demands for specific types of
manufacturing capability. This establishes the baseline for
determination of the types of personnel and manufacturing facilities
which will be required. It can also serve as the basis for establishing
the time requirements for the individual manufacturing operations
involved in developing the required schedule relationships.

Product Organization - An organizational structure with multiple
products, with product managers reporting ultimately to a head.

Production Acceptance Test and Evaluation - T&E of early production
items to demonstrate that items procured fulfill the requirements and
specifications of the procuring contract or agreements.

Production Article - (l) Initial - The end item under initial
production; (2) Full- same, under full production.

Production Capacity Review - A review of a contractor's currently
available and planned availability of production resources to determine
the resources which could be committed to a proposed program and the
expected facility utilization level.

Production Center - The area containing the machine or machines
operated by workers as well as the space required for the storage of
materials at the machine and for loading and unloading it.

Production Control - The procedure of planning, routing, scheduling,
dispatching, and expediting the flow of materials, parts,
subassemblies, and assemblies within the plant from the raw state to
the finished product in an orderly and efficient manner.

Production Engineering - The application of design and analysis
techniques to produce a specified product. Included are the functions
of planning, specifying, and coordinating the application of required
resources; performing analyses of producibility and production
operations, processes, and systems; applying new manufacturing methods,
tooling, and equipment; controlling the introduction of engineering
changes; and employing cost control techniques.

Production Equipment Maintenance - The task of inspecting, servicing,
and adjustments to the fabrication equipment to achieve minimum
interruption of the manufacturing flow.

Production Feasibility - The likelihood that a system design concept
can be produced using existing production technology while
simultaneously meeting quality, production rate, and cost requirements.

Production Feasibility Review - A review of a system design concept to
estimate the likelihood that the concept can be produced using existing
production technology while simultaneously meeting quality, production
rate and cost requirements.

Production Line Balancing - Balancing a production line means to plan
its operation so that the rate of materials which flow through all the
work stations is as nearly uniform as practicable.

Production Management - The effective use of resources to produce
on-schedule the required number of end items that meet specified
quality, performance, and cost.

Production Management Techniques - The technique utilized by the
contractor to determine the progress of the production program.

Production Plan - The vehicle which describes the employment of the
manufacturing resources to produce the required products or systems,
on time, and within cost constraints.

Production Plan Review - A review conducted to approve or disapprove a
contractor prepared and submitted production plan.

Production Planning - The systematic scheduling of men, materials, and
machines by using lead times, time standards, delivery dates, work
loads, and similar data for the purpose of producing products
efflciently and economically and meeting desired delivery dates.

Production Readiness - The state or condition of preparedness of a
system program to proceed into production. A system is ready for
production when the completeness and producibility of the production
design and the managerial and physical preparations necessary for
initiating and sustaining a viable production effort have progressed to
the point where a production commitment can be made without incurring
unacceptable risks that will breach thresholds of schedule,
performance, cost, or other established criteria.

Production Readiness Review - A formal examination of a program to
determine if the design is ready for production, production engineering
problems have been resolved, and the producer has accomplished
adequate planning for the production phase. Performed at end of FSD.

Production Schedules - Chronological controls used by management to
regulate efficiently and economically the operational sequences of
production.

Production and Deployment - Normally the fourth phase in the
acquisition process following Milestone III. Systems are procured,
items are manufactured, operational units are trained and the systems
are deployed.

Productivity - The actual rate of output or production per unit of time
worked.

Productivity Enhancement - The use of contract incentives and other
techniques to provide the environment, motivation and management
commitment to increase production efficiencies.

Products - All items, materiel, material, data, software, supplies,
systems, assemblies, subassemblies, or portions thereof which are
produced, purchased, developed or otherwise used by DoD.

Profit Center - A discrete, organizationally independent segment of a
company, which has been charged by management with profit and loss
responsibilities.

Program (Acquisition) - A defined effort funded by RDT&E and/or
procurement appropriations with the express objective of providing a
new or improved capability in response to a stated mission need or
deficiency.

Program - (l) A DoD acquisition program; (2) as a verb, means to
schedule funds to meet requirements and plans; (3) a major,
independent part of a software system.

Program Acquisition Cost - The estimated cost of development (RDT&E),
procurement, and system specific military construction (MILCON)
necessary to acquire the defense system. RDT&E costs shall be
accumulated from the point in time when the DoD acquisition program is
designated by title as a program element or major project within a
program element. MILCON costs shall include only those projects that
directly support and uniquely identify with the system.

Program Acquisition Quantity - The total number of fully configured end
items (to include R&D units) a DoD component intends to buy through the
life of the program, as approved by SECDEF. This quantity may extend
beyond the FYDP years but shall be consistent with the current approved
program.

Program Baseline - A formal agreement between the DAE and the PM that
briefly summarizes the programs's functional specifications, cost,
schedule and other factors critical to the program's success. The PB
is integral to Milestones Il/III approval and cannot be changed without
DAE approval. Within the PB scope, the PM is given full authority to
manage the program.

Program Budget Decision - SECDEF decision documents which affirm or
change dollar amounts or manpower allowances in the services' budget
estimate submissions.

Program Change Decision - A decision by SECDEF issued in a prescribed
format that authorizes changes in the structure of the FYDP.

Program Change Request - Prepared in a prescribed format, it is a
proposal for out-of-cycle changes to data recorded in the approved
FYDP.

Program Change Request - Prepared in a prescribed format, it is a
proposal for out-of-cycle changes to data recorded in the approved
FYDP.

Program Cost Categories - (a) Research and Development--Costs associated
with development of a new or Improved capability to the point where it
is ready for operational use. These costs include equipment costs
funded under the RDT&E appropriations and related Military Construction
appropriation costs. They exclude costs which appear in the Military
Personnel, Operation and Maintenance, and Procurement appropriations.
(b) Investment. Costs required beyond the development phase to
introduce into operational use a new capability, to procure initial,
additional or replacement equipment for operational forces or to
provide for major modifications of an existing capability. They include
Procurement and Military Construction appropriations costs, and exclude
RDT&E, Military Personnel, and Operation and Maintenance appropriation
costs. (c) Operating. Costs necessary to operate and maintain the
capability. These costs include Military Personnel, and Operations and
Maintenance.

Program Cost Categories - (a) Research and Development--Costs associated
with development of a new or improved capability to the point where it
is ready for operational use. These costs include equipment costs
funded under the RDT&E appropriations and related Military Construction
appropriation costs. They exclude costs which appear in the Military
Personnel, Operation and Maintenance, and Procurement appropriations.
(b) Investment. Costs required beyond the development phase to
introduce into operational use a new capability, to procure initial,
additional or replacement equipment for operational forces or to
provide for major modifications of an existing capability. They include
Procurement and Military Construction appropriations costs, and exclude
RDT&E, Military Personnel, and Operation and Maintenance appropriation
costs. (c) Operating. Costs necessary to operate and maintain the
capability. These costs include Military Personnel, and Operations and
Maintenance.

Program Cost Reporting - Reporting requirements prescribed in DoD
Instructions which provide for comparable program costs and related
data on R&D activities and hardware items for use in program cost
validation and progress and status analysis.

Program Cost Reporting - Reporting requirements prescribed in DoD
Instructions which provide for comparable program costs and related
data on R&D activities and hardware items for use in program cost
validation and progress and status analysis.

Program Decision Memorandum - SECDEF's approval of the Service's POM
with tentative specific guidance. Issued in August annually (exception:
experimental two-year budget period).

Program Element - The 10 major force programs are subdivided into
Program Elements. The program element is the basic building block of
the FYDP. It is defined as "an integrated combination of men, equipment
and facilities which together constitute an identifiable military
capability or support activity." It identifies the mission to be
undertaken and the organizational entities to perform the mission.
Elements may consist of forces, manpower, materials, services, and/or
associated costs as applicable. The PE consists of 5 digits ending with
a letter indicating appropriate service.

Program Element Monitor - Person within HQ USAF office of primary
repsonsibility who is directly responsible for a given program and all
documentation needed to harmonize the program in the budget.

Program Evaluation Review Technique - A technique for management of a
program through to completion by constructing a network model of
integrated activities and events and periodically evaluating the
time/cost implications of progress.

Program Executive Officer - Senior service acquisition official with
decision authority over one or more programs. Objective is to reduce
layering by having PM report to PEO.

Program Management - The process whereby a single leader and team are
responsible for planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and
controlling the combined efforts of participating/assigned civilian and
military personnel and organizations in accomplishing program
objectives.

Program Management Course - The 20-week course in which DoD military
and civilian officials and industry officials are educated in all
phases of weapon system program management. See Basics and New Vision
PMC. (DSMC)

Program Management Directive - The official HQ USAF management
directive used to provide direction to the implementing and
participating commands and satisfy documentation requirements. It will
be used during the entire acquisition cycle to state requirements and
request studies as well as initiate, approve, change, transition,
modify or terminate programs.

Program Management Document(s) - The term used to describe a single
document or collection of documents depicting how a need/requirement is
to be satisfied through the acquisition process. The PMD contains all
necessary information for a particular program.

Program Management Plan - The document developed and issued by the
program manager which shows the integrated time-phased actions and
resources required to complete the task.

Program Management Responsibility Transfer - Air Force transfer of
responsibility for management of a program from developer (Air Force
Systems Command) to supporting command (Air Force Logistics Command)
for life cycle logistic support. Sometimes occurs in phases or steps.

Program Manager Charter - A document approved by the DoD component head
stating the program manager's responsibility, authority and
accountability in the management of a system acquisition program.

Program Manager's Support System - Application of decision support
systems technology to defense acquisition; a management tool to assist
the PMO. Includes functional modules (software programs) to aid in many
areas of responsibility (POM development, scheduling, cost estimating,
etc.) and enable the PM to tackle unstructured "What if?" and "should
I?" problems. (DSMC)

Program Memorandom - An OSD document prepared with similar format,
content and coordination as the DCP but documents program guidelines
and thresholds for those significant development programs which are
not subject to specific DCP action.

Program Objectives Memorandum - An annual memorandum in prescribed
format submitted to SECDEF in May by the DoD component head which
recommends the total resource requirements and programs within the
parameters of SECDEF's fiscal guidance. A major document in the PPBS;
ultimately becomes the service's budget. (Under experimental two-year
budget, POM prepared in even (on) years.)

Program Stability - A stable program is experiencing few, if any,
perturbations in cost, schedule, performance, support and other
associated business or technical problems. It is usually fully funded
and a candidate for MYP.

Program/Project Manager - The individual in the DoD chartered to manage
a system acquisition program.

Programmatic - Pertains to the acquisition program itself (i.e.,
procurement numbers, manpower, performance characteristics, mission,
availability, etc.).

Progress Payments - Payments made to a prime contractor during the life
of a fixed-price type contract on the basis of a percentage of his
incurred total cost or total direct labor and material cost.

Project - (l) Synonomous with program in general usage.
(2) Specifically, a planned undertaking having a finite beginning and
ending, involving definition, development, production, and logistic
support of a major weapon or weapon support system or systems.
A project may be the who]e or a part of a program. Within the Navy,
a Designated Project is a project which, because of its importance or
critical nature, has been selected for intensified project management.

Project Order - A specific, definite, and certain order between Navy
activities, for work or for the manufacture of supplies, material, or
equipment which, for the purpose of obligation, assumes the
characteristics of orders or contracts placed with commercial
enterprises.

Project Summary Work Breakdown Structure - A summary WBS tailored to a
specific defense materiel item by selecting applicable elements from
one or more summary WBS's or by adding equivalent elements unique to
the project (MIL-STD-881A).

Prototype - An original or model on which a later item is formed or
based. Usually built during DEM/V&L and tested prior to MSII decision.

Provisioning - The process of determining and acquiring the range and
quantity (depth) of spares and repair parts, and support and test
equipment required to operate and maintain an end item of materiel for
an initial period of service (MIL-STD-1388-1A). Usually refers to first
outfitting of a ship, unit or system.

Purchase Order - A contractual procurement document used primarily to
procure supplies and nonpersonal services when the aggregate amount
involved in any one transaction is relatively small (for example, not
exceeding $10,000).
Qualification Test - Simulates defined environmental conditions with a
predetermined safety factor, the results indicating whether a given
design can perform its function within the simulated environment of a
system. Tests at this time are usually not made on models using
production tooling and processes.

QA   Quality Assurance

QAR  Quality Assurance Representative

QBL  Qualified Bidders List

QC   Quality Control

QCR  Qualitative Construction Requirement

QPL  Qualified Products List

QQPRIQualitative and Quantiative Personnel
 Requirements Information (Army)

QRC  Quick Reaction Capability

Qualified Products List - A list of products which are pretested in
advance of actual procurement to determine which suppliers can comply
properly with specification requirements. This is most usually done
because of the length of time required for T&E.

Qualitative and Quantitative Personnel Requirements Information -
A compilation of specified organizational, doctrinal, training, and
personnel information developed by the materiel developer and combat
developer for new or modified materiel items. (Army)

Quality - The composite of material attributes including performance
features and characteristics of a product or service to satisfy a
given need.

Quality Assurance - A planned and systematic pattern of all actions
necessary to provide confidence that adequate technical requirements
are established, that products and services conform to established
technical requirements, and that satisfactory performance is achieved.

Quality Audit - A systematic examination of the acts and decisions with
respect to quality in order to independently verify or evaluate the
operational requirements of the quality program or the specification or
contract requirements for a product or service.

Quality Control - The system or procedure used to check on product
quality throughout the acquisition process.

Quality Program - A program which is developed, planned, and managed to
carry out, costeffectively, all efforts to effect the quality of
materiel and services from concept through validation, full-scale
development, production, deployment, and disposal.

Quality of Conformance - The extent to which the product of system
conforms to design criteria or requirements.

Quality of Design - The adequacy of the product or system design to
meet the needs of the user.

Quick Reaction Capability - An expedited procedure for solving
research, development, procurement, testing, evaluation,
installations modification, and logistics problems as they pertain to
electronic warfare.

RReliability

R&D  Research and Development

R&M  Reliability and Maintainability

R&M Accounting - That set of mathematical tasks which establish and
allocate quantitative R&M requirements, and predict and measure
quantitative R&M achievements.

R&M Engineering - That set of design, development, and manufacturing
tasks by which R&M are achieved.

RAM  Random Access Memory

RAM/RMA  Reliability, Availability, Maintainability

RAN  OBSOLETE--Request for Authority to Negotiate
 (Navy)

RAP  Resource Allocation Process

RCM  Requirements Correlation Matrix (AF)

RDA  Research, Development and Acquisition

RDT&EResearch, Development, Test and Evaluation

RDT&E Activities - Consists of all efforts funded from the RDT&E
appropriation.

RDT&E Program Categories - Consists of the 5 divisions that comprise
major force Program 6 (R&D) in the FYDP, namely, 6.1, Research; 6.2,
Exploratory Development; 6.3, Advanced Development; 6.4, Engineering
Development; 6.5, Management and Support. Operational System
Development, not a designated category, is considered part of RDT&E is
that effort funded in RDT&E appropriations but not in Program 6.

RDT&E/A/N/AF/M   RDT&E (Appropriation), Army/Navy/AF/USMC

RECAPReview and Command Assessment of Projects

RFB  Request for Bid

RFI  Ready for Issue; Request for Information

RFP  Request for Proposal

RFQ  Request for Quotation

RIF  Reduction in Force

RIW  Reliability Improvement Warranty

ROC  Required Operational Capability

ROI  Return on Investment

ROM  Read-Only Memory

RSI  Rationalization, Standardization
 and Interoperability

RTD  Rights in Technical DatA

RTO  Responsible Test Organization

RTP  Request for Technical Proposal

Ramp Up - Usually refers to low-rate initial production with small
number of buys in the early period gradually increasing as production
line is proven or production dollars obtained.

Range - The extent or distance limiting the operation or action of
something, such as the range of an aircraft, ship or gun.

Rate Cost Curves - A mathematical way of explaining and measuring the
impact of changing production rates on a program's total cost.

Rating Factor - That percentage of skill and effort and method
displayed by an operator during the period of the study with 100
percent representing normal skill and effort.

Rationalization, Standardization & Interoperability - Any action that
increases the effectiveness of NATO Forces through more efficient or
effective use of defense resources committed to the Alliance.

Raw Materials - Includes raw and processed material in a form or state
that requires further processing.

Readiness - State of preparedness of (l) forces or (2) a weapon system
or systems to meet a mission or to warfight. Based on adequate and
trained personnel, material condition, supplies/reserves of support
system and ammunition, numbers of units available, etc.

Readiness Drivers - Those system characteristics which have the largest
effect on a operational characteristics (MIL-STD-1388-1A).

Real Time - (l) Software--essence of real time is the synchronism of
processes with the outside world; (2) immediate response to an outside
stimulus.

Real World - The way "things really are" outside of a controlled,
academic or structured environment.

Realistic Test Enviroment - The conditions under which the system is
expected to be operated and mantained, including the natural weather
and climatic conditions, terrain effects, battlefield disturbances,
and enemy threat conditions.

Realization Factor - The ratio of actual performance time to standard
performance time, usually expressed as a decimal number.

Reapportionment - A revision of an annual "apportionment" during the
fiscal year, either upwards or downwards.

Reasonable Price - A business decision reached jointly by buyer and
seller, a product of judgement influenced by bargaining strength and
economic realities dictated by the marketplace.

Reclama - A formal appeal to the service comptroller or SECDEF's
tentative budget decision on the service budget estimates.

Reconciliation - Directives to standing committees contained in
congressional budget resolutions calling for certain dollar savings and
a deadline for reporting legislation to achieve the savings. Omnibus
reconciliation bill incorporating these changes is introduced and acted
on in both Houses.

Recurring Effort - An effort repeated during a contract's duration.

Reimbursable Expenditure - An expenditure made for another agency,
fund, or appropriation, or for a private individual, firm or
corporation, which subsequently will be recovered.

Reimbursements - Amounts received by an activity for the cost of
material, work, or services furnished to others, for credit to an
appropriation or other fund account.

Reliability - A fundamental characteristic of an item of material
expressed as the probability that it will perform its intended
function for a specified period of time under stated conditions.
(See Reliability, Availability and Maintainability)

Reliability Mission - The ability of an item to perform its required
functions for the duration of a specified mission profile.

Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability - RAM requirements are
those imposed on acquisition systems to insure they are operationally
ready for use when needed, will successfully perform assigned functions
and can be economically operated and maintained within the scope of
logistics concepts and policies. RAM programs are applicable to
materiel systems, test measurement and diagnostic equipment, training
devices and facilities developed, produced, maintained, procured or
modified for use. See individual definitions for Reliability,
Availability, and Maintainability.

Repair Parts - Those support items integral to the end item or system
which are coded as non-repairable.

Repairability - The probability that a failed system will be restored
to operable condition within a specified active repair time.

Replanning - See Internal Replanning.

Reprogramming - The transfer of funds between program element or line
items within an appropriation.

Request for Proposal - Solicitation document used in negotiated
procurement when the government reserves the right to award without
further oral or written negotiation. Only the acceptance of the
government is required to create a binding contract. Of course, the
government can choose to negotiate further at its option.

Request for Quotation - The solicitation form used in negotiated
procurement when award will be made after negotiation with the offeror.
Since the prospective contractor's quotation is not a formal offer,
government and contractor must reach a bilateral negotiated agreement
before a binding contract exists.

Request for Technical Proposal - Solicitation document used in two-step
sealed bid. Normally in letter form, it asks only for technical
information price and cost breakdowns are forbidden.

Required Operational Capability - A document stating need and specific
operational capability. Used to request new program start. (Army, USMC)

Required Operational Characteristics - System parameters that are
primary indicators of the system's capability to be employed to perform
the required mission functions, and to be supported.

Required Technical Characteristics - System parameters selected as
primary indicators of achievement of engineering goals. These may not
be direct measures of, but should always relate to the system's
capability to perform the required mission functions, and to be
supported.

Requirement - (l) The need or demand for personnel, equipment,
facilities, other resources, or services, by specific quantitatives for
specific periods of time or at a specified time. (2) For use in
budgeting, item requirements should be screened as to individual
priority and approved in the light of total available budget resources.

Requirements Creep - See Bells and Whistles.

Requirements Scrub - A review of user/government comments received in
response to announcement of an operational requirement. The scrub is
used to validate and prioritize suggested/requested system
functions/capabilities before release to industry.

Rescission - An action by the President cancelling budget authority
previously appropriated but not yet obligated or spent. If both
Houses of Congress do not approve the proposed rescission within 45
days, the President must obligate the BA as intended by Congress.

Research (Basic) - 6.1 money. Scientific study and experimentation
directed towards increasing knowledge and understanding in those fields
directly related to explicitly stated long-term national security needs.

Research - (l) Systemmatic inquiry into a subject in order to discover
or revise facts, theories, etc. to investigate. (2) means of developing
new technology for potential use in defense systems.

Residual Value - The scrap value of equipment at the end of the
economic life system.

Resource Allocation Process - Includes the PPBS, congressional budget
enactment process apportionment of appropriated funds and budget
execution. (DoD)

Resources - For programming and budgeting use; primarily resources is
dollars; sometimes includes manpower, equipment and facilities.

Retrofit (Retroactive Fit) - A modification of a configuration item to
incorporate changes made in later production items.

Revenues - Money collected by the Government as duties,
taxes or premiums.

Revolving Fund - A fund established to finance a cycle of operations to
which reimbursements and collections are returned for reuse in a manner
that will maintain the principal of the fund, e.g., "working capital
funds,'' "industrial fund."

Rework - Any corrections of defective work--either before, during or
after Inspection.

Rights in Technical Data - The right for the Government to acquire
technical data. If the Government has funded or will fund a part of or
the entire development of the item, component or process, then the
Government is entitled to unlimited rights in the TD. However, if the
above is developed by a contractor or subcontractor exclusively at
private expense, the Government is entitled to limited rights. Such
data must be unpublished and identified as limited rights data. See
limited rights and unlimited rights.

Risk - A measurable probability of consequence associated with a set of
conditions or actions. Generally, in DoD risk has a negative
connotation--that action must be taken to avoid failure.
See Acquisition Risk.

Risk Analysis - An examination of risk areas or events to determine
options and the probable consequences for each event in the analysis.

Risk Assessment - The process of subjectively determining the
probability that a specific interplay of performance, schedule, and
cost as an objective, will or will not be attained along the planned
course of action.

Risk Management - A method of management which concentrates on
identifying and controlling the areas or events that cause unwanted
change. Risk management incorporates risk handling techniques as an
action that goes beyond risk management.

Rollaway Costs - See Flyaway Costs.

Routine - An independently compilable sequence of source statements
which accomplish a repeatedly used function.

SSales

S&I  Surveys & Investigations Organization of
 the House Appropriations Committee

S&T  Science and Technology

S/V  Survivability/Vulnerability

S/W  Software

SA   Secretary of the Army; Systems Analysis

SAC  Senate Appropriations Committee;
 Strategic Air Command

SACC Systems Acquisition Contracting Course (DSMC)

SACPMC   Systems Acquisition Career Management Program
 for Civilians (AF)

SADBUS   Small and Disadvantaged Business
 Utilization Specialist

SADM System Acquisition Decision Memorandum (Army)

SAE  Service Acquisition Executive

SAF  Secretary of the Air Force

SAFM Systems Acquisition Funds Management Course (DSMC)

SAG  Study Advisory Group (Army)

SAIE Special Acceptance and Inspection Equipment

SAM  Systems Acquisition Management;
 SAM Course for Flag & General Officers (DSMC)

SAMSOOBSOLETE--Space and Missile System Organization.
   See BMO (AF).

SAR  Selected Acquisition Report; Search and Rescue;
 Safety Assessment Report; Special Access Required.

SASC Senate Armed Services Committee

SBA  Small Business Administration

SBC  Senate Budget Committee

SCBCASmall Claims Board of Contract Appeals

SCCB Software Configuration Control Board

SCIB Ships Characteristics and Improvement Board (Navy)

SCMP Software Configuration Management Plan

SCN  Specification Change Notice;
 Ship Construction and Conversion
 (Appropriation) (Navy);
 Software Change Notice.

SCP  System Concept Paper

SD   Space Division (AF)

SDAF Security Defense Assistance Fund

SDDD Software Detailed Design Document

SDDM Secretary of Defense Decision Memorandum

SDF  Software Development File

SDI  Strategic Defense Initiative

SDL  Software Development Library

SDM  Service Decision Memorandum

SDP  Software Development Plan

SDR  System Design Review

SE   School of Systems Acquisition Education (DSMC)

SE/LMSystems Engineering/Logistics Management

SE/M Systems Engineering/Management

SECDEF   Secretary of Defense

SECNAV   Secretary of the Navy

SECNAVINST   Secretary of the Navy Instruction

SEM  Standard Equipment Modules (Navy)

SEMP System Engineering Management Plan

SEP  System Engineering Process

SHAPESupreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe

SHAPMShip Acquisition Project Manager (Navy)

SIC  Standard Industrial Classification

SIGINT   Signal Intelligence

SIGSEC   Signal Security

SISMSStandard Integrated Support Management System

SLEP Service Life Extension Program

SMI  Soldier-Machine Interface (Army)

SNDM Secretary of the Navy Decision Memorandum

SON  Statement of Need (AF)

SOP  Standard Operating Procedure

SOR  Specific Operational Requirement

SORD System Operational Requirements Document (AF)

SOW  Statement of Work

SPAWAR SYSCOMNaval Space & Warfare Systems Command

SPCC Ships Parts Control Center (Navy)

SPEC Specification

SPM  System Program Manager (AF);
 Software Programmers Manual

SPO  System Project Office (AF)

SPR  Secretarial Program Review (AF);
 Secretarial Performance Review (OSD);
 Sponsor's Program Review (Navy)

SPS  Software Product Specification

SQEP Software Quality Evaluation Plan

SRD  Systems Requirement Document

SRR  System Requirements Review

SRS  Software Requirements Specification

SRU  Subassembly Repairable Unit

SSA  Source Selection Authority;
 Software Support Agency

SSAC Source Selection Advisory Council

SSEB Source Selection Evaluation Board

SSG  Special Study Group (Army)

SSP  Source Selection Plan

SSPM Software Standards and Procedures Manual

SSR  Software Specification Review

SSS  System /Segment Specification

ST   Special Tooling

STANAG   Standardization Agreement (NATO)

STAR System Threat Assessment Report

STD  Standard; Software Test Description

STE  Special Test Equipment

STG/STF  Special Task Group/Special Task Force (Army)

STLDDSoftware Top-Level Design Document

STP  Software Test Plan

STPR Software Test Procedures

STR  Software Test Report

SUM  Software User's Manual

SUPSHIP  Superintendent of Shipbuilding

SVR  Shop Visit Rate

SX   Systems Management Laboratory - part of PMC (DSMC)

SYSCOM   Systems Command

SYSTOSystems Staff Officer (AF)

Sailaway Costs - See Flyaway Costs.

Schedule - Series of things to be done in sequence of events within
given period; a timetable.

Scheduling - The prescribing of when and where each operation necessary
to the manufacture of a product is to be performed.

Scrub (Budget) - A review of the budget with eye toward reducing or
reprogramming of funding to meet current priorities. Periodic, but done
at least annually (mid-FY).

Sealed Bidding - Replaces formal advertising in contracting process in
title only. Process remains same.

Second Source - Execution of established acquisition strategy to
qualify two producers for the part or system.

Secretary of Defense Decision Memorandum - OBSOLETE -- Replaced by
SECDEF's Acquisition Memorandum.

Secretary of Defense Performance Review - A continuing series of
reviews of selected programs of high level interest. Weekly reviews
rotate among OSD departments. Review focuses on actual or anticipated
system performance, recent actions, problems, milestones, and goals.

Security Assistance - Material and service provided by the U.S. to
eligible allies as specified by Congress. This broad term includes the
Military Assistance Program authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961, as amended and the Foreign Military Sales program authorized by
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

Segment - A grouping of elements that are closely related and often
physically interface. It consists of Cls produced by several
contractors and integrated by one.

Selected Acquisition Reports - Standard, comprehensive, summary status
reports on major DoD systems required for periodic submission to
Congress. They include key cost, schedule and technical information.

Senior Procurement Executive - The individual appointed pursuant to
Section 16(3) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act who is
responsible for management direction of the agency's acquisition system.

Sequestration - Under Gramm/Rudman/Hollings, sequestration is an
automatic cutback of the federAl budget being acted on then in Congress.
It would be faced annually if Congress has not made decrements to
reduce the projected deficits.

Serviceability - A measure of the degree to which servicing of an item
will be accomplished within a given time under specified conditions.

Setup - Making ready or preparing for the performance of a job or
operation. It also includes the teardown to return the machine or work
area to its original or normal condition.

Setup Time - The time required to arrange locating fixtures and
equipment in order to begin productive work, including adjustments and
takedown of the original setup.

Shelf Life - The expected length of time in inventory (use) for a
system, component or subassembly.

Should-Cost Estimate - An estimate of contract price which renects
reasonably achievable contractor economy and efficiency. It is
accomplished by a government team of procurement, contract
administration, audit and engineering representatives performing an
in-depth cost analysis at the contractors' and subcontractors' plants.
Its purpose is to develop a realistic price objective for negotiation
purposes.

Show Stopper - An event or condition serious enough to halt or severely
perterbate a program unless confronted and eliminated.

Sign Up To - Agree to, authorize or permit to proceed a proposal,
document or program. See Bless and Chop.

Skunkworks - A separate program management operation established to
operate outside the normal process, either to expedite development or
because of high security classification.

Small Purchases - Represent 8% of DoD $ spent, but account for 98% of
all contract actions. Threshold requiring publication in CBD raised
to $25,000.

Software - Computer program instructions and data.

Software Development Plan - A management plan usually generated by the
developer outlining the software development effort.

Software Failure - The inability, due to a fault in the software, to
perform an intended logical operation in the presence of the
specified/data environment.

Software Maintainability - The probability that the software can be
retained in or restored to a specified status in a prescribed period
compatible with mission requirements.

Software Reliability - The probability that the required software will
perform the intended logical operations for the prescribed mission(s)
and period(s) in the specified data/environment, without failure.

Soldier-Machine Interface - Considerations through system analysis and
psychophysiology of equipment designs and operational concepts,
in ensure they are compatible with capabilities and limitations of
operators and maintainers. See Man-Machine Interface.

Sole Source Acquisition - A contract for the purchase of supplies or
services that is entered into or proposed to be entered into by an
agency after soliciting and negotiating with only one source.

Solicitation - In contracting, the term means to go out to prospective
bidders and request their response to a proposal.

Source Selection - The process wherein the requirements, facts,
recommendations and government policy relevant to an award decision in
a competitive procurement of a system/project are examined and the
decision made.

Source Selection Advisory Council - Senior military or government
civilian personnel designated by the SSA to serve as his/her staff and
advisors during the source selection process. The SSA usually delegates
the following duties to the SSAC: selecting/approving the SSEB
membership, reviewing the evaluation criteria, and weighing these
criteria.

Source Selection Authority - The official designated to direct the
source selection process, approve the selection plan, select the
source(s), and announce contract award.

Source Selection Evaluation Board - A group of military and/or
government civilian personnel, represents functional and technical
disciplines. It is charged with evaluating proposals and developing
summary facts and findings during source selection.

Source Selection Plan - Proper planning in source selection is
essential to assure fairness and timely selection of the most realistic
proposal. Preliminary planning activities include preparation of the
acquisition plan, draft RFP, and formal RFP, as well as the SSP.
The SSP is written by the program office and approved by the SSA.
Typically, the SSP consists of two parts. The first part describes the
organization and responsibilities of the source selection team.
The second part identifies the evaluation criteria and detailed
procedures for proposal evaluation.

Spares (Parts) - Those support items integral to the end item or system
which are coded as repairable.

Special Study Group - A group convened under the chairmanship of TRADOC
or TRADOC appointee to conduct analyses, insure inclusion of all
alternatives within the analyses, monitor experimentation, or undertake
other such tasks that may require concentration of special expertise
for a short duration. (Army)

Special Task Force - Same as the SSG (above), except the STF is
convened by the Chief of Staff, Army under the direction of DCSOPS and
chaired by a CSA appointee.

Special Test Equipment - Single or multipurpose integrated test units
engineered, designed, fabricated, or modified to accomplish special
purpose testing in the performance of the contract.

Special Time Allowance - A temporary time value applying to an
operation in addition to or in place of a standard allowance in order
to compensate for a specified, temporary, nonstandard production
condition.

Special Tooling - All jigs, dies, fixtures, molds, patterns, taps,
gauges, other equipment and manufacturing aids, and replacements
thereof, which are of specialized nature that, without substantial
modification or alteration, their use is limited to the development or
production of particular services.

Specialization - An arrangement within an alliance wherein a member or
group of members most suited by virtue of technical skills, location,
or other qualifications assume(s) greater responsibility for a specific
task or significant portion thereof for one or more members.

Specification - A document intended primarily for use in procurement,
which clearly and accurately describes the essential technical
requirements for items, materials or services including the procedures
by which it will be determined that the requirements have been met.
Specifications may be prepared to cover a group of products, services,
or materials, or a single product, service or material, and are general
or detail specifications, and either may be prepared as any of the
types defined below.

Spending Committees - The standing committees of the House and Senate
with jurisdiction over legislation that permits the obligation of funds.
For most programs, the Appropriations Committees are the spending
committees. For other programs, the authorization legislation permits
the obligation of funds without an appropriation, and so the
authorization committees have the spending power. The revenue-raising
committees (House Ways and Means and Senate Finance) at times also can
be considered to be spending committees because of tax expenditures.

Sponsor - The office within Pentagon HQ with cognizance over
mission/warfare area, appropriations or program.

Staff Assistance Visit - A periodic visit by Government personnel to a
contractor's facility to determine, in coordination with the CAO/DCAA,
whether a previously accepted management control system has been
properly applied and is being used in the performance of a new contract
that has the C/SCSC requirement.

Stand Alone - A system which performs its functions requiring little or
no assistance from interfacing systems.

Standard - A term applied, in work measurement, to any established or
accepted rule, model, or criterion against which comparisons are made.

Standard Cost - The normal expected cost of an operation, process,
or product including labor, material, and overhead charges, computed on
the basis of past performance costs, estimates, or work measurement.

Standard Deviation - The square root of the variance is the standard
deviation; a measure of spread of data points about the mean.

Standard Error of Estimate - A measure of divergence in the actual
values of the dependent variable from their regression estimates.
Also known as standard deviation from regression line. The deviations
of observations from the regression line are squared summed, and
divided by the number of observations.

Standard Industrial Classification Code - An industrial classification
method used to report price index changes. A code number is assigned to
specific industry groups.

Standard Time - The time which is determined to be necessary for a
qualified worker, working at a pace which is ordinarily used under
capable supervision and experiencing normal fatigue and delays, to do a
defined amount of work of specified quality when following the
prescribed method.

Standard Time Data - A compilation of all the elements that are used
for performing a given class of work with standard elemental time
values for each element. The data is used as a basis for determining
time standards on work similar to that from which the data was
determined without making actual time studies.

Standardization (NATO) - The process by which NATO nations achieve the
closest practicable cooperation among their forces; facilitate the most
efficient use of research, development and production resources; and
agree to adopt on the broadest possible basis the use of (a) common or
compatible operational, administrative, and logistic procedures,
(b) common, compatible or interchangeable supplies, components, weapons
or equipment, (c) common or compatible technical procedures and
criteria, and (d) common or compatible tactical doctrine with
corresponding organizational compatibility.

Standardization - The process by which DoD achieves the closest
practicable cooperation among forces; the most efficient use of
research, development, and production resources; and agree to adopt on
the broadest possible basis the use of (a) common or compatible
operational, administrative, and logistics procedures and criteria;
(b) common or compatible technical procedures and criteria; (c) common,
compatible, or interchangeable supplies, components, weapons, or
equipment; and (d) common or compatible tactical doctrine with
corresponding organizational compatibility.

Standardization Agreement - The record of an agreement among several or
all the NATO member nations to adopt like or similar military equipment,
ammunition supplies and store; and operational, logistic and
administrative procedures. National acceptance of a NATO allied
publication issued by the Military Agency for Standardization may be
recorded as a Standardization Agreement (STANAG).

Statement of Need - Formal numbered originating requirements document
for less that major programs. Used to identify an operational
deficiency and state the need for a new or improved capability for USAF
forces. (AF)

Statement of Work - That portion of a contract which describes the
actual work to be done by means of specifications or other minimum
requirements, quantities, performance dates, and a statement of the
requisite quality.

Storage - Depositing, retaining or storing items in a warehouse, shed
or open area for safekeeping.

Strawman - A working draft copy circulated for comments or suggested
changes.

Streamlining - (l) An acquisition strategy communicating what is
required in functional terms at the onset of Dem/Val phase. Allowing
flexibility for application of contractor's expertise, judgment and
creativity in recommending detailed MlLSPECs/MILSTDs and other detailed
requirements as development nears FSD and production. Required by DoDD
5000.43. Ensures only cost-effective requirements are included in
solicitation and contracts; (2) broadly used to denote efforts to
shorten acquisition process.

Stretch Out (a program) Procurement - (l) Buying the originally
intended number of end items (or close to it) over a longer period of
time (e.g., 10 per year rather than 20). (2) For acquisition phase:
taking longer to complete than originally planned, for technical or
funding reasons.

Structure - Involves the ways in which the tasks of the organization
are divided (differentiated) and coordinated (integrated).

Subassembly - Two or more parts joined together to form a unit, capable
of disassembly, which is only a part of a complete machine, structure,
or other article.

Subcontract - A contract between a buyer and a seller in which a
significant part of the supplies or services being obtained is for
eventual use in a government contract. The term frequently implies a
substantial dollar value and/or nonstandard specifications.

Subcontractor - A contractor who enters into a contract with a prime
contractor.

Subprogram - A major functional subset of a program, such as the
attitude control system software.

Subsystem - A functional grouping of components that combine to perform
a major function within an element such as electrical power, attitude
control, and propulsion.

Sunk Costs - Costs already because they are in the past, they are not
germane to decisions about the future use of resources.

Supplemental Agreement - Bilateral written amendment to a contract by
which the government and the contractor settle price and/or performance
adjustments to the basic contract.

Supplemental Appropriation - An appropriation enacted as an addition to
a regular annual appropriation act. Supplemental appropriations provide
additional budget authority beyond original estimates for programs or
activities which are too urgent to be postponed until the next regular
appropriation.

Supplies - All property except land or interest in land. Includes, but
is not limited to, public works, facilities, ships, aircraft, machine
tools and their parts and accessories.

Supply Support - All management actions, procedures, and techniques
used to determine requirements to acquire, catalog, receive, store,
transfer, issue, and dispose of secondary items. This includes
provisioning for initial support as well as replenishment supply
support (DoDD 5000.39), one of the principal elements of ILS.

Support Equipment - Includes all equipment required to perform the
support function, except that which is an integral part of the mission
equipment. Support equipment includes tools, test equipment, automatic
test equipment (when ATE is accomplishing a support function),
organizational, field and depot support equipment, and related computer
programs and software.

Surge Production - An increased rate of production necessary to meet
demands for defense items due to a wartime or mobilization situation.
This increased rate can be obtained by having excess production
capacity available or by utilizing multiple shifts of normal capacity
machines.

Surveillance Monitor - The individual in the CAO who is responsible for
coordinating C/SCSC surveillance functions with other members of the
CAO organization and with the auditor, to assure that the surveillance
objectives are accomplished.

Surveillance Plan - A document, consistent with a Memorandum of
Agreement, and which establishes the procedures of accomplishing C/SCSC
contractor surveillance.

Survivability - The degree to which a system is able to avoid or
withstand a man-made hostile environment without suffering an abortive
impairment of its ability to accomplish its designated mission.

Sustainability - The "staying power" of U.S. forces, units, weapons
systems and equipment usually measured in number of days' capability to
sustain combat.

Swag - Rough funding "guesstimate" figure. Similar to Funding Wedge.
Tailoring - Usually spoken of referring to acquisition strategy,
tailoring allows the AS to be written to suit an individual program's
needs. No strict format must be followed. Basics must be addressed, but
the PM has authority to design/plan for his specific requirements to
meet optional balance between need and cost. Tailoring is flexibility.

System - (l) The organization of hardware, software, material,
facilities, personnel, data, and services needed to perform a
designated function with specified results, such as the gathering of
specified data, its processing, and delivery to users. (2) A
combination of two or more interrelated equipments (sets) arranged in a
functional package to perform an operational function or to satisfy a
requirement.

System Acquisition Process - The sequence of acquisition activities
starting from the agency's reconciliation of its mission needs, with
its capabilities, priorities and resources, and extending through the
introduction of a system into operational use of the otherwise
successful achievement of program objectives.

System Concept Paper - For a major program, used to summarize the
results of the Concept Exploration phase up to Milestone I and to
describe the acquisition strategy, including the identification of the
concepts to be carried into the Demonstration and Validation phase and
the reasons for elimination of other concepts.

System Dependability - The probability that the hardware and software
will perform successfully during one or more required sequences of a
mission, given the hardware and software status at the start of the
mission (availability).

System Deployment - Delivery of the completed production system to the
using activity.

System Design Concept - An idea expressed in terms of general
performance, capabilities, and characteristics of hardware and software
oriented either to operate or to be operated as an integral whole in
meeting a mission need.

System Design Review - Evaluates the optimization, correlation,
completeness and risks associated with the allocated technical
requirements.

System Effectiveness - The measure of the extent to which a system may
be expected to achieve a set of specific mission requirements. It is a
function of availability, dependability and capability.

System Engineering - The application of scientific and engineering
efforts to (a) transform an operational need into a description of
system performance parameters and a system configuration through the
use of an iterative process of definition, synthesis, analysis, design,
test, and evaluation; (b) integrate related technical parameters and
ensure compatibility of all physical, functional, and program
interfaces in a manner that optimizes the total system definition and
design; (c) integrate reliability, maintainability, safety,
survivability, human, and other such factors into the total engineering
effort to meet cost, schedule, and technical performance objectives
(MIL-STD-499).

System Engineering Management Plan - Includes plans for verification,
risk alleviation, analyses and simulation of the system requirements.

System Operational Concept - A formal document that describes the
intended purpose, employment, deployment, and support of a system.

System Program Office - The office of the program manager and the
single point of contact with industry, Government agencies and other
activities participating in the system acquisition process. (AF)

System R&M Parameter - A measure of reliability or maintainability in
which the units of measurement are directly related to operational
readiness, mission success, maintenance manpower cost, or logistic
support cost.

System Readiness Objective - A criterion for assessing the ability of a
system to undertake and sustain a specified set of missions at planned
peacetime and wartime utilization rates. System readiness measures take
explicit account of the effects of system design R&M, the
characteristics and performance of the support system, and the quantity
and location of support resources. Examples of system readiness
measures are combat sortie rate overtime, peacetime mission capable
rate, operational availability, and asset ready rate (DoDD 5000.39).

System Requirements Review - Evaluates the adequacy of the contractor's
efforts in defining system requirements.

System Support Manager - A major subordinate commander who is assigned
responsibility by the materiel developer to provide primary support to
the System/Program/Project Manager during a specific phase or phases of
the materiel life cycle. The SSM serves as the point of contact with
logistic support agencies/activities.

System Threat Assessment Report - Prepared by DIA. Establishes the
threat (to a Service's Mission Area) and is part of basis for
considering mission deficiency and potential program new start.
Updated periodically for use by PM is re-validating threat during
system development.

Systems Analysis - A management planning technique which applies
scientific methods of many disciplines to major problems or decisions.
The list of disciplines includes, but is not limited to, traditional
military planning, economics, Political science and social sciences,
applied mathematics, and the physical sciences.

Systems Commands - Navy materiel/developing activities: Naval Air
SYSCOM (NAVAIR), Naval Sea SYSCOM (NAVSEA), Naval Facilities
Engineering SYSCOM (NAVFAC), Naval Supply SYSCOM (NAVSUP) and Naval
Space & Warfare SYSCOM (SPAWAR). Term sometimes is generic referral to
all service developing activities.

T&E  Test and Evaluation

TAA  Technology Assessment Annex (DoD)

TAAF Test, Analyze and Fix

TAC  Tactical Air Command (AF)

TACOMTank Automotive Command (Army)

TAD  Technology Area Descriptions

TAF  Tactical Air Forces

TBD  To be determined/developed

TC   Type Classification

TCO  Termination Contracting Officer

TD   Test Director; Technical Data

TDP  Test Design Plan; Technical Data Package

TE   Test Equipment

TECH MOD Technology Modernization

TECHEVAL Technical Evaluation

TECOMTest and Evaluation Command (Army)

TEMC Test & Evaluation Management Course (DSMC)

TEMP Test and Evaluation Master Plan

TIARATactical Intelligence and Related Activities

TIWG Test Integration Working Group (Army);
 Test Planning Working Group (AF)

TLCSCTop-Level Computer Software Component

TM   Technical Manual; Technical Management

TMAW Technical Managers Advanced Workshop (DSMC)

TMC  Technical Management Course (DSMC)

TMD  Technical Management Department (DSMC)

TO   Technical Order

TOA  Total Obligation Authority; Table of Allowance

TP   Technical Performance

TPM  Technical Performance Measurement

TPMR Transfer of Program Management Responsibility

TPS  Test Package Set

TPWG Test Planning Working Group

TR   Test Report

TRACETotal Risk Assessing Cost Estimating

TRADOC   Training and Doctrine Command (Army)

TRADOC System Manager - An individual in TRADOC responsible for
coordinating the combat developer, user and trainer efforts in the life
cycle management of the assigned system and for doctrinal and
organizational standardization or interoperability with NATO allies.

TRF  Transfer

TRNG Training

TROSCOM  Troop Support Command (Army)

TRR  Test Readiness Review

TSIR Total System Integration Responsibility

TSM  TRADOC System Manager

TSPR Total System Performance Responsibility

TTF&TTechnology Transfer, Fabrication and Test

Technical Data - Recorded information, regardless of the form or method
of the recording, of a scientific or technical nature (including
   computer software documentation).

Technical Data Package - Those documents, drawings, reports, manuals,
revisions, technical orders, or other submissions as set forth as a
CDRL line item to be delivered as required by the contract. Also, TDP
may be obtained by government to provide competition in production.

Technical Data Rights - See Rights in Technical Data.

Technical Evaluation - The study, investigations or T&E by a developing
agency to determine the technical suitability of materiel, equipment,
or a system, for use in the military services. Also see Development T&E.

Technical Performance Measurement - Describes all the activites
undertaken by the government (PMO) to obtain design status beyond that
treating schedule and cost. TPM is defined as the product design
assessment which estimates, through tests the values of essential
performance parameters of the current design of WBS product elements.
It forecasts the values to be achieved through the planned technical
program effort, measures differences between achieved values and those
allocated to the product element by the system engineering process, and
determines the impact of these differences on system effectiveness.

Technology Assessment Annex - A one page description of technological
risks remaining in a system program and the plans to address these
risks.

Technology Base - The R&D science and technology base consisting of
research (6.1), exploratory development (6.2) and some nonsystem
advanced development (6.3A).

Technology Modernization - The coupling of modernization with the
implementation of advanced manufacturing technology by providing
incentives for contractor (and subcontractor) capitalization.

Test - Any program or procedure which is designed to obtain, verify, or
provide data for the evaluation of: research and development (other
than laboratory experiments); progress in accomplishing development
objectives; or performance and operational capability of systems,
subsystems, components, and equipment items.

Test Bed - Sites, facilites or activities (not breadboards or
brassboards) used for testing models or prototypes (i.e., test ranges,
sleds, underwater enclosures, etc.)

Test Criteria - Standards by which test results and outcome are judged.

Test Integration Working Group (Army)/Test Planning Working Group (USAF)
A working group designed to facilitate the integration of test
requirements through close coordination between material developer,
combat developer and operational tester in order to minimize
development time and cost and preclude duplication between
developmental and operational testing. The logistician is also involved
in group activities.(USAF)

Test and Evaluation - Process by which a system or components are
compared against requirements and specifications through testing.
The results are evaluated to assess progress of design, performance,
supportability, etc. There are three types of T&E--Development (DT&E),
Operational (OT&E), and Production Acceptance (PAT&E)-occurring during
the acquisition cycle. DT&E is conducted to assist the engineering
design and development process and to verify attainment of technical
performance specifications and objectives. OT&E is conducted to
estimate a system's operational effectiveness and suitability, identify
needed modifications, and provide information on tactics, doctrine,
organization, and personnel requirements. PAT&E is conducted on
production items to demonstrate that those items meet the requirements
and specifications of the procuring contracts or agreements. OT&E is
further subdivided into two phases--Initial operational (OT&E) and
Follow-on Operatonal (FOT&E). IOT&E must be conducted before the
production decision (MS III) to provide a credible estimate of
operational effectiveness and suitability. Therefore, IOT&E must be
conducted on a system as close to a production configuration as
possible, in an operationally realistic environment, by typical user
personnel. FOT&E is conducted on the deployed system to determine if
operational effectiveness and suitability is, in fact, being attained.

Test and Evaluation Master Plan - An overall test and evaluation plan,
designed to identify and integrate objectives, responsibilities,
resources, and schedules for all test and evaluation to be accomplished
prior to the subsequent key decision points. Prepared as early as
possible in the acquisition process, it is updated as development
progresses.

Tester - The agency responsible for the development testing or
operational testing of systems or components.

Testing - An element of inspection. Generally denotes the
determination by technical means of the properties or elements of
supplies, or components thereof, including functional operation, and
involves the application of established scientific principles and
procedures.

Then-Year Dollars - See current-year dollars or escalated dollars.

Thresholds - (l) Monetary, time, or resource limitations placed on a
program, to be used as guides as the program progresses and the
breaching of which is cause for careful review of at least some aspects
of the program. (2) The minimum level a system must meet (e.g.,
performance threshold of 30K ft. for a missile).

Tiering - Specs and standards referenced in A contract which within
themselves reference other documents which reference still more
documents, etc.

Time Line - A schedule line showing key dates and planned events.

Time Phased Action Plan - The time phased action plan represents the
schedule for the employment of the manufacturing facilities, processes,
and personnel necessary to meet the end item delivery date.

Time Study - The procedure by which the actual elapsed time for
performing an operation or subdivisions or elements thereof is
determined by the use of a suitable timing device and recorded.

Tolerance - A measure of the accuracy of the dimensions of a part or
the electrical characteristics of an assembly or function.

Tooling Costs - Costs incurred by contractor in establishing certain
functions of the manufacturing process to produce an end item.

Total Allocated Budget - The sum of all budgets allocated to the
contract. Total allocated budget consists of the performance
measurement baseline and all management reserve.

Total Obligational Authority - The total amount of budget authority
available in a given fiscal year. It includes newly appropriated and
unexpired and unobligated budget authority carried over from previous
years.

Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimate - A management system based on
scientific methods, set procedures and effective controls used in the
development of RDT&E program and budget requirements to arrive at cost
estimates that more closely approach the eventual actual system costs.

Touch Labor - Defined as production labor which can be reasonably and
consistently related directly to a unit of work being manufactured,
processed, or tested.

Trade-Off - Selection among alternatives to obtain optimum balance for
a system. Often the decision is made to opt for less of one parameter
(i.e., high tech) in order to have executable (i.e., fully funded)
program.

Training - The level of learning required to adequately perform the
responsibilities designated to the function and accomplish the mission
assigned to the system.

Training and Training Support - The processes, procedures, techniques,
training devices, and equipment used to train civilian and active duty
and reserve military personnel to operate and support a materiel system.
This includes individual and crew training; new equipment training;
initial, formal, and on-the-job training; and logistic support planning
for training equipment and training device acquisitions and
installations (DoDD 5000.39), one of the principle elements of ILS.

Transition to Production - The period during which the program shifts
(passes) from development to production. It is not an exact point, but
is described as a process consisting of disciplined engineering and
logistics management to ensure the system is ready for manufacture.

Transportation/Transportability - The inherent capability of an item to
be moved efficiently over railways, highways, waterways, oceans, or
airways, either by carrier, towing, or self-propulsion.

Turn Around Time - Time required to return an item to use between
missions.

Two-Way Street - Philosophy encouraging U.S. to buy arms from NATO in
addition to selling arms to NATO.

Two-Year Budget - Beginning with the President's budget submitted in
January 1987, the DoD portion is for a two-year period (FY 88/89).
The intent is for Congress to authorize and appropriate for DoD for a
two-year period, providing program stability among other positive
effects. This was requested by Congress on behalf of DoD. The even
years (1986, etc.) would be "on-years," the odd ones "off-years."

Type A - System Specification - States all necessary requirements in
terms of performance, including test provisions to assure that all
requirements are achieved. Essential physical constraints are included.
Type A specifications state the technical and mission requirements of
the system as an entity.

Type B- Development Specification - States all necessary requirements
in terms of performance. Essential physical constraints are included.
Type B specifications state requirements for the development of items,
other than systems. They specify all of the required item functional
characteristics and the tests required to demonstrate achievement of
those characteristics.

Type C- Product Specification - Product specifications are applicable
to any item below the system level, and may be oriented toward
procurement of a product through specification of primarily function
(performance) requirements or primarily fabrication (detailed design)
requirements. Type C specifications are intended to be used for the
procurement of items including computer programs.

Type Classification - Identifies the life cycle status of a materiel
system after a production decision by the assignment of a type
classification designation, and records the status of a materiel system
in relation to its overall life history as a guide to procurement,
authorization, logistical support, asset, and readiness reporting.
(Army)

Type D- Process Specification - This type of specification is
applicable to a service which is performed on a product or material.
Examples of processes are: heat treatment, welding, plating, packing,
microfilming, marking, etc. Process specifications cover manufacturing
techniques which require a specific procedure in order that a
satisfactory result may be achieved.

Type E- Material Specification - This type of specification is
applicable to a raw material (chemical compound), mixtures (cleaning
agents, paints), or semi-fabricated material (electrical cable, copper
tubing) used in the fabrication of a product. Normally, a material
specification applies to production but may be prepared to control the
development of a material.

U.S.C.   United States Code

UCA  Undefinitized Contract Action

UDF  Unit Development Folder

UE   Unit Equipment

UNK  Unknown(s)

UNK/UNKS Unknown Unknowns

UNSECNAV Under Secretary of the Navy

UPS  Uniform Procurement System

USA  U.S. Army; Under Secretary of the Army

USAF U.S. Air Force; Under Secretary of the Air Force

USASAC   Security Assistance Center (Army)

USD(A)   Undersecretary of Defense (Acquisition)

USD(P)   Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

USD(R&E) OBSOLETE -- Under Secretary of Defense
 for Research and Engineering.
 See USD(A) and DDR&E.

USG  U.S. Government

USMC U.S. Marine Corps

USN  U.S. Navy

UUT  Unit Under Test

Unavoidable Delay - A production delay that the operator cannot prevent.

Unavoidable Delay Allowance - Time included in the production standard
to allow for time lost which is essentially outside the worker's
control; as, interruption by supervision for instruction, waits for
crane, or minor adjustments to machines or tools (usually applied as a
percentage of the leveled, normal, or adjusted time).

Uncertainty - A condition, event, outcome, or circumstance of which the
extent, value, or consequence is not predictable. State of knowledge
about outcomes in a decision which are such that it is not possible to
assign probabilities in advance. Ignorance about the order of things.
Some techniques for coping with this problem are fortiori analysis
(making use of conclusions inferred from another reasoned conclusion or
recognized fact), contingency analysis and sensitivity analysis.

Undefinitized Contract Action - New procurement action entered into by
agency head for which contractual terms, specifications or price are
not agreed upon before performance is begun.

Undelivered Orders - An undelivered order is any document, meeting the
criteria of an obligation, issued for material or services that has not
as yet been received by the activity that ordered it. Includes material
requisitions applicable to reimbursable orders issued for material to
be delivered from a stock funded inventory, and purchase orders issued
which cite annual appropriations.

Undistributed Budget - Budget applicable to contract effort which has
not yet been distributed to the cost accounts.

Unexpended Balance - The amount of budget authority previously granted
to an agency but still unspent and available for future spending.
The unexpended balance is equal to the sum of the obligated and
unobligated balances.

Unfilled Order - An unfilled order is any document issued for goods or
services, which meets the criteria of an obligation, yet has not been
received.

Uniform Procurement System - An interagency group of senior procurement
officials, known as the Council on the Uniform Procurement System is
chaired by the Administrator, Office of Federal Procurement Policy.

Unit Cost Curve - A plot of the cost of each unit of a given quantity.
The total cost for the given quantity in the sum of the cost of each
individual unit.

United States Code - A consolidation and codification of the general
and permanent laws of the United States arranged according to subject
matter under 50 title headings, in alphabetical order to a large degree.
Sets out the current status of the laws, as amended. Presents the laws
in a concise and usable form without requiring recourse to the many
volumes of the Statutes at Large containing the individual amendments.

Unlimited Rights - Rights to use, duplicate, release or disclose
technical data or computer software in whole or in part in any manner
and for any purpose, and to have or permit others to do so.

Unobligated Balance - The amount of budget authority previously granted
to an agency but not yet committed by that agency that continues to be
available for commitment in the future.

Unscheduled Maintenance - Corrective maintenance required by item
conditions.

Unsolicited Proposal - A written proposal that is submitted to an
agency or the Submitter's initative for the purpose of obtaining a
contract with the government, and which is not in response to a formal
or informal request.

Up Front - See Front End.

User - (l) That command, unit or element which will be the recipient of
the production item for use in accomplishing a designated mission.
(2) User representatives are: Army, TRADOC; Navy, OPNAV; Air Force,
TAC, MAC, SAC, ATC; Marine Corps, HQ USMC.

User Friendly - Primarily a term used in ADP, it connotes a machine
(hardware) or program (software) that are compatible with a person's
ability to operate them successfully and easily.

Utility - The state or quality of being useful. Designed for or
possessing a number of useful or practical purposes rather than a
single, specialized one.

VC   Variable Cost

VCJCSVice Chief, Joint Chiefs of Staff

VCNO Vice Chief of Naval Operations (Navy)

VCSA Vice Chief of Staff (Army)

VCSAFVice Chief of Staff (AF)

VDD  Version Description Document

VE   Value Engineering

VECP Value Engineering Change Proposal

VERT Venture Evaluation and Review Technique

VHSICVery High Speed Integrated Circuit

VLSI Very Large Scale Integration

Value Engineering - An organized effort concerned with the elimination
or modification of anything that contributes to the cost of a contract
item or task but is not necessary for needed performance, quality,
maintainability, reliability or interchangeability.

Value Engineering Change Proposal - Submitted by the contractor for
review as to its VE applicability. If accepted by the Government,
normally the contractor is compensated for saving the Government money.

Variable Cost - A cost that changes with the production quantity or the
performance of services. This contrasts with fixed costs that do not
change with production quantity or services performed.

Variance (Statistical) - A measure of the degree of spread among a set
of values; a measure of the tendency of individual values to vary from
the mean value. It is computed by subtracting the mean value from each
value, squaring each of these differences, summing these results and
dividing this sum by the number of values in order to obtain the
arithmetic mean of these squares.

Vulnerability - (l) A system limitation or weakness (may not be
exploitable); (2) the openness of a system to exploitation by
countermeasures; (3) the practicality and probability of an adversary
exploiting a susceptibility in combat.
Waiver - (l) Specifications. A written authorization to accept a
configuration item or other designated items, which during production
or after having been submitted for inspection, are found to depart from
specified requirements, but nevertheless are considered suitable "as is"
or after rework by an approved method. (2) Decision to not require
certain criteria to be met for certain reasons, such as national
security.

WBS  Work Breakdown Structure

WP/A/N/AF/M  Weapons Procurement (Appropriation),
 Army/Navy/AF/USMC

WPI  Wholesale Price Index

WSAM Weapon Systems Acquisition Manager Program
 for Naval Officers

WSIG Weapon Support Improvement Group (OSD)

WSMP Weapon System Master Plan (AF)

WSSM OBSOLETE -- Weapon System Staff Manager (Army)

Warrant - (l) An official document issued by the Secretary of the
Treasury and countersigned by the Comptroller General of the United
States by which monies are authorized to be withdrawn from the
Treasury. Warrants are issued after appropriations and similar
congressional authority have been enacted. (2) An official document
designating an individual as a contracting officer. The warrant will
state as reference the limits of the CO's authority.

Warranties (Garantees) - A promise or affirmation regarding the nature,
usefulness or condition of the supplies or performance of services
furnished under contract. For DoD systems, centers on workmanship,
defects in material and performance.

Weapon System - Item that can be used directly by the armed forces to
carry out combat missions and that cost $100K plus or for which the
eventual procurement is $10M plus.

Weapon System Master Plan - A plan prepared to document the total
system support requirements for the weapon system life-cycle after PMRT.
The initial WSMP is prepared during FSD and approved prior to Milestone
III and is submitted to the AFLC PEO to whom program responsibility
will be transferred. (AF)

Weapon System Staff Manager - OBSOLETE--Acting for the Director of
Development, Engineering, and Acquisition and for the Director of
Supply, Maintenance, and Transportation after transition, is
responsible for the system management functions during the entire
acquisition cycle at HQ AMC. (Army)

Weighted Guidelines - A government technique for developing fee and
profit negotiation objectives, within percentage ranges established by
regulation.

Wholesale Price Index - A composite index of wholesale prices of a
representative group of commodities.

Win-Win - A philosophy whereby all parties in a defense acquisition
scenario come away gaining some or most of what they wanted (i.e.,
everyone "wins" something, even though it may not be 100% of goal),
the ideal outcome.

Wooden Round - A round (shell, missile, etc.) requireing no maintenance
or preparation time prior to loading for firing.

Work Aid - A device such as a pattern, template, or sketch used to
enhance a worker's ability to learn and perform a task efficiently.

Work Breakdown Structure - A product-oriented family tree division of
hardware, software, services, and other work tasks which organizes,
defines, and graphically displays the product to be produced, as well
as the work to be accomplished to achieve the specified product.

Work Cycle - A pattern of motions and/or processes that is repeated
with negligable variation each time an operation is performed.

Work Measurement (Labor Standards) - Objective of WM system is to
determine how long it should take an employee to perform his/her work
and to identify opportunities for improvement.

Work Package Budgets - Resources which are formally assigned by the
contractor to accomplish a work package expressed in dollars, hours,
standards, or other definitive units.

Work Packages - Detailed short-span jobs, or material items, identified
by the contractor for accomplishing work required to complete the
contract. Characteristics of the work package are: (a) it represents
units of work at levels where work is performed; (b) it is clearly
distinguished from all other work packages; (c) it is assignable to a
single organizational element; (d) it has scheduled start and
completion dates and, as applicable, interim milestones, all of which
are representative of physical accomplishment.

Work Sampling Study - A statistical sampling technique employed to
determine the proportion of delays or other classifications of activity
present in the total work cycle.

Workaround - A procedure developed for taking into account shortcomings
or other problems in a program and devising workable solutions to get
around the problems.

Worst Case Scenario - In planning, to examine the worst possible
outcome and evaluate results around which to formulate next step.

Worth - The measure of value received for the resources expended.
It is directly proportional to the cost to a foe (damage,
neutralization, deception, and/or counteraction) and indirectly
proportional to the system cost.

Worth/Utility - The value of the MOE level to attain the system's
objectives. For example, if the MOE's are time to overrun a defensive
line and the number of friendly casualties, what are time and
casualities worth with respect to accommplishing the mission? Utilities
must be obtained from the decision maker.

XO   Executive Officer

 A-4 - See Skyhawk.

 A-6 - See Intruder.

 A-7 - See Corsair II.

 A-10 - See Thunderbolt II.

 ABAC scale - (NATO) A nomogram for obtaining the conversion angle to
 apply when plotting great circle bearings on a mercator projection.

 abeam - (DOD NATO, IADB) Bearing approximately 090 or 270-relative; at
 right angles to the longitudinal axis of a vehicle.

 abeam replenishment: (DOD, NATO) The transfer at sea of personnel and/or
 supplies by rigs between two or more ships proceeding side by side.

 abort - (DOD, NATO) 1. Failure to accomplish a mission for any
 reason other than enemy action. It may occur at any point from
 initiation of operation to destination. 2. Discontinue aircraft takeoff
 run or launch.

 abrasion - (DOD, NATO) In photography, a scratch or mark produced
 mechanically on an emulsion surface or film base.

 absolute altimeter - (DOD, NATO) radio or similar apparatus that
 is designed to indicate the true vertical height of an aircraft
 above the terrain.

 absolute altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The height of an aircraft
 directly above the surface or terrain over which it is flying. See
 also altitude.

 absolute dud: (DOD) A nuclear weapon which, when launched at or
 emplaced on a target, fails to explode.

 absolute filter (DOD, NATO) A filter capable of cutting off 100% by
 weight of solid particles greater than a stated micron size.

 absorbed dose - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The amount of energy imparted by
 nuclear (or ionizing) radiation to unit mass of absorbing material. The
 unit is the rad.

 AC-130 - See Hercules.

 acceleration error - (NATO) An error caused by the deflection of the
 vertical reference due to any change in acceleration of the
 aircraft.

 acceptable product - (NATO, IADB) One which may be used in place
 of another for extended periods without technical advice. See also
 emergency substitute; standardized product.

 acceptance trial - (NATO, IADB) Trial carried out by nominated
 representatives of the eventual military users of the weapon or
 equipment to determine if the specified performance and characteristics
 have been met.

 access procedures - (NATO) See explosive ordnance disposal procedures.

 access to classified information - (DOD, IADB) The ability and
 opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information. Persons have
 access to classified information if they are permitted to gain knowledge
 of the information or if they are in a place where they would be
 expected to gain such knowledge. Persons do not have access to
 classified information by being in a place where classified information
 is kept if security measures prevent them from gaining knowledge of the
 information.

 accidental attack - (DOD, IADB) An unintended attack which occurs
 without deliberate national design as a direct result of a random event,
 such as a mechanical failure, a simple human error, or an unauthorized
 action by a subordinate.

 accidental war - (DOD, IADB) Not to be used. See accidental attack.

 accountability - (DOD, IADB) The obligation imposed by law or
 lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping
 accurate record of property, documents, or funds. The person having this
 obligation may or may not have actual possession of the property,
 documents, or funds. Accountability is concerned primarily with records,
 while responsibility is concerned primarily with custody, care, and
 safekeeping. See also responsibility.

 accuracy of fire - (DOD, NATO) The precision of fire expressed
 by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the center of the
 target.

 accuracy of fire - (IADB) The measure of the deviation of fire
 from the point of aim, expressed in terms of the distance between the
 point of aim and the mean point of bursts.

 accuracy of information - See evaluation.

 acknowledgment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A message from the addressee
 informing the originator that his communication has been received and
 is understood.

 aclinic line - See magnetic equator.

 acoustic intelligence - (DOD, NATO) Intelligence derived from
 the collection and processing of acoustic phenomena.

 acoustical surveillance - (DOD) Employment of electronic devices,
 including sound-recording, receiving, or transmitting equipment, for the
 collection of information.

 acoustic circuit - (DOD, NATO) A mine circuit which responds
 to the acoustic field of a target. See also mine.

 acoustic jamming - (DOD, IADB) The deliberate radiation or reradiation
 of mechanical or electro-acoustic signals with the objectives of
 obliterating or obscuring signals which the enemy is attempting to
 receive and of deterring enemy weapon systems. See also barrage jamming;
 electronic warfare; jamming; spot jamming.

 acoustic mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine with an acoustic circuit which
 responds to the acoustic field of a ship or sweep.

 acoustic mine hunting - (DOD, NATO) The use of a sonar to detect
 mines or mine like objects which may be on or protruding from the
 seabed, or buried.

 acoustic warfare - (DOD, NATO) Action involving the use of underwater
 acoustic energy to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent hostile use of
 the underwater acoustic spectrum and actions which retain friendly use
 of the underwater acoustic spectrum. There are three divisions within
 acoustic warfare: 1. acoustic warfare support measures. That aspect
 of acoustic warfare involving actions to search for, intercept, locate,
 record and analyze radiated acoustic energy in water for purpose of
 exploiting such radiations. The use of acoustic warfare support measures
 involves no intentional underwater acoustic emission and is generally
 not detectable by the enemy. 2. acoustic warfare countermeasures. That
 aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce
 an enemy's effective use of the underwater acoustic spectrum. Acoustic
 warfare countermeasures involve international underwater acoustic
 emissions for deception and jamming. 3. acoustic warfare counter
 countermeasures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions
 taken to ensure friendly effective use of the underwater acoustic
 spectrum despite the enemy's use of underwater acoustic warfare.
 Acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures involve anti-acoustic warfare
 support measures and anti-acoustic warfare countermeasures, and may not
 involve underwater acoustic emissions.

 acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures - See acoustic warfare
 Part 3.

 acoustic warfare countermeasures - See acoustic warfare Part 2.

 acoustic warfare support measures - See acoustic warfare Part 1.

 acquire - (DOD, IADB) 1. When applied to acquisition radars, the process
 of detecting the presence and location of a target in sufficient detail
 to permit identification. 2. When a-plied to tracking radars, the
 process of positioning a radar beam so that a target is in that beam to
 permit the effective employment of weapons. See also target acquisition.

 acquire (radar) - See acquire.

 acquisition - See collection (acquisition).

 action agent - (DOD, IADB) In intelligence usage, one who has
 access to, and performs actions against, the target.

 action deferred - DOD, IADB) Tactical action on a specific track
 is being withheld for better tactical advantage. Weapons are
 available and commitment is pending.

 action information center - See combat information center.

 activate - DOD, NATO, IADB)
 1. To put into existence by official order a unit, post, camp, station,
 base or shore activity which has previously been constituted and
 designated by name or number, or both, so that it can be organized to
 function in its assigned capacity.
 2. To prepare for active service a naval ship or craft which has been
 in an inactive or reserve status. See also commission; constitute.

 activation detector - (DOD, NATO) A material used to determine neutron
 flux or density by virtue of the radioactivity induced in it as a
 result of neutron capture.

 active - (NATO) In surveillance, an adjective applied to actions
 or equipments which emit energy capable of being detected.

 active aircraft - DOD, IADB) Aircraft currently and actively
 engaged in supporting the flying missions either through direct
 assignment to operational units or in the preparation for such
 assignment or reassignment through any of the logistic processes of
 supply, maintenance, and modification. See also aircraft.

 active air defense - (DOD, NATO) Direct defensive action taken
 to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action. It
 includes such measures as the use of aircraft, air defense weapons,
 weapons not used primarily in an air defense role and electronic
 warfare. See also air defense.

 active air defense - (IADB) Direct defensive action taken to
 destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce
 the effectiveness of such attack. It includes such measures as the use
 of aircraft, inteceptor missiles, air defense artillery, non-air defense
 weapons in an air defense role, and electronic countermeasures and
 counter-countermeasures. See also air defense.

 active communications satellite - See communications satellite.

 active defense - (DOD, IADB) The employment of limited offensive
 action and counter-attacks to deny a contested area or position to the
 enemy. See also passive defense.

 active duty - (DOD) Full-time duty in the active military service
 of the United States. A general term applied to all active military
 service with the active force without regard to duration or purpose.

 active duty for training - (DOD) A tour of active duty which
 is used for training members of the Reserve Components to provide
 trained units and qualified persons to fill the needs of the Armed
 Forces in time of war or national emergency and such other times as the
 national security requires. The tour of duty is under orders which
 provide for return to non-active status when the period of active duty
 for training is completed. It includes annual training, special tours
 of active duty for training, school tours, and the initial tour
 performed by non prior service enlistees.

 active homing guidance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system of homing
 guidance wherein both the source for illuminating the target, and the
 receiver for detecting the energy reflected from the target as the
 result of illuminating the target, are carried within the missile. See
 also guidance.

 active material - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Material, such as plutonium
 and certain isotopes of uranium, which is capable of supporting a
 fission chain reaction.

 active mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine to be actuated by the reflection
 from a target of a signal emitted by the mine.

 activity - (DOD, IADB)
 1. A unit, organization, or installation performing a function or
 mission, e.g., reception center, redistribution center, naval station,
 naval shipyard. 2. A function or mission, e.g., recruiting, schooling.
 See also establishment.

 actual ground zero - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point on the surface of
 the earth at, or vertically below or above, the center of an actual
 nuclear detonation. See also desired ground zero; ground zero.

 actuate - (DOD, NATO) To operate a mine-firing mechanism by an
 influence or a series of influences in such a way that all the
 requirements of the mechanism for firing, or for registering a target
 count, are met.

 actuator - (DOD, NATO) A mechanism that furnishes the force required to
 displace a control surface or other control element.

 acute radiation dose - (DOD, NATO) Total ionizing radiation dose
 received at one time and over a period so short that biological recovery
 cannot occur.

 ACV - See air cushion vehicle.

 add - (NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a correction
 used by an observer/spotter to indicate that an increase in range along
 a spotting line is desired.

 additional training assemblies - (DOD) Inactive duty training
 periods authorized for selected individuals to participate in
 specialized training or in support of training. These are in addition
 to the training assemblies an individual attends as a part of unit
 training.

 adjust - (DOD) An order to the observer or spotter to initiate
 an adjustment on a designated target.

 adjust fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In artillery and naval gunfire
 support: 1. An order or request to initiate an adjustment of fire.
 2. A method of control transmitted in the call for fire by the observer
 or spotter to indicate that he will control the adjustment.

 adjustment - See adjustment of fire.

 adjustment of fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Process used in artillery and
 naval gunfire to obtain correct bearing, range, and height of burst
 (if time fuzes are used) when engaging a target by observed fire. See
 also spot.

 ADM-20 - See Quail

 administration - (DOD) 1. The management and execution of all military
 matters not included in strategy and tactics. 2. Internal management
 of units.

 administration - (NATO) 1. The management and execution of all military
 matters not included in tactics and strategy; primarily in the fields
 of logistics and personnel management. 2. Internal management of units.

 administrative airlift service - (DOD, IADB) The airlift service
 normally provided by specifically identifiable aircraft assigned to
 organizations or commands for internal administration.

 administrative chain of command - (DOD, NATO) The normal chain
 of command for administration. See also chain of command; operational
 chain of command.

 administrative control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Direction or exercise
 of authority over subordinate or other organizations in respect to
 administrative matters such as personnel management, supply, services,
 and other matters not included in the operational missions of the
 subordinate or other organizations. See also control; operational
 command; operational control.

 administrative escort - (DOD, NATO) A warship or merchant ship under
 naval control, carrying a convoy commodore and his staff, serving
 as a platform for simultaneous communication with an operational
 control authority and a coastal convoy.

 administrative landing - DOD, IADB) An unopposed landing
 involving debarkation from vehicles which have been administratively
 loaded. See also administrative loading; administrative movement;
 logistics over-the-shore operations.

 administrative leadtime - (DOD, IADB) The time interval between
 initiation of procurement action and letting of contract or placing of
 order. See also procurement leadtime.

 administrative loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A loading system which
 gives primary consideration to achieving maximum utilization of
 troop and cargo space without regard to tactical considerations.
 Equipment and supplies must be unloaded and sorted before they can
 be used. See also loading.

 administrative map: (DOD, IADB) A map on which is graphically
 recorded information pertaining to administrative matters, such as
 supply and evacuation installations, personnel installations, medical
 facilities, collecting points for stragglers and prisoners of war, train
 bivouacs, service and maintenance areas, main supply roads, traffic
 circulation, boundaries, and other details necessary to show the
 administrative situation. See also map.

 administrative march - See administrative movement.

 administrative movement - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A movement in which
 which troops and vehicles are arranged to expedite their movement and
 conserve time and energy when no enemy interference, except by air, is
 anticipated. (DOD, IADB) Also called administrative march.

 administrative order - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An order covering traffic,
 supply, maintenance, evacuation, personnel and other administrative
 details.

 administrative plan - (NATO) A plan, normally relating to and
 complementing the operation plan or order, which provides information
 and instructions covering the logistic and administrative support
 support of the operation.

 administrative shipping - (DOD, IADB) Support shipping that is
 capable of transporting troops and cargo from origin to destination,
 but which cannot be loaded or unloaded without non-organic personnel
 and/or equipment; e.g., stevedores, piers, barges, boats. See also
 administrative loading; administrative movement.

 advance - (DOD) A request from a spotter to indicate the desire
 that the illuminating projectile burst earlier in relation to the
 subsequent bursts of high explosive projectiles.

 advanced base - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A base located in or near
 a theater of operations whose primary mission is to support military
 operations.

 advanced fleet anchorage - (DOD, IADB) A secure anchorage for a large
 number of naval ships, mobile support units and auxiliaries located in
 or near a theater of operations. See emergency anchorage.

 advanced fleet anchorage - (NATO) A secure anchorage for a large
 number of naval vessels, mobile support units, and auxiliaries located
 in or near a theater of operations. See also emergency anchorage.

 advanced guard - (NATO) The leading element of an advancing
 force. The primary mission is to insure the uninterrupted advance of the
 main body. It has the following functions:
 a. To find and exploit gaps in the enemy's defensive system;
 b. To prevent the main body of the advancing force running blindly into
 enemy opposition;
 c. To clear away minor opposition or, if major opposition is met, to
 cover the deployment of the main body.

 advanced landing field - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airfield, usually
 having minimum facilities, in or near an objective area. See also
 airfield.

 advance force - (DOD, NATO) A temporary organization within the
 amphibious task force which precedes the main body to the objective
 area. Its function is to participate in preparing the objective for the
 main assault by conducting such operations as reconnaissance, seizure
 of supporting positions, minesweeping, preliminary bombardment,
 underwater demolitions, and air support.

 advance force (amphibious) - (IADB) A temporary organization
 within the amphibious task force that precedes the main body to the
 objective area. Its function is to participate in preparing the
 objective for the main assault by conducting such operations as
 reconnaissance, seizure of supporting positions, mind sweeping,
 preliminary bombardment, underwater demolitions, and air support.

 advance guard - (DOD, IADB) Detachment sent ahead of the main
 force to insure its uninterrupted advance; to protect the main body
 against surprise; to facilitate the advance by removing obstacles, and
 repairing roads and bridges; and to cover the deployment of the main
 body if it's committed to action.

 advance guard reserve - (DOD, IADB) Second of the two main parts
 of an advance guard, the other being the advance guard support. It
 protects the main force and is itself protected by the advance guard
 support. Small advance guards do not have reserves.

 advance guard support - (DOD, IADB) First of the two main parts
 of an advance guard, the other being the advance guard reserve. It is
 made up of three smaller elements, in order from front to rear, the
 advance guard point, the advance party, and the support proper. The
 advance guard support protects the advance guard reserve.

 advance to contact - (DOD, NATO) An offensive operation designed
 to gain or reestablish contact with the enemy. See also approach march.

 adverse weather - (DOD, IADB) Weather in which military operations are
 generally restricted or impeded. See also marginal weather.

 advisory area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A designated area within a
 flight information region where air traffic advisory service is
 available.

 advisory control - (NATO) A mode of control under which the aircraft
 commander selects his own speed, altitude and heading, and has freedom
 of action to accomplish the assigned task. The aircraft control unit
 will inform the aircraft of the current tactical picture and provide
 adequate warnings of hazards affecting aircraft safety.

 Aegis - DOD) A totally integrated shipboard weapon system
 that combines computers, radars, and missiles to provide a defense
 umbrella for surface shipping. The system is capable of automatically
 detecting, tracking, and destroying airborne, seaborne, and land
 launched weapons.

 aerial picket - See air picket.

 aerial port - (DOD), IADB) An airfield that has been designated
 for the sustained air movement of personnel and material, and to serve
 as an authorized port for entrance into or departure from the country
 in which located.

 aerial port squadron - (DOD) An Air Force organization which
 operates and provides the functions assigned to aerial ports, including
 processing personnel and cargo, rigging for airdrop, packing parachutes,
 loading equipment, preparing air cargo and load plans, loading and
 securing aircraft, ejecting cargo for inflight delivery, and supervising
 units engaged in aircraft loading and unloading operations.

 aerial reconnaissance - See air reconnaissance.

 aerodrome - See airfield.

 aerodynamic missile - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A missile which uses
 aerodynamic forces to maintain its flight path, generally employing
 propulsion guidance. See also ballistic missile; aided missile.

 aeromedical evacuation - (DOD) The movement of patients under
 medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air
 transportation.

 aeromedical evacuation: (NATO) The movement of patients to and
 between medical treatment facilities by air transportation.

 aeromedical evacuation control center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The
 control facility established by the commander of an air transport
 division, air force, or air command. It operates in conjunction with the
 command movement control center and coordinates overall medical
 requirements with airlift capability. It also assigns medical missions
 to the appropriate aeromedical evacuation elements in the system and
 monitors patient movement activities.

 aeromedical evacuation control officer: (DOD, IADB) An officer
 of the air transport force or air command controlling the flow of
 patients by air.

 aeromedical evacuation coordinating officer - NATO) An officer of an
 originating, intransit, or destination medical facility/establishment
 who coordinates aeromedical evacuation activities of the facility/
 establishment.

 aeromedical evacuation operations officer - (NATO) An officer
 of the airlift force or command who is responsible for activities
 relating to planning and directing aeromedical evacuation operations,
 maintaining liaison with medical airlift activities concerned,
 operating an Aeromedical Evacuation Control Center, and otherwise
 coordinating aircraft and patient movements.

 aeromedical evacuation system - (DOD, IADB) A system which provides:
 a. control of patient movement by air transport; b. specialized medical
 attendants and equipment for inflight medical care; c. facilities on or
 in the vicinity of air strips and air bases, for the limited medical
 care of intransit patients entering, en route via, or leaving the
 system; and d. communication with originating, destination, and en
 route medical facilities concerning patient transportation.

 aeromedical evacuation system - (NATO) A system which provides:
 a. Control of patient movement by air transport; b. Specialized
 medical attendants and equipment for inflight medical care;
 c. Facilities on, or in the vicinity of, air strips and air bases, for
 the limited medical care of intransit patients entering, en route via,
 or leaving the system; d. Communication with destination and en route
 medical facilities concerning patient airlift movements.

 aeromedical evacuation unit - (DOD, IADB) An operational medical
 organization concerned primarily with the management and control of
 patients being transported via an aeromedical evacuation system or
 system echelon. See also forward aeromedical evacuation.

 aeromedical staging unit - (NATO) A medical unit operating transient
 patient beds located on or in the vicinity of an emplaning or deplaning
 air base or air strip that provides reception, administration,
 processing, ground transportation, feeding and limited medical care for
 patients entering or leaving an aeromedical evacuation system.

 aeronautical chart - (DOD, IADB) A specialized representation
 of mapped features of the earth, or some part of it, produced to show
 selected terrain, cultural and hydrographic features, and supplemental
 information required for air navigation, pilotage, or for planning air
 operations.

 aeronautical chart - (NATO) A representation of a portion of
 the earth, its culture and relief, specifically designed to meet the
 requirements of air navigation.

 aeronautical information overprint - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Additional
 information which is printed or stamped on a map or chart for the
 specific purpose of air navigation.

 aeronautical plotting chart - (DOD, NATO) A chart designed for
 the graphical processes of navigation.

 aeronautical topographic chart - (NATO) A representation of features of
 the surface of the earth, designed primarily as an aid to visual or
 radar navigation, which shows selected terrain, cultural or hydrographic
 features, and supplementary aeronautical information.

 aeropause - (NATO, IADB) Region in which functional effects of
 the atmosphere on man and aircraft cease to exist.

 aerospace - (DOD, IADB) Of, or pertaining to, earth's envelope
 of atmosphere and the space above it; two separate entities considered
 as a single realm for activity in launching, guidance, and control of
 vehicles that will travel in both entities.

 aerospace control operations - (DOD) The employment of air forces,
 supported by ground and naval forces, as appropriate, to achieve
 military objectives in vital aerospace areas. Such operations include
 destruction of enemy aerospace and surface-to-air forces, interdiction
 of enemy aerospace operations, protection of vital air lines of
 communication, and the establishment of local military superiority in
 areas of air operations.

 aerospace defense - (DOD, IADB) 1. All defensive measures designed to
 destroy attacking enemy aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles after
 they leave the earth's surface, or to nullify or reduce the
 effectiveness of such attacks. 2. An inclusive term encompassing air
 defense and space defense.

 aerospace projection operations - See land, sea, or aerospace
 projection operations.

 affiliation with the Department of Defense - (DOD) Persons, groups of
 persons, or organizations are considered to be affiliated with the
 Department of Defense if they are: a. employed by, or contracting with,
 the Department of Defense or any activity under the jurisdiction of the
 Department of Defense, whether on a full-time, part-time, or
 consultative basis; b. members of the Armed Forces on active duty,
 National Guard members, or those in a reserve or retired status;
 c. residing on, authorized access to, or conducting or operating any
 business or other function at any DOD installation or facility;
 d. authorized access to defense information; e. participating in other
 authorized DOD programs; or f. applying or being considered for any
 status described above.

 afloat support - (DOD, NATO) A form of logistic support outside
 the confines of a harbor in which fuel, ammunition and supplies are
 provided for operating forces either underway or at anchor. See also
 floating base support.

 afterburning - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The characteristic of some rocket
 motors to burn irregularly for some time after the main burning and
 thrust has ceased. 2. The process of fuel injection and combustion in
 the exhaust jet of a turbojet engine (aft or to the rear of the
 turbine.)

 after-flight inspection - (NATO) General examination after flight
 for obvious defects, correction of defects reported by aircraft crews,
 replenishment of consumable or expendable stores, and securing
 aircraft. Also called post-flight inspection.

 afterwinds - (DOD) Wind currents set up in the vicinity of a nuclear
 explosion directed toward the burst center, resulting from the
 updraft accompanying the rise of the fireball.

 agency - (DOD, NATO) In intelligence usage, an organization or
 individual engaged in collecting and/or processing information. See
 also agent; intelligence cycle; source.

 agent - (DOD, IADB) In intelligence usage, one who is or instructed to
 obtain or to assist in obtaining information for intelligence or
 counterintelligence purposes. See also anticrop agent; antimateriel
 agent; biological agent; chemical agent; defoliating agent; nerve agent;
 riot control agent.

 agent - (NATO) In intelligence usage, one who is recruited, trained,
 controlled and employed to obtain and report information. See also
 also source.

 agent authentication - (DOD, IADB) The technical support task of
 providing an agent with personal documents, accoutrements, and
 equipment which have the appearance of authenticity as to claimed origin
 and which support and are consistent with the agent's cover story.

 agent net - (DOD, IADB) An organization for clandestine purposes
 which operates under the direction of a principal agent.

 age of moon - (DOD, NATO) The elapsed time, usually expressed
 in days, since the last new moon.

 aggressor forces - (DOD, IADB) Forces engaged in aggressive military
 action. In the context of training exercises, the "enemy" created to add
 realism in training maneuvers and exercises. This method replaces the
 less realistic system of fictional "red" and "blue" armies.

 AGM-28A: See Hound Dog.

 AGM-45: See Shrike.

 AGM-53: See Condor.

 AGM-65: See Maverick.

 AGM-69: See short range attack missile.

 AGM-78: See Standard Arm.

 AGM-84A: See Harpoon.

 agonic line - (DOD) A line drawn on a map or chart joining
 points of zero magnetic declination for a specified epoch.

 agonic line - (NATO) A line drawn on a map or chart joining
 points of zero magnetic declination for a specified year date. In
 nautical and aeronautical navigation, the term magnetic variation is
 used instead of magnetic declination.

 agreed point - (DOD, NATO) A predetermined point on the ground,
 identifiable from the air, and used when aircraft assist in fire
 adjustment.

 AH-1J - See Sea Cobra.

 AIM-4, 26, 47 - See Falcon.

 AIM-7 - See Sparrow.

 AIM-9 - See Sidewinder.

 AIM-54A - See Phoenix.

 AIR-2 - See Genie.

 air - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support a spotting, or
 an observation, by a spotter or an observer to indicate that a burst or
 group of bursts occurred before impact.

 air alert - See air defense warning conditions; alert; ground
 alert.

 air and naval gunfire liaison company - (DOD, IADB) An organization
 composed of Marine and Navy personnel specially qualified for shore
 control of naval gunfire and close air support. Also known as ANGLICO.

 air attack - (DOD, IADB) 1. coordinated - A combination of two or more
 types of air attack (dive, glide, low-level) in one strike, using one
 or more types of aircraft. 2. deferred - A procedure in which attack
 groups rendezvous as a single unit. It is used when attack groups are
 launched from more than one station with their departure on the mission
 being delayed pending further orders. 3. divided - A method of
 delivering a coordinated air attack which consists of holding the units
 in close tactical concentration up to a point, then splitting them to
 attack an objective from different directions.

 airborne - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Applied to personnel, equipment,
 etc., transported by air; e.g., airborne infantry. 2. Applied to
 materials being or designed to be transported by aircraft, as
 distinguished from weapons and equipment installed in and remaining a
 part of the aircraft. 3. The state of an aircraft, from the instant it
 becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained.
 A lighter-than-air aircraft is not considered to be airborne when it is
 attached to the ground, except that moored balloons are airborne
 whenever sent aloft. See also air transportable unit.

 airborne alert - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A state of aircraft readiness
 wherein combat-equipped aircraft are airborne and ready for immediate
 action. See also fighter cover. (DOD, IADB) It is designed to reduce
 reaction time and to increase the survivability factor. See also combat
 air patrol; fighter cover.

 airborne assault - See assault phase.

 airborne assault weapon - (DOD, IADB) An unarmored, mobile, full-tracked
 gun providing a mobile antitank capability for airborne troops. Can be
 airdropped.

 airborne battlefield command and control center - (DOD) A United
 States Air Force aircraft equipped with communications, data link, and
 display equipment; it may be employed as an airborne command post or a
 communications and intelligence relay facility.

 airborne command post - (DOD, NATO) A suitably equipped aircraft
 used by the commander for the control of his forces.

 airborne early warning - (DOD, IADB) The detection of enemy air
 or surface units by radar or other equipment carried in an airborne
 vehicle and the transmitting of a warning to friendly units.

 airborne early warning and control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Air surveillance
 and control provided by airborne early warning vehicles which are
 equipped with search and height-finding radar and communications
 equipment for controlling weapons. See also air picket.

 airborne force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A force composed primarily
 of ground and air units organized, equipped and trained for airborne
 operations. See also force(s).

 airborne force liaison officer - (NATO) An officer who is the
 representative of the airborne units and who works with the air force
 on airfields being used for airborne operations.

 airborne interception equipment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A fire control
 system, including radar equipment, installed in interceptor aircraft
 used to effect air interception.

 airborne lift: (DOD, IADB) The total capacities expressed in
 terms of personnel and cargo that are, or can be, carried by
 available aircraft in one trip.

 airborne operation: (DOD, IADB) An operation involving the air
 movement into an objective area of combat forces and their logistic
 support for execution of a tactical or a strategic mission. The means
 employed may be any combination of airborne units, air transportable
 units, and types of transport aircraft, depending on the mission and
 the overall situation.

 airborne operation - (NATO) An operation involving the movement
 of combat forces and their logistic support into an objective area by
 air.

 airborne order - (DOD, IADB) A command and authorization for
 flight when a predetermined time greater than five minutes is
 established for aircraft to become airborne.

 airborne radio relay - (DOD) Airborne equipment used to relay
 radio transmission from selected originating transmitters.

 airborne radio relay - (NATO) A technique employing aircraft
 fitted with radio relay stations for the purpose of increasing the
 range, flexibility or physical security of communications systems.

 airborne sensor operator - (DOD) An individual trained to operate
 sensor equipment aboard aircraft and to perform limited interpretations
 of collected information produced in flight.

 airborne tactical data system - (DOD) An airborne early warning
 system capable of integration into the tactical data system environment.
 It provides an automated, operator-controlled capability for collecting,
 displaying, evaluating and disseminating tactical information via
 tactical digital information links. It is part of the Naval Tactical
 Data System (NTDS). Also called ATDS.

 airborne troops - (DOD, IADB) Those ground units whose primary
 mission is to make assault landings from the air. See also troops.

 air-breathing missile - (DOD) A missile with an engine requiring
 the intake of air for combustion of its fuel, as in a ramjet or
 turbojet. To be contrasted with the rocket missile, which carries its
 own oxidizer and can operate beyond the atmosphere.

 airburst - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An explosion of a bomb or projectile
 above the surface as distinguished from an explosion on contact with
 the surface or after penetration. See also types of burst.

 air cargo - (DOD, NATO) Stores, equipment or vehicles which do
 not form part of the aircraft, and are either part or all of its
 payload. See also cargo.

 air cartographic camera - (NATO) A camera having the accuracy
 and other characteristics essential for air survey or cartographic
 photography. Also called mapping camera.

 air cartographic photography - (NATO) The taking and processing
 of air photographs for mapping and charting purposes.

 Air Combat Fighter - (DOD) A single engine, supersonic, turbofan,
 all-weather multipurpose tactical fighter/bomber. It is capable of
 employing nuclear/nonnuclear weapons. Air superiority is its primary
 mission with air interdiction and close air support as secondary. An
 air refueling capability increases its flexibility. Designated as F-16.

 air command - (DOD, IADB) A major subdivision of the Air Force;
 for operational purposes, it normally consists of two or more air
 forces. See also command.

 air control - See also air controller; air traffic control center;
 airway; area control center; combat zone(air); control and reporting
 center; control area; controlled airspace; control zone; tactical air
 control center; air traffic controller; air weapons controller;
 terminal control area.

 air controller - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An individual especially trained for
 and assigned the duty of the control (by use of radio, radar, or other
 means) of such aircraft as may be allotted to him for operation within
 his area. See also air traffic controller; air weapons controller;
 tactical air controller.
 air corridor - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A restricted air route of travel
 specified for use by friendly aircraft and established for the purpose
 of preventing friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces.

 aircraft - See active aircraft; inactive aircraft inventory;
 nonprogram aircraft; program aircraft; reserve aircraft; supporting
 aircraft; unit aircraft.

 aircraft arresting barrier - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A device, not
 dependent on an aircraft hook, used to engage and absorb the forward
 momentum of an emergency landing or an aborted take-off. See also
 aircraft arresting system.

 aircraft arresting cable - (DOD, NATO) That part of an aircraft
 arresting gear which spans the runway surface or flight deck landing
 area and is engaged by the aircraft arresting system. Also called
 aircraft arresting wire.

 aircraft arresting gear - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A device used to
 engage hook-equipped aircraft to absorb the forward momentum of a
 routine or emergency landing, or aborted take-off. See also aircraft
 arresting system.

 aircraft arresting hook - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A device fitted to
 an aircraft to engage arresting gear. See also aircraft arresting
 system.

 aircraft arresting system - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A series of components
 used to engage an aircraft and absorb the forward momentum of a routine
 or emergency landing (or an aborted take-off. See also aircraft
 arresting barrier; aircraft arresting gear; aircraft arresting hook.

 aircraft arresting wire - See aircraft arresting cable. See also
 aircraft arresting system.

 aircraft arrestment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Controlled stopping of
 an aircraft by external means.

 aircraft block speed - (DOD) True airspeed in knots under zero
 wind conditions adjusted in relation to length of sortie to compensate
 for takeoff, climbout, letdown, instrument approach, and landing.

 aircraft captain - See aircraft commander.

 aircraft climb corridor - (NATO) Positive controlled airspace
 of defined vertical and horizontal dimensions extending from an
 airfield.

 aircraft commander - (DOD, NATO) The air-crew member designated
 by competent authority as being in command of an aircraft and
 responsible for its safe operation and accomplishment of the assigned
 mission.

 aircraft control and warning system - (DOD, IADB) A system established
 to control and report the movement of aircraft. It consists of
 observation facilities (radar, passive electronic, visual, or other
 means), control center, and necessary communications.

 aircraft control unit - (NATO) A unit with facilities and personnel,
 including controllers, for conducting aircraft control and which
 exercises tactical control of aircraft or a unit(s).

 aircraft cross-servicing - (DOD, NATO) Services performed on an
 aircraft by an organization other than that to which the aircraft
 is assigned, according to an established operational aircraft cross-
 servicing requirement, and for which there may be a charge. Aircraft
 cross-servicing has been divided into two categories: a. Stage A
 cross-servicing: The servicing of aircraft on airfields/ships which
 enables flights to be made to another airfield/ship. The servicing
 includes refueling, replenishment of fluids and gases, drag chutes (if
 applicable), starting facilities, and ground handling. b. Stage B
 cross-servicing: The servicing of aircraft on airfields/ships which
 enables the aircraft to be flown on an operational mission. The
 servicing includes all Stage A services plus the loading of weapons and/
 or film, including the processing and interpretation of any exposed film
 from the previous mission. See also aircraft transient servicing.

 aircraft dispersal area - (NATO) An area on a military installation
 designed primarily for the dispersal of parked aircraft, whereby such
 aircraft will be less vulnerable in the event of enemy air raid.

 aircraft flat pallet - NATO) A stressed pallet capable of
 supporting and restraining a specifically rated load. It is specifically
 designed for tie-down in an aircraft. See also palletized unit load.

 aircraft guide - See aircraft marshaller.

 aircraft handover - (NATO) The process of transferring control
 of aircraft from one controlling authority to another.

 aircraft inspection: (NATO) The process of systematically
 examining, checking and testing aircraft structural members, components
 and systems, to detect actual or potential unserviceable conditions.

 aircraft loading table - DOD, NATO, IADB) A data sheet used
 by the force unit commander containing information as to the load that
 actually goes into each aircraft.

 aircraft marshaller: (NATO) A person trained to direct by
 visual or other means the movement of aircraft on the ground, into and
 out of landing, parking or hovering points. Also called aircraft guide.

 aircraft marshalling area - NATO) An area in which aircraft
 may form up before take-off or assemble after landing.

 aircraft mission equipment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Equipment that
 must be fitted to an aircraft to enable it to fulfill a particular

 mission or task.

 aircraft modification - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A change in the physical
 characteristics of aircraft, accomplished either by a change in
 production specifications or by alteration of items already produced.

 aircraft monitoring and control - (DOD) That equipment installed
 in aircraft to permit monitoring and control of safing, arming, and
 fuzing functions of nuclear weapons or nuclear weapon systems.

 aircraft picketing - (NATO) Securing aircraft when parked in the open
 to restrain movement due to weather or condition of the parking area.

 aircraft repair - (DOD) The process of restoring aircraft or
 aircraft material to a serviceable condition.

 aircraft replenishing: (NATO) The refilling of aircraft with
 consumables such as fuel, oil, and compressed gases to predetermined
 levels, pressures, quantities or weights. Rearming is excluded.

 aircraft role equipment - See aircraft mission equipment.

 aircraft scrambling - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Directing the immediate
 take-off of aircraft from a ground alert condition of readiness.

 aircraft servicing connector - (NATO) A device fitted to aircraft
 and/or ground equipment which enables replenishment and/or servicing to
 be carried out.

 aircraft store - (DOD, NATO) Any device in tended for internal
 or external carriage and mounted on aircraft suspension and release
 equipment, whether or not the item is intended to be separated in flight
 from the aircraft. Aircraft stores are classified in two categories as
 follows: a. Expendable store - An aircraft store normally separated
 from the aircraft in flight such as a missile, rocket, bomb, nuclear
 weapon, mine, torpedo, pyrotechnic device sonobuoy, signal underwater
 sound device, or other similar items. b. Nonexpendable store - An aircraft
 store which is not normally separated from the aircraft in flight such
 as a tank (fuel and spray), line-source disseminator, pod (refueling,
 thrust augmentation, gun, electronic counter measures, data link,
 etc.), multiple rack, target, cargo drop container, drone or other
 similar items.

 aircraft tiedown - (DOD, IADB) Securing aircraft when parked in the
 open to restrain movement due to the weather or condition of the
 parking area. (NATO) See aircraft picketing.

 aircraft transient servicing - (DOD, NATO) Services performed
 on an aircraft by an organization other than that to which the aircraft
 is assigned, and for which there may be a charge. See also aircraft
 cross-servicing.

 aircraft utilization - (DOD, IADB) Average numbers of hours during each
 24-hour period that an aircraft is actually in flight.

 aircraft vectoring - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The directional control
 of in-flight aircraft through transmission of azimuth headings.

 air cushion vehicle - (DOD) A vehicle capable of being operated
 so that its weight, including its payload, is wholly or significantly
 supported on a continuously generated cushion or "bubble" of air at
 higher than ambient pressure. Also known as ACV. (Note: NATO uses the
 term "ground effect machine".)

 air data computer - See central air data computer.

 air defense - (DOD, IADB) All defensive measures designed to destroy
 attacking enemy aircraft or missiles in the earth's envelope of
 atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack.
 See also active air defense; passive air defense.

 air defense - (NATO) All measures designed to nullify or reduce
 the effectiveness of hostile air action. See also active air defense;
 passive air defense.

 air defense action area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area and the airspace
 above it within which friendly aircraft or surface-to-air weapons are
 normally given precedence in operations except under  specified
 conditions. See also air defense operations area.

 air defense area - (DOD, IADB) 1. overseas - A specifically defined
 airspace for which air defense must be planned and provided. 2. United
 States - Airspace of defined dimensions designated by the appropriate
 agency within which the ready control of airborne vehicles is required
 in the interest of national security during an air defense emergency.

 air defense area - (NATO) A specifically defined airspace for which air
 defense must be planned and provided.

 air defense artillery - (DOD, IADB) Weapons and equipment for
 actively combatting air targets from the ground.

 air defense battle zone: (DOD, IADB) A volume of airspace
 surrounding an air defense fire unit or defended area, extending to a
 specified altitude and range, in which the fire unit commander will
 engage and destroy targets not identified as friendly under criteria
 established by higher headquarters.

 air defense command - (NATO) The authority and responsibility for the
 air defense of a designated area.

 air defense commander: (NATO) A duly a-pointed commander
 responsible for the air defense of a designated area.

 air defense control center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The principal
 information, communications and operations center from which all
 aircraft, antiaircraft operations, air defense artillery, guided
 missiles and air warning functions of a specific area of air defense
 responsibility are supervised and coordinated. See also  combat
 information center.

 air defense direction center: (DOD, IADB) An installation having
 the capability of performing air surveillance, interception control,
 and direction of allocated air defense weapons within an assigned
 sector of responsibility. It may also have an identification
 capability.

 air defense division - DOD, IADB) A geographic subdivision of an air
 defense region. See also air defense sector.

 air defense early warning - See early warning.

 air defense emergency - DOD, IADB) An emergency condition,
 declared by either the Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense
 Command or Commander in Chief, Aerospace Defense Command, that exists
 when attack upon the continental United States, Alaska, Canada, or
 United States installations in Greenland by hostile aircraft or missiles
 is considered probable, is imminent, or is taking place.

 air defense ground environment - (DOD, NATO) The network of
 ground radar sites and command and control centers within a specific
 theater of operations which are used for the tactical control of air
 defense operations.

 air defense identification zone - (DOD, IADB) Airspace of defined
 dimensions within which the ready identification, location, and control
 of airborne vehicles are required. Commonly referred to as ADIZ. See
 also air defense operations area.

 air defense identification zone - (NATO) Airspace of defined
 dimensions within which the ready identification, location, and control
 of aircraft is required. See also air defense operations area.

 air defense operations area - (DOD, IADB) An area and the airspace above
 it within which procedures are established to minimize  mutual
 interference between air defense and other operations; it may include
 designation of one or more of the following: air defense action area,
 air defense identification zone, and/or fire-power umbrella. See also
 air defense action area; air defense identification zone; fire-power
 umbrella; positive identification and radar advisory zone.

 air defense operations area: (NATO) A gee graphical area
 defining the boundaries within which procedures are established to
 minimize interference between air defense and other operations and which
 may include designation of one or more of the following: a. Air defense
 action area; b. Air defense area; c. Air defense identification zone;
 d. Fire power umbrella.

 air defense operations team - DOD) A team of United States Air Force
 ground environment personnel assigned to certain allied air defense
 control and warning units/elements.

 air defense readiness - (DOD, IADB) An operational status requiring air
 defense forces to maintain higher than ordinary preparedness for a short
 period of time.

 air defense region - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A geographical subdivision
 of an air defense area.

 air defense sector - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A geographical subdivision of an
 air defense region. See also air defense division.

 air defense ship - (NATO, IADB) The ship detailed to  assume
 responsibility for air defense.

 air defense suppression - (DOD) In air operations, actions taken
 to degrade fixed and mobile surface-based components of enemy air
 defense systems so that offensive air forces may effectively attack a
 target.

 air defense warning conditions - (DOD, IADB) A degree of air raid
 probability according to the following code. The term air defense
 division/sector referred to herein may include forces and units afloat
 and/or deployed to forward areas, as applicable. Air defense warning
 yellow-attack by hostile aircraft and/or missiles is probable. This
 means that hostile aircraft and/or missiles are en route toward an air
 defense division/sector, or unknown aircraft and/or missiles suspected
 to be hostile are en route toward or are within an air defense
 division/sector. Air defense warning red-attack by hostile aircraft
 and/or missiles is imminent or is in progress. This means that hostile
 aircraft and/or missiles are within an air defense division/sector or
 are in the immediate vicinity of an air defense division/sector with
 high probability of entering the division/ sector. Air defense warning
 white-attack by hostile aircraft and/or missiles is improbable. May be
 called either before or after air defense warning yellow or red. The
 initial declaration of air defense emergency will automatically
 establish a condition of air defense warning other than white for
 purposes of security control of air traffic.

 air delivery - See airdrop; air landed; air movement; air supply.

 air delivery container - (DOD, IADB) A sling, bag, or roll, usually of
 canvas or webbing, designed to hold supplies and equipment for air
 delivery.

 air delivery equipment - (DOD, IADB) Special items of equipment, such
 as parachutes, air delivery containers, platforms, tie downs, and
 related items used in air delivery of personnel, supplies and equipment.

 air dispatcher (cargo) - (IADB) A person trained in the ejection
 of cargo from aircraft in flight.

 air division - (DOD) A unit or its headquarters, on a level of
 command above wing level, composed of two or more combat wings, but
 sometimes adapted to other organizational structures.

 airdrop - (DOD, IADB) The unloading of personnel or material
 from aircraft in flight. See also air movement; free drop; free fall;
 high-velocity drop; low-velocity drop.

 airdrop - (NATO) Delivery of personnel or cargo from aircraft
 in flight. See also air movement; free drop; high-velocity drop; low
 velocity drop.

 airdrop platform - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A base on which vehicles,
 cargo, or equipment are loaded for airdrop or low-altitude extraction.
 See also airdrop.

 air employment/allocation plan - (DOD) The means by which subordinate
 commanders  advise  the  joint  force  commander  of  planned
 employment/allocation of organic or assigned assets of any expected
 excess sorties, or of any additional air support requirements.

 air evacuation - (NATO, IADB) Evacuation by aircraft of personnel
 and cargo.

 air facility - (DOD, IADB) An installation from which air operations may
 be or are being conducted. See also facility.

 airfield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area prepared for the accommodation
 (including any buildings, installations, and equipment), landing and
 take-off of aircraft. See also alternative airfield; departure airfield;
 landing area; landing point; landing site; landing zone; main airfield;
 redeployment airfield; regroup airfield.

 airfield damage repair - (NATO) The range of activities required
 to restore the operational capability of an airfield after non-nuclear
 attack, including: a. Reconnaissance to assess the damage and essential
 recuperative work; b. Explosive ordnance disposal; c. Restoration of
 minimum operating surfaces, including aircraft maneuvering areas and
 access tracks; d. Restoration of services and facilities essential for
 the conduct of air operations. Also called ADR.

 airfield traffic - (DOD, NATO, IADB) All traffic on the maneuvering area
 of an airfield and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an airfield.

 air fire plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan for integrating and coordinating
 tactical air support of ground forces with other fire support.

 Air Force base - DOD) An air base for support of Air Force units
 consisting of landing strips and all components or related
 facilities for which the Air Force has operating responsibility,
 together with interior lines of communications and the minimal
 surrounding area required for local security. (Normally, not greater
 than an area of 20 square miles.) See also base complex.

 Air Force Component Headquarters - DOD) The field headquarters
 facility of the Air Force commander charged with the overall conduct of
 Air Force operations. It is composed of the command section and
 appropriate staff elements.

 airframe - (DOD, IADB) 1. The structural components of an airplane,
 including the framework and skin of such parts as the fuselage,
 empennage, wings, landing gear (minus tires), and engine mounts. 2.
 The framework, envy lope, and cabin of an airship. 3. The assembled
 principal structural components, less propulsion system, control,
 electronic equipment, and payload, of a missile.

 air freighting - (NATO) The nontactical movement of cargo by air.

 air ground operations system: (DOD, NATO, IADB) An Army/Air
 Force system providing the ground commander with the means for
 receiving, processing and forwarding the requests of subordinate ground
 commanders for air support missions and for the rapid dissemination of
 information and intelligence.

 airhead - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A designated area in a hostile or
 threatened territory which, when seized and held, insures the
 continuous air landing of troops and material and provides the maneuver
 space necessary for projected operations. Normally it is the area
 seized in the assault phase of an airborne operation. 2. A designated
 location in an area of operations used as a base for supply and
 evacuation by air. See also beachhead; bridgehead.

 air intercept control common - DOD) A tactical air-to-ground
 radio frequency, monitored by all air intercept control facilities
 within an area, which is used as a backup for other discrete tactical
 control frequencies.

 air interception - DOD, IADB) To effect visual or electronic contact by
 a friendly aircraft with another aircraft. Normally, the air intercept
 is conducted in the following five phases: a. climb phase - Airborne
 to cruising altitude. b. maneuver phase - Receipt of initial vector
 to target until beginning transition to attack speed and altitude.
 c. transition phase - Increase or decrease of speed and altitude
 required for the attack. d. attack phase - Turn to attack heading,
 acquire target, complete attack, and turn to breakaway heading.
 e. recovery phase - Breakaway to landing. See also broadcast
 controlled air interception; close controlled air interception.

 air interception - (NATO) An operation by which aircraft effect
 visual or electronic contact with other aircraft.

 air intercept zone - (DOD, IADB) A subdivided part of the destruction
 area in which it is planned to destroy or defeat the enemy airborne
 threat with interceptor aircraft. See also destruction area.

 air interdiction - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Air operations conducted
 to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy's military potential before
 it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such
 distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air
 mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required.
 See also interdict.

 air landed - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Moved by air and disembarked,
 or unloaded, after the aircraft has landed or while a helicopter is
 hovering. See also air movement.

 air-launched ballistic missile - (DOD, IADB) A ballistic missile
 launched from an airborne vehicle.

 air liaison officer - (DOD, IADB) An officer (aviator/pilot)
 attached to a ground unit who functions as the primary advisor to the
 ground commander on air operation matters.

 air liaison officer - (NATO) A tactical air force or naval aviation
 officer attached to a ground or naval unit or formation as the advisor
 on tactical air operation matters. See also ground liaison officer.

 airlift capability - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The total capacity expressed in
 terms of number of passengers and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo
 that can be carried at any one time to a given destination by the
 available air transport service. See also airlift requirement; allowable
 cabin load; allowable cargo load; payload.

 airlift control center - (DOD) An operations center where the
 detailed planning, coordinating, and tasking for tactical airlift
 operations are accomplished. This is the focal point for communications
 and the source of control and direction for the tactical airlift forces.
 Also called ALCC.

 airlift requirement - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The total number of passengers
 and/or weight/ cubic displacement of cargo required to be carried by air
 for a specific task. See also airlift capability.

 airlift service - (DOD, IADB) The performance or procurement
 of air transportation and services incident thereto required for the
 movement of persons, cargo, mail, or other goods.

 air logistic support - (DOD, IADB) Support by air landing or
 airdrop, including air supply, movement of personnel, evacuation of
 casualties and prisoners of war, and recovery of equipment and vehicles.

 air logistic support operation - (DOD, NATO) An air operation,
 excluding an airborne operation, conducted within a theater to
 distribute and recover personnel, equipment and sub plies.

 airmiss - See near miss.

 air mission - See mission.

 air mission intelligence report - (DOD, IADB) A detailed report
 of the results of an air mission, including a complete intelligence
 account of the mission.

 airmobile forces - (DOD, NATO) The ground combat, supporting
 and air vehicle units required to conduct an airmobile operation.

 airmobile operation - (NATO) An operation in which combat forces
 and their equipment maneuver about the battlefield in helicopters under
 the control of a ground force commander to engage in ground combat.

 airmobile operations - (DOD, IADB) Operations in which combat forces and
 their equipment move about the battlefield in air vehicles under the
 control of a ground force commander to engage in ground combat.

 airmobility - DOD, NATO) A capability of airmobile forces
 which permits them to move by air vehicles while retaining the ability
 to engage in ground combat.

 air movement - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Air transport of units, personnel,
 supplies and equipment including airdrops and air landings. See also
 airdrop; free drop; high velocity drop; low velocity drop.

 air movement column - DOD, IADB) In airborne operations, the lead
 formation and the serials following, proceeding over the same
 flight path at the same altitude.

 air movement officer: (NATO) An officer trained for duties in air
 movement/traffic sections.

 air movement section - See air movement traffic section.

 air movement table - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A table prepared by a ground
 force commander in coordination with an air force commander. This form,
 issued as an annex to the operation order: a. Indicates the allocation
 of aircraft space to elements of the ground units to be airlifted;
 b. Designates the number and type of aircraft in each serial;
 c. Specifies the departure area, time of loading and take-off.

 air movement traffic section - (NATO) A section located on those
 airfields which serve transport aircraft. It is responsible for
 the loading and unloading of aircraft and for the handling of
 passengers, mail and material.

 air observation - See air observer.

 air observation post - See observation post.

 air observer - DOD, NATO, IADB) An individual whose primary mission is
 to observe or take photographs from an aircraft in order to adjust
 artillery fire or obtain military information.

 air observer adjustment - (DOD) The correcting of gunfire from
 an aircraft. See also spot.

 air offensive - DOD, IADB) Sustained operations by strategic and/or
 tactical air weapon systems against hostile air forces or surface
 targets.

 air operations center - See tactical air control center.

 air photographic reconnaissance - DOD, NATO, IADB) The obtaining
 of information by air photography, divided into three types: a.
 Strategic photographic reconnaissance; b. Tactical photographic
 reconnaissance; and c.  Survey/cartographic photography - air
 photography taken for survey/cartographical purposes and to survey/
 cartographic standards of accuracy. It may be strategic or tactical.

 air picket - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airborne early warning aircraft
 positioned primarily to detect, report and track approaching enemy
 aircraft or missiles and to control intercepts. See also airborne early
 warning and control.

 air plot - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A continuous plot used in air
 navigation of a graphic representation of true headings steered and air
 distances flown. 2. A continuous plot of the position of an airborne
 object represented graphically to show true headings steered and air
 distances flown. 3. Within ships, a display that shows the positions
 and movements of an airborne object relative to the plotting ship.

 air policing: (NATO) The use of interceptor aircraft, in peacetime,
 for the purpose of pro serving the integrity of a specified airspace.

 airport - See airfield.

 air portable - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Denotes material which is suitable for
 transport by an aircraft loaded internally or externally, with no more
 than minor dismantling and reassembling within the capabilities of user
 units. This term must be qualified to show the extent of air
 portability.

 airport surface detection equipment - (DOD) Short-range radar
 displaying the airport surface. Aircraft and vehicular traffic operating
 on runways, taxiways, and ramps, moving or stationary, may be observed
 with a high degree of resolution.

 airport surveillance radar - (DOD, IADB) Radar displaying range
 and azimuth that is normally employed in a terminal area as an aid to
 approach and departure control.

 airport traffic area - (DOD) Unless otherwise specifically designated,
 that airspace within a horizontal radius of five statute miles from the
 geographic center of any airport at which a control tower is operating,
 extending from the surface up to, but not including, an altitude of
 3,000 feet above the elevation of the airport.

 air position - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The calculated position of an
 aircraft assuming no wind effect.

 air priorities committee - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A committee set up to
 determine the priorities of passengers and cargo. See also air
 transport allocations board.

 air raid reporting control ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A ship to which
 the air defense ship has delegated the duties of controlling air
 warning radar and air raid reporting.

 air reconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) The acquisition of intelligence
 information by employing visual observation and/or sensors in air
 vehicles.

 air reconnaissance - (NATO) The collection of information of
 intelligence interest either by visual observation from the air or
 through the use of airborne sensors. See also reconnaissance.

 air reconnaissance liaison officer - (DOD) An Army officer specially
 trained in air reconnaissance and imagery interpretation matters who is
 attached to a tactical air reconnaissance unit. This officer assists and
 advises the air commander and staff on matters concerning ground
 operations and informs the sub ported ground commander on the status of
 air reconnaissance requests.

 air route - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The navigable airspace between two
 points, identified to the extent necessary for the application of
 flight rules.

 air route traffic control center - (DOD) The principal facility
 exercising en route control of aircraft operating under instrument
 flight rules within its area of jurisdiction. Approximately 26 such
 centers cover the United States and its possessions. Each has a
 communication capability to adjacent centers.

 airspace control - (NATO) A service provided in the combat zone
 to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the safe, efficient,
 and flexible use of airspace. Airspace control is provided in order to
 permit greater flexibility of operations, while authority to approve,
 disapprove, or deny combat operations is vested only in the operational
 commander.

 airspace control area - (DOD, NATO) Airspace which is laterally
 defined by the boundaries of the area of operations. The airspace
 control area may be subdivided into airspace control sub-areas.

 airspace control authority - (DOD, NATO) The commander designated
 to assume overall responsibility for the operation of the airspace
 control system in the airspace control area.

 airspace control boundary - (DOD, NATO) The lateral limits of
 an airspace control area, airspace control sub-area, high density
 airspace control zone, or airspace restricted area.

 airspace control system - (DOD, NATO) An arrangement of those
 organizations, personnel, policies, procedures and facilities required
 to perform airspace control functions.

 airspace management - (DOD) The coordination, integration, and
 regulation of the use of airspace of defined dimensions.

 airspace reservation - (DOD, IADB) The airspace located above an area
 on the surface of the land or water, designated and set apart by
 Executive Order of the President or by a state, commonwealth, or
 territory, over which the flight of aircraft is prohibited or restricted
 for the purpose of national defense or for other governmental purposes.

 airspace restrictions - (DOD, NATO) Special restrictive measures
 applied to segments of airspace of defined dimensions.

 air space warning area - See danger area.

 airspeed - (DOD, IADB) The speed of an aircraft relative to its
 surrounding air mass. The unqualified term "airspeed" can mean any
 one of the following: a. calibrated airspeed - Indicated airspeed
 corrected for instrument installation error. b. equivalent airspeed -
 Calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility error. c. indicated
 airspeed-The airspeed shown by an airspeed indicator. d. true
 airspeed - Equivalent airspeed corrected for error due to air density
 (altitude and temperature).

 airspeed indicator - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which displays the
 indicated airspeed of the aircraft derived from inputs of pitot and
 static pressures.

 air spot - (DOD, IADB) The correcting adjustment of gunfire
 based on air observation.

 air staging unit - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit situated at an
 airfield and concerned with reception, handling, servicing  and
 preparation for departure of aircraft and control of personnel and
 cargo.

 air station (photogrammetry) - (IADB) The point in space occupied
 by the camera lens at the moment of exposure.

 air station - (DOD, NATO) In photogrammetry, the point in space
 occupied by the camera lens at the moment of exposure.

 air strike - (DOD, IADB) An attack on specific objectives by fighter,
 bomber, or attack aircraft on an offensive mission. May consist of
 several air organizations under a single command in the air.

 air strike coordinator - (DOD, IADB) The air representative of the
 force commander in a target area, who is responsible for directing
 all aircraft in the target area and coordinating their efforts to
 achieve the most effective use of air striking power.

 air strip - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An unimproved surface which has been
 adapted for take-off or landing of aircraft, usually having
 minimum facilities. See also airfield.

 air superiority - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That degree of dominance in the
 airbattle of one force over another which permits the conduct of
 operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a
 given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing
 force.

 air supply - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The delivery of cargo by airdrop
 or air landing.

 air support - (DOD, NATO, IADB) All forms of support given by
 air forces on land or sea. See also call mission; close air support;
 immediate air support; indirect air support; preplanned air support;
 tactical air support.

 air support operations center - (DOD, NATO) An agency of a tactical air
 control system collocated with a corps headquarters or an appropriate
 land force headquarters, which coordinates and directs close air support
 and other tactical air support. See also tactical air control center.

 air support radar team - (DOD, IADB) A subordinate operational
 component of a tactical air control system which provides ground
 controlled precision flight path guidance and weapons release. See also
 armstrong.

 air supremacy - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That degree of air superiority
 wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference.

 air surface zone - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A restricted area established for
 the purpose of preventing friendly surface vessels and aircraft from
 being fired upon by friendly forces and for permitting antisubmarine
 operations, unrestricted by the operation of friendly submarines. See
 also restricted area.

 air surveillance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The systematic observation
 of air space by electronic, visual or other means, primarily for the
 purpose of identifying and determining the movements of aircraft and
 missiles, friendly and enemy, in the air space under observation. See
 also satellite and missile surveillance; surveillance.

 air surveillance officer - (DOD, NATO) An individual responsible
 for coordinating and maintaining an accurate, current picture of the air
 situation within an assigned airspace area.

 air surveillance plotting board - (NATO) A gridded, small scale,
 air defense map of an appropriate area. It is maintained at the air
 control center. On it are posted current locations, number, and
 altitudes of all friendly or enemy aircraft within range of radar or
 ground observer facilities.

 air survey camera - See air cartographic camera.

 air survey photography - See air cartographic photography.

 air target chart - (DOD) A display of pertinent air target intelligence
 on a specialized graphic base. It is designed primarily to support
 operations against designated air targets by various weapon systems.

 air target materials program - (DOD) A DOD program established
 for the production of medium- and large-scale target materials and
 related items in support of long-range, worldwide requirements of the
 unified and specified commands, the military departments, and allied
 participants. It is under the management control of the Defense
 Intelligence Agency and encompasses the determination of production and
 coverage requirements, standardization of products, establishment of
 production priorities and schedules, and the production, distribution,
 storage, and release/exchange of the air target materials items and
 related products.

 air target mosaic - (DOD) A large-scale mosaic providing photographic
 coverage of an area and permitting comprehensive portrayal of pertinent
 target detail. These mosaics are used for intelligence study and in
 planning and briefing for air operations.

 air terminal - (DOD, IADB) A facility on an airfield that functions as
 an air transportation hub and accommodates the loading and unloading of
 airlift aircraft and the intransit processing of traffic. The airfield
 may or may not be designated an aerial port.

 air terminal - (NATO) An installation on an airfield with facilities
 for loading and unloading aircraft and processing traffic (passengers,
 cargo, and mail).

 air-to-air guided missile - (DOD, NATO) An air-launched guided missile
 for use against air targets.

 air-to-surface guided missile - (DOD, NATO) An air-launched guided
 missile for use against surface targets.

 air traffic control center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit combining the
 functions of an area control center and a flight information center.
 See also area control center; flight information region.

 air traffic control clearance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Authorization
 by an air traffic control authority for an aircraft to proceed under
 specified conditions.

 air traffic controller: (DOD) An air controller especially trained
 for and assigned to the duty of airspace management and traffic
 control of airborne objects. See also air controller.

 air traffic control service - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A service provided for
 the purpose of: a. preventing collisions: (1) between aircraft; and
 (2) on the maneuvering area between aircraft and obstructions; and
 b. expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

 air traffic identification - (DOD) The use of electronic devices,
 operational procedures, visual observation, and/or flight plan
 correlation for the purpose of identifying and locating aircraft flying
 within the airspace control area.

 air traffic section - (DOD, IADB) The link between the staging
 post and the local air priority committee. It is the key to the
 efficient handling of passengers and cargo at a staging post. It must
 include load control (including Customs and Immigrations facilities),
 freight, and mail sections.

 air transportable unit - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit other than airborne,
 whose equipment is adapted for air movement. See also airborne;
 airborne operation.

 air transport allocations board - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The joint
 agency responsible within the theater for the establishment of airlift
 priorities and for space allocation of available aircraft capabilities
 allotted to the theater. See also air priorities committee.

 air transported force - (NATO) A force which is moved by air.
 See also force(s).

 air transported operations - (DOD, IADB) The movement by aircraft
 of troops and their equipment for an operation.

 air transport liaison officer - (DOD, NATO) An officer attached
 for air transport liaison duties to a headquarters or unit. See also
 ground liaison officer.

 air transport liaison section - (DOD, NATO) A subunit of the
 movement control organization deployed to airfields and responsible for
 the control of service movement at the airfield in connection with air
 movement operations and exercises.

 air transport operations - See strategic air transport operations;
 tactical air transport operations.

 air trooping: (NATO) The nontactical air movement of personnel. See
 also air movement.

 airway - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A control area or portion thereof
 established in the form of a corridor marked with radio navigational
 aids.

 airways station - (DOD, IADB) A ground communication established,
 manned, and equipped to communicate with aircraft in flight, as well
 as with other designated airways installations, for the purpose of
 expeditious and safe movements of aircraft. These stations may or may
 not be located on designated airways.

 air weapons controller - (DOD, IADB) An individual especially
 trained for and assigned to the duty of employing and controlling air
 weapon systems against airborne and surface objects.

 alert - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Readiness for action, defense or
 protection. 2. A warning signal of a real or threatened danger, such
 as an air attack. 3. The period of time during which troops stand by
 in response to an alarm. 4. To forewarn; to prepare for action. See
 also airborne alert. (DOD) 5. A warning received by a unit or a
 headquarters which forewarns of an impending operational mission. See
 also air defense warning conditions; ground alert; warning order.

 alert force - (DOD, IADB) Specified forces maintained in a special
 degree of readiness.

 alerting service - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A service provided to notify
 appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and
 rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

 alighting area - (NATO) A specified surface, reserved to vehicles
 that depend upon water surfaces for their landing.

 alignment - (NATO) 1. The bearing of two or more conspicuous objects
 (such as lights, beacons, etc.) as seen by an observer. 2.
 Representation of a road, railway, etc., on a map or chart in
 relation to surrounding topographic detail.

 all available - (DOD) A command or request to obtain the fire
 of all artillery able to deliver effective fire on a given target.

 allied commander - See NATO commander.
 allocation - (DOD, IADB) The translation of the apportionment into
 total numbers of sorties by aircraft type available for each
 operation/ task.

 allocation - (NATO) 1. The translation of the apportionment into total
 numbers of sorties by aircraft type available for each operation/task.
 2. In nuclear warfare planning, the specific numbers and types of
 nuclear weapons allocated to a commander for a stated time period as a
 planning factor only.

 allocation (nuclear) - DOD, IADB) The apportionment of specific
 numbers and types of nuclear weapons to a commander for a stated time
 period as a planning factor for use in the development of war plans.
 (Additional authority is required for the actual deployment of allocated
 weapons to locations desired by the commander to support his war plans.
 Expenditures of these weapons are not authorized until released by
 proper authority.)

 allocation (transportation): (DOD, IADB) Apportionment by designated
 authority of available transport capability to users.

 allotment - (DOD, NATO) The temporary change of assignment of
 tactical air forces between subordinate commands. The authority to allot
 is vested in the commander having operational command.

 all out war - (DOD) Not to be used. See general war.

 allowable load - (DOD, NATO) The total load that an aircraft
 can transport over a given distance taking into account weight and
 volume. See also load.

 all-purpose hand-held weapon - (DOD, IADB) A lightweight, hand-held,
 small arms weapon capable of projecting munitions required to engage
 both area and point-type targets.

 all-weather air defense fighter - (DOD, NATO) A fighter aircraft with
 equipment and weapons which enable it to engage airborne targets in all
 weather conditions, day and night.

 all-weather fighter - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A fighter aircraft with
 radar devices and other special equipment which enable it to intercept
 its target in dark or daylight weather conditions which do not permit
 visual interception.

 alphabet code - See phonetic alphabet.

 alternate airfield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airfield specified in the
 flight plan to which a flight may proceed when a landing at the
 intended destination becomes inadvisable. An alternate airfield may be
 the airfield of departure.

 alternate command authority - (DOD, IADB) One or more predesignated
 officers empowered by the commander through predelegation of authority
 to act under stipulated emergency conditions in the accomplishment of
 previously defined functions.

 alternate command post - (DOD, IADB) Any location designated by a
 commander to assume command post functions in the event the command
 post becomes inoperative. It may be partially or fully equipped and
 manned or it may be the command post of a subordinate unit.

 alternate escort operating base: (NATO) A base providing the facilities
 and activities required for the support of escort units for short
 periods of time.

 alternate headquarters - (DOD) An existing headquarters of a
 component or subordinate command which is predesignated to assume the
 responsibilities and functions of another headquarters under prescribed
 emergency conditions.

 alternate water terminal - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A water terminal with
 facilities for berthing from two to five ships simultaneously at
 wharves and/or working anchorages, located within sheltered coastal
 waters, adjacent to reliable highway and/or rail transportation nets.
 It covers a relatively small area and is located away from population
 centers. The scope of operation is such that it is not designated a
 probable nuclear target. See also water terminal.

 alternative airfield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airfield with minimal
 essential facilities for use as an emergency landing ground, or when
 main or redeployment airfields are out of action, or as required for
 tactical flexibility. See also airfield.

 altimeter - (DOD, NATO) 1. Barometric altimeter - An instrument which
 displays the height of the aircraft above a specified pressure datum.
 The datum may be varied by setting the specified pressure on a sub
 scale on the instrument. 2. Barometric altimeter reversionary - An
 altimeter in which the indication is normally derived electrically
 from an external source (central air data computer or altitude,
 computer) but which, in case of failure or by manual selection, can
 revert to a pneumatic drive. 3. Cabin pressure altimeter - An
 instrument which measures the pressure within an aircraft cabin and
 gives an indication in terms of height according to the chosen standard
 atmosphere. 4. Radar altimeter - See radio altimeter. 5. Radio
 altimeter - An instrument which displays the distance between an
 aircraft datum and the surface vertically below as determined by a
 reflected radio/radar transmission.

 altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The vertical distance of a level, a
 point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea
 level. See also absolute altitude; critical altitude; density altitude;
 drop altitude; elevation; height; high altitude; minimum safe altitude;
 pressure altitude; transition altitude; true altitude.

 altitude acclimatization - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A slow physiological
 adaptation resulting from prolonged exposure to significantly reduced
 atmospheric pressure.

 altitude chamber - See hypobaric chamber.

 altitude datum - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The arbitrary level from which
 vertical displacement is measured. The datum for height measurement
 is the terrain directly below the aircraft or some specified datum;
 for pressure altitude, the level at which the atmospheric pressure is
 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2 m.bs); and for true altitude, mean sea
 level.

 altitude delay - (DOD, NATO) Synchronization delay introduced between
 the time of transmission of the radar pulse and the start of the trace
 on the indicator, for the purpose of eliminating the altitude hole on
 the plan position indicator-type display.

 altitude height - See altitude datum.

 altitude hold - (DOD, NATO) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which the barometric altitude existing at time of engagement
 is maintained automatically.

 altitude hole - (DOD, NATO) The blank area at the origin of a radial
 display, on a radar tube presentation, the center of the periphery of
 which represents the point on the ground immediately below the
 aircraft. In side looking airborne radar, this is known as the
 altitude slot.

 altitude separation - See vertical separation.

 altitude sickness - DOD, IADB) The syndrome of depression, anorexia,
 nausea, vomiting, and collapse, due to decreased atmospheric pressure,
 occurring in an individual exposed to an altitude beyond that to which
 acclimatization has occurred.

 altitude slot - See altitude hole.

 altitude tint - See hypsometric tinting.

 ambulatory patient - See walking patient.

 ammo (plus, minus, zero): (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning I
 have amount of ammunition indicated left (type may be specified.
 For example: ammo plus - I have more than half my ammunition left.
 ammo minus - I have less than half my ammunition left. ammo zero -
 I have no ammunition left.

 ammunition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A device charged with explosives,
 propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating  composition,  or  nuclear,
 biological, or chemical material for use in connection with defense or
 offense, including demolitions. Certain ammunition can be used for
 training, ceremonial, or nonoperational purposes. See also chemical
 ammunition; fixed ammunition; semi-fixed ammunition; separate loading
 ammunition.

 ammunition and toxic material open space - DOD, NATO, IADB) An area
 especially pro pared for storage of explosive ammunition and toxic
 material. For reporting purposes, it does not include the surrounding
 area restricted for storage because of safety distance factors. It
 includes barricades and improvised coverings. See also Storage.

 ammunition controlled supply rate - (DOD) In Army usage, the
 amount of ammunition estimated to be available to sustain operations of
 a designated force for a specified time if expenditures are controlled
 at that rate. It is expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for
 ammunition items fired by weapons, and in terms of units of measure per
 organization per day for bulk allotment ammunition items. Tactical
 commanders use this rate to control expenditures of ammunition during
 tactical operations at planned intervals. It is issued through command
 channels at each level. It is determined based on consideration of the
 required supply rates submitted by sub ordinate commanders and
 ammunition assets available.

 ammunition supply point - See distribution point.

 amphibious assault - (DOD, NATO) The principal type of amphibious
 operation which involves establishing a force on a hostile shore.
 amphibious assault area - See landing area.

 amphibious assault landing - See amphibious operation, Part e.

 amphibious assault ship (general purpose) - (DOD) A naval ship
 designed to embark, deploy, and land elements of a landing force in an
 assault by helicopters, landing craft, amphibious vehicles, and by
 combinations of these methods. Designated LHA.

 amphibious chart - (DOD, NATO) A special naval chart designed to meet
 special requirements for landing operations and passive coastal defense,
 at a scale of 1:25,000 or larger, and showing foreshore and coastal
 information in greater detail than a combat chart.

 amphibious command ship: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A naval ship from
 which a commander exercises control in amphibious operations. DOD
 designated as LCC.

 amphibious control group - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Personnel, ships,
 and craft designated to control the waterborne ship-to-shore movement
 in an amphibious operation.

 amphibious demonstration - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of amphibious
 operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy by a show of
 force with the expectation of deluding the enemy into a course of
 action unfavorable to him.

 amphibious force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A naval force and landing
 force, together with supporting forces that are trained, organized
 and equipped for amphibious operations. 2. In naval usage, the
 administrative title of the amphibious type command of a fleet.

 amphibious group - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A command within the amphibious
 force, consisting of the commander and his staff, designed to exercise
 operational command of assigned units in executing all phases of a
 division-size amphibious operation.

 amphibious lift - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The total capacity of assault
 shipping utilized in an amphibious operation, expressed in terms of
 personnel, vehicles, and measurement or weight tons of supplies.

 amphibious objective area - (DOD, NATO) A geographical area,
 delineated in the initiating directive, for purposes of command and
 control within which is located the objective(s) to be secured by the
 amphibious task force. This area must be of sufficient size to ensure
 accomplishment of the amphibious task force's mission and must provide
 sufficient area for conducting necessary sea, air and land operations.

 amphibious objective study:- (DOD) A study designed to provide
 basic intelligence data of a permanent or semipermanent nature required
 for planning amphibious operations. Each study deals with a specific
 area the selection of which is based on  strategic  location,
 susceptibility to seizure by amphibious means, and other considerations.

 amphibious operation - DOD, IADB) An attack launched from the sea by
 naval and landing forces, embarked in ships or craft involving a
 landing on a hostile shore. As an entity, the amphibious operation
 includes the following phases: a. planning - The period extending from
 issuance of the  initiating directive to embarkation. b. embarkation -
 The period during which the forces, with their equipment and supplies,
 are embarked in the assigned shipping. c. rehearsal - The period during
 which the prospective operation is rehearsed for the purpose of:
 (1) testing adequacy of plans, the timing of detailed operations, and
 the combat readiness of participating forces; (2) insuring that all
 echelons are familiar with plans; and (3) testing communications.
 d. movement - The period during which various components of the
 amphibious task force move from points of embarkation to the objective
 area. e. assault - The period between the arrival of the major assault
 forces of the amphibious task force in the objective area and the
 accomplishment of the amphibious task force mission.

 amphibious operation - (NATO) An operation launched from the sea by
 naval and landing forces against a hostile or potentially hostile
 shore. See also amphibious assault; amphibious demonstration;
 amphibious raid; amphibious withdrawal.

 amphibious raid - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A limited type of amphibious
 operation; a landing from the sea on a hostile shore involving swift
 incursion into, or a temporary occupancy of, an objective, followed by
 a planned withdrawal.

 amphibious reconnaissance - DOD, NATO, IADB) An amphibious landing
 conducted by minor elements, normally involving stealth rather than
 force of arms, for the purpose of securing information, and usually
 followed by a planned withdrawal.

 amphibious reconnaissance unit - (DOD) A unit organized, equipped, and
 trained to conduct and support amphibious reconnaissance missions. An
 amphibious reconnaissance unit is made up of a number of amphibious
 reconnaissance teams.

 amphibious shipping - (DOD, IADB) Organic Navy ships specifically
 designed to transport, land, and support landing forces in amphibious
 assault operations and capable of being loaded or unloaded by naval
 personnel without external assistance in the amphibious objective area.

 amphibious squadron - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A tactical and administrative
 organization composed of amphibious assault shipping to transport troops
 and their equipment for an amphibious assault operation.

 amphibious striking forces - (DOD, IADB) Forces capable of projecting
 military power from the sea upon adjacent land areas for initiating
 and/or conducting operations there in the face of enemy opposition.

 amphibious tractor - See amphibious vehicle.

 amphibious transport dock - (DOD, IADB) A ship designed to transport
 and land troops, equipment, and supplies by means of embarked landing
 craft, amphibious vehicles, and helicopters. Designated as LPD.

 amphibious transport group - (DOD, NATO) A subdivision of an
 amphibious task force, composed primarily of transport ships.

 amphibious vehicle - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A wheeled or tracked vehicle
 capable of operating on both land and water. See also landing craft;
 vehicle.

 amphibious vehicle availability table - (DOD, IADB) A tabulation
 of the type and number of amphibious vehicles available primarily for
 assault landings and for support of other elements of the operation.

 amphibious vehicle employment plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan showing in
 tabular form the planned employment of amphibious vehicles in landing
 operations, including their employment after the initial movement to the
 beach.

 amphibious vehicle launching area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area, in the
 vicinity of and to seaward of the line of departure, to which landing
 ships proceed and launch amphibious vehicles.

 amphibious withdrawal - (DOD, NATO) An operation involving the
 withdrawal of land forces by sea in naval ships or craft from a
 hostile shore.

 amplifying report - See contact report.

 analysis - (DOD, IADB) A stage in the intelligence cycle in which
 information is subjected to review in order to identify significant
 facts and derive conclusions there from. See also intelligence cycle.

 analysis staff - See central analysis team.

 anchor - See sinker.

 anchor cable - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air transport, a cable in an
 aircraft to which the parachute static lines or strops are attached.

 anchored - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Am orbiting a
 visible orbit point."

 anchor line extension kit - (DOD, NATO) A device fitted to an aircraft
 equipped with removable clamshell doors to enable paratroopers to exit
 from the rear.

 ancillary facilities - (DOD, NATO) Those facilities required to
 supplement existing facilities at any particular location to provide
 specific minimum requirements for support of the reinforcing forces.

 angels - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept and close air support,
 a code meaning aircraft altitude (in thousands of feet).

 angle of convergence - (DOD, NATO) The angle subtended by the
 eyebase of an observer at the point of focus. Also called angular
 parallax; parallactic angle.

 angle of depression - (DOD, NATO) 1. The angle in a vertical plane
 between the horizontal and a descending line. 2. In air photography,
 the angle between the optical axis of an obliquely mounted air camera
 and the horizontal. See also tilt angle.

 angle of safety - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The minimal permissible angular
 clearance, at the gun, of the path of a projectile above the friendly
 troops. It is the angle of clearance corrected to insure the safety of
 the troops.

 angle of view - (DOD, NATO) 1. The angle between two rays passing
 through the perspective center (rear nodal point) of a camera lens to
 two opposite corners of the format. 2. In photogrammetry, twice the
 angle whose tangent is one-half the length of the diagonal of the
 format divided by the calibrated focal length.

 angle T - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support,
 the angle formed by the intersection of the gun-target line and the
 observer-target line.

 angular parallax - See angle of convergence.

 angular velocity sight - See bomb sighting systems.

 annex - DOD, IADB) A document appended to an operation order
 or other document to make it clearer or to give further details.

 annotated print - (NATO) A photograph on which interpretation
 details are indicated by words or symbols.

 annotation - (DOD, NATO) A marking placed on imagery or drawings
 for explanatory purposes or to indicate items or areas of special
 importance.

 annual training - (DOD) The minimal period of annual active duty for
 training or annual field training a member performs each year to
 satisfy the annual training requirement associated with a Reserve
 component assignment. It may be performed during one consecutive period
 or in increments of one or more days depending upon  mission
 requirements.

 antenna mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a contact mine
 fitted with antennae which, when touched by a steel ship, set up
 galvanic action to fire the mine. See also mine.

 antiaircraft operations center - (NATO, IADB) The tactical headquarters
 of an antiaircraft commander. The agency provided to collect and
 evaluate information, and disseminate intelligence for the antiaircraft
 defense, and through which operational control over subordinate units
 is exercised.

 anti-aircraft weapon - See Duster (anti-aircraft weapon).

 anti-air warfare - DOD) A US Navy/US Marine Corps term used
 to indicate that action required to destroy or reduce to an acceptable
 level the enemy air and missile threat. It includes such measures as the
 use of interceptors, bombers, antiaircraft guns, surface-to-air and air-
 to-air missiles, electronic countermeasures, and destruction of the air
 or missile threat both before and after it is launched. Other measures
 which are taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action are cover,
 concealment, dispersion, deception (including electronic), and mobility.
 See also counter air.

 antiarmor helicopter - (DOD, NATO) A helicopter armed primarily
 for use in the destruction of armored targets. Also called antitank
 helicopter.

 anticountermining device - (DOD, NATO) A device fitted in
 an influence mine designed to prevent its actuation by shock.

 anticrop agent - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A living organism or chemical
 used to cause disease or damage to selected food or industrial crops.

 anticrop operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The employment of anticrop
 agents in military operations to destroy the enemy's source of selected
 food or industrial crops. See also anti-plant agent; herbicide.

 antic suit - (DOD, IADB) A device worn by aircrew to counteract
 the effects on the human body of positive acceleration.

 antilift device - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A device arranged to detonate
 the mine to which it is attached, or to detonate another mine or charge
 nearby, if the mine is disturbed.

 antimateriel agent: (DOD, NATO, IADB) A living organism or
 chemical used to cause deterioration of, or damage to, selected
 material.

 antimateriel operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The employment of
 antimateriel weapons or agents in military operations.

 antipersonnel mine (land mine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) A mine
 designed to cause casualties to personnel. See also mine.

 antiplant agent - (DOD, IADB) A microorganism or chemical that
 will kill, disease, or damage plants. See also anticrop agent;
 herbicide.

 antiradiation missile - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A missile which homes
 passively on a radiation source.

 antirecovery device - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, any device
 in a mine designed to prevent an enemy discovering details of the
 working of the mine mechanism.

 antisubmarine action - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An operation by one
 or more antisubmarine ships or aircraft, or a combination of both,
 against a particular enemy submarine.

 antisubmarine air close support - (DOD, IADB) Air operations
 for the antisubmarine warfare protection of a supported force. These
 operations are normally carried out within 80 nautical miles of the
 force, but this limit may be varied at the discretion of the controlling
 officer in tactical command.

 antisubmarine air distant support - (DOD, IADB) Antisubmarine
 air support at a distance from, but directly related to, specific
 convoys or forces.

 antisubmarine air search attack unit - (DOD, IADB) The designation
 given to one or more aircraft separately organized as a tactical unit
 to search for and destroy submarines.
 antisubmarine barrier - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The line formed by a series
 of static devices or mobile units arranged for the purpose of
 detecting, denying passage to, or destroying hostile submarines. See
 also antisubmarine patrol.

 antisubmarine carrier group - (NATO, IADB) A formed group of ships
 consisting of one or more antisubmarine carriers and a number of
 escort vessels whose primary mission is to detect and destroy
 submarines. Such groups may be employed in convoy support  or
 hunter/killer roles.

 antisubmarine minefield - (NATO) A field laid specifically against
 submarines. It may be laid shallow and be unsafe for all craft,
 including submarines, or laid deep with the aim of being safe for
 surface ships.

 antisubmarine operation - (DOD, IADB) Operation contributing
 to the conduct of antisubmarine warfare.

 antisubmarine patrol - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The systematic and continuing
 investigation of an area or along a line to detect or hamper submarines,
 used when the direction of sub marine movement can be established.

 antisubmarine rocket - (DOD, IADB) A surface ship-launched, rocket
 propelled, nuclear depth charge or homing torpedo. Designated as RUR
 5A. Popular name is ASROC.

 antisubmarine screen - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An arrangement of ships
 and/or aircraft for the protection of a screened unit against attack by
 a submarine.

 antisubmarine search - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Systematic investigation
 of a particular area for the purpose of locating a submarine known or
 suspected to be somewhere in the area. Some types of search are also
 used in locating the position of a distress incident.

 antisubmarine support operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An operation
 conducted by an antisubmarine force in the area around a force or
 convoy, in areas through which the force or convoy is passing, or in
 defense of geographic areas. Support operations may be completely
 coordinated with those of the force or convoy, or they may be
 independent operations coordinated only to the extent of providing
 operational intelligence and information.

 antisubmarine torpedo - (DOD, IADB) A submarine-launched, long-range,
 high-speed, wire-guided, deep-diving, wakeless torpedo capable of
 carrying a nuclear warhead for use in antisubmarine and antisurface ship
 operations. Also called ASTOR.

 antisubmarine warfare - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Operations conducted
 with the intention of denying the enemy the effective use of his
 submarines.

 antisubmarine warfare forces - (DOD, IADB) Forces organized primarily
 for antisubmarine action. May be composed of surface ships, aircraft,
 submarines, or any combination of these, and their supporting systems.

 antisurface air operation - (DOD, NATO) An air operation conducted in
 an air/sea environment against enemy surface forces.

 antisweep device - (DOD, NATO) Any device incorporated in the
 mooring of a mine or obstructor, or in the mine circuits to make the
 sweeping of the mine more difficult.

 antisweeper mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine which is laid or whose
 mechanism is designed or adjusted, with the specific object of damaging
 mine countermeasure vehicles. See also mine.

 antitank helicopter - See antiarmor helicopter.

 antitank mine - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A mine designed to immobilize
 or destroy a tank. See also mine.

 antiterrorism - (DOD) Defensive measures used  to  reduce  the
 vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorism. Also called AT.
 See also counterterrorism; terrorism.

 antivignetting filter - (DOD, NATO) A filter bearing a deposit
 which is graduated in density to correct for the uneven illumination
 given by certain lenses, particularly wide-angle types.

 antiwatching device - (DOD, NATO) A device fitted in a moored
 mine which causes it to sink should it watch, so as to prevent the
 position of the mine or minefield being disclosed. See also watching
 mine.

 apogee - (DOD, IADB) The point at which a missile trajectory
 or a satellite orbit is farthest from the center of the gravitational
 field of the controlling body or bodies.

 apparent horizon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The visible line of demarcation
 between land/sea and sky.

 apparent precession - (DOD, NATO) The apparent deflection of
 the gyro axis, relative to the earth, due to the rotating effect of the
 earth and not due to any applied force. Also called apparent wander.

 apparent wander - See apparent precession.

 appendix - (DOD, IADB) A subsidiary addition to a main paper.
 Details essential to the main paper but too bulky or numerous to include
 therein are usually embodied in appendices.

 applicable materiel assets - (DOD) That portion of the total
 acceptable materiel assets that meets the  military  or  other
 characteristics as defined by the responsible Military Service and that
 is in the right condition and location to satisfy a specific military
 requirement.

 application - (DOD, IADB) The system or problem to which a computer is
 applied. Reference is often made to an application as being either of
 the computational type, wherein arithmetic computations predominate, or
 of the data processing type, wherein data handling  operations
 predominate.

 applied research - (DOD, IADB) Research concerned with the practical
 application of knowledge, material, and/or techniques directed toward
 a solution to an existent or anticipated military requirement. See also
 basic research; research.

 apportionment - (DOD, NATO) The determination and assignment
 of the total expected effort by percentage and/or by priority that
 should be devoted to the various air operations and/or geographic areas
 for a given period of time.

 appreciation of the situation - See estimate of the situation.

 appreciations - (DOD) Assumptions, estimates, and facts about
 an opponent's intentions and military capabilities used in planning and
 decision making: a. desired appreciations - Adversary estimates that
 result in adversary intentions and military capabilities to friendly
 advantage. b. essential secrecy - Specific unknowns or uncertainties
 that prevent or hinder adversary derivation of accurate estimates or
 knowledge of facts, and effective planning and decision making.
 c. harmful appreciations - Adversary assumptions or estimates to
 provide for unknowns or uncertainties, or necessary and sufficient
 known facts, that result in adversary intentions and  military
 capabilities to friendly disadvantage.

 approach clearance - (DOD) Authorization for a pilot conducting
 flight in accordance with instrument flight rules to commence an
 approach to an airport.

 approach end - (DOD, NATO) That end of a runway nearest to the
 direction from which the final approach is made.

 approach lane - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An extension of a boat lane from the
 line of departure toward the transport area. It may be terminated by
 marker ships, boats or buoys.

 approach march - (DOD, NATO) Advance of a combat unit when direct
 contact with the enemy is imminent. Troops are fully or partially
 deployed. The approach march ends when ground contact with the enemy is
 made or when the attack position is occupied. See also advance to
 contact.

 approach route - (NATO) A route which joins a port to a coastal
 or transit route.

 approach schedule - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The schedule which indicates, for
 each scheduled wave, the time of departure from the rendezvous area,
 from the line of departure, and from other control points and the time
 of arrival at the beach.

 approach sequence - (DOD, NATO) The order in which two or more
 aircraft are cleared for an approach.

 approach time - (DOD, IADB) The time at which an aircraft is
 expected to commence approach procedure.

 approach time--NATO) The time at which an aircraft commences
 its final approach preparatory to landing.

 apron - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A defined area, on an airfield, intended to
 accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or
 cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance.

 area - See also advisory area; aircraft dispersal area; aircraft
 marshalling area; air defense action area; alighting area; amphibious
 vehicle launching area; area control center; assembly area; caution
 area; closed area; concentration area; control area; danger area;
 defensive coastal area; embarkation area; fire support area;
 homogeneous area; impact area; initial approach area; key areas;
 landing area; maneuvering area; maritime area; naval support area;
 objective area; prohibited area; run-up area; signal area; staging
 area; submarine patrol areas; terminal control area; transit area.
 See also zone.

 area air defense commander - (DOD) Within an overseas unified
 command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force, the commander
 will assign overall responsibility for air defense to a single
 commander. Normally, this will be the Air Force component commander.
 Representation from the other Service components involved will be
 provided, as appropriate, to the area air defense  commander's
 headquarters.

 area bombing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Bombing of a target which is
 in effect a general area rather than a small or pinpoint target.

 area command - (IADB) A command which is composed of those organized
 elements of one or more of the armed services, designated to operate in
 a specific geographical area, which are placed under a single commander,
 e.g.; Commander of a Unified Command, Area Commander. See also command.

 area command - (DOD, NATO) A command which is composed of those
 organized elements of one or more of the armed services, designated to
 operate in a specific geographical area, which are placed under a single
 commander. See also command.

 area control center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit established to
 provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control
 areas under its jurisdiction. See also air traffic control center;
 flight information region.

 area coordination group - (DOD, IADB) A composite organization,
 including representatives of local military, paramilitary, and other
 governmental agencies and their US counterparts, responsible for
 planning and coordinating internal defense and development operations.
 (Note: IADB does not use the words "and their United  States
 counterparts.")

 area damage control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Measures taken before,
 during or after hostile action or natural or man-made disasters, to
 reduce the probability of damage and minimize its effects. See also
 damage control; disaster control; rear area security.

 area of influence - (DOD, NATO) A geographical area wherein a
 commander is directly capable of influencing operations, by maneuver or
 fire support systems normally under his command or control.

 area of intelligence responsibility - (DOD, NATO) An area allocated to
 a commander, in which he is responsible for the provision of
 intelligence, within the means at his disposal. See also area of
 responsibility.

 area of interest - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That area of concern to
 the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto,
 and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or
 planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy
 forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.

 area of militarily significant fallout - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The
 area in which radioactive fallout affects the ability of military units
 to carry out their normal mission.

 area of northern operations - (DOD) A region of variable width
 in the Northern Hemisphere that lies north of the 50 degrees isotherm
 a line along which the average temperature of the warmest 4-month period
 of the year does not exceed 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Mountain regions
 located outside of this area are included in this category of operations
 provided these same temperature conditions exist.

 area of operational interest - (NATO) In air defense, an area
 in which automatic cross-telling of tracks of interest is provided to
 an adjacent site based on established criteria, such as identity and
 location.

 area of operations - (DOD, NATO) That portion of an area of war
 necessary for military operations and for the administration of such
 operations.

 area of responsibility - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A defined area
 of land in which responsibility is specifically assigned to the
 commander of the area for the development and maintenance  of
 installations, control of movement and the conduct of tactical
 operations involving troops under his control along with parallel
 authority to exercise these functions. 2. In naval usage, a predefined
 area of enemy terrain for which supporting ships are responsible for
 covering by fire on known targets or targets of opportunity and by
 observation.

 area of war - (DOD, IADB) That area of land, sea, and air which
 is, or may become, directly involved in the operations of war.

 area operations - (DOD, NATO) In maritime usage, operations conducted
 in a geographical area and not related to the protection of a specific
 force.

 area radar prediction analysis - (DOD) Radar target intelligence
 study designed to provide radar significant data for use in the
 preparation of radar target predictions.

 area search - (DOD, IADB) Visual reconnaissance of limited or
 defined areas.

 area search - (NATO) Reconnaissance or search of a specific
 area to provide new or updated information on general or specific
 situations and/or activities.

 area target - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A target consisting of an area
 rather than a single point.

 areodesy - (DOD) The branch of mathematics which determines,
 by observation and measurement, the exact positions of points and the
 figures and areas of large portions of the surface of the planet Mars,
 or the shape and size of the planet Mars.

 areodetic - (DOD) Of, pertaining to, or determined by areodesy.

 armed forces - (DOD, IADB) The military forces of a nation or
 a group of nations. See also force(s).

 armed forces censorship - (DOD) The examination and control of
 personal communications to or from persons in the Armed Forces of the
 United States and persons accompanying or serving with the Armed Forces
 of the United States. See also censorship.

 armed forces courier - (DOD, IADB) An officer or enlisted member
 in the grade of E-7 or above, of the US Armed Forces, assigned to
 perform Armed Forces Courier Service duties and identified by possession
 of an Armed Forces Courier Service Identification Card (ARF-COS Form 9).
 See also courier.

 Armed Forces Courier Service - (DOD) A joint service of the Departments
 of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, with the Chief of Staff, US
 Army, as Executive Agent. The courier service provides one of the
 available methods for the secure and expeditious transmission of
 material requiring protected handling by military courier.

 armed forces courier station - (DOD) An Army, Navy, or Air Force
 activity, approved by the respective military department and officially
 designated by Headquarters, Armed Forces Courier Service, for the
 acceptance, processing, and dispatching of Armed Forces Courier Service
 material.

 Armed Forces of the United States - (DOD) A term used to denote
 collectively all components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps,
 and Coast Guard. See also United States Armed Forces.

 armed helicopter - (DOD, NATO) A helicopter fitted with weapons
 or weapon systems.

 armed mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine from which all safety devices
 have been withdrawn and, after laying, all automatic safety features
 and/or arming delays have operated. Such a mine is ready to function
 after receipt of a target signal, influence or contact.

 armed mine - (IADB) A mine ready for actuation. See also mine.

 armed reconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) A mission with the primary
 purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity, i.e., enemy
 materiel, personnel, and facilities, in assigned general areas or along
 assigned ground communications routes, and not for the purpose of
 attacking specific briefed targets.

 armed reconnaissance - (NATO) An air mission flown with the
 primary purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity, i.e.,
 enemy materiel, personnel, and facilities, in assigned general areas or
 along assigned ground communications routes, and not for the purpose of
 attacking specific briefed targets.

 armed sweep - (DOD, NATO) A sweep fitted with cutters or other
 devices to increase its ability to cut mine moorings.

 arming - (DOD, NATO, IADB) As applied to explosives, weapons,
 and ammunition, the changing from a safe condition to a state of
 readiness for initiation.

 arming delay device - (DOD, NATO) A device fitted in a mine to
 prevent it being actuated for a present time after laying.

 arming lanyard - See arming wire.

 arming pin - (DOD, NATO) A safety device which is inserted into
 a fuze to prevent the arming cycle from starting until its removal.

 arming system - (DOD, IADB) That portion of a weapon which serves to
 ready (arm), safe, or re-safe (disarm) the firing system and fuzing
 system and which may actuate devices in the nuclear system.

 arming wire - (DOD, NATO) A cable, wire, or lanyard attached
 to the aircraft (usually at the arming unit) and routed to a weapon
 system (i.e. fuze fin, parachute pack, etc.) to prevent arming
 initiation prior to weapon release. Also called "safety wire"; "arming
 lanyard"; "safety lanyard."

 armored personnel carrier - (DOD) A lightly armored, highly mobile,
 full-tracked vehicle, amphibious and air-droppable, used primarily for
 transporting personnel and their individual equipment during tactical
 operations. Production modifications or application of special kits
 permit use as a mortar carrier, command post, flame  thrower,
 antiaircraft artillery chassis, or limited recovery vehicle.

 armored reconnaissance airborne assault vehicle - (DOD, IADB)
 A lightly armored, mobile, full-tracked vehicle serving as the main
 reconnaissance vehicle in infantry and airborne operations, and as the
 principal assault weapon of airborne troops.

 arms control - (DOD, IADB) A concept that connotes: a. any plan,
 arrangement, or process, resting upon explicit or implicit international
 agreement, governing any aspect of the following: the numbers, types,
 and performance characteristics of weapon systems (including the command
 and control, logistics support arrangements,  and  any  related
 intelligence gathering mechanism); and the  numerical  strength,
 organization, equipment, deployment or employment of the armed forces
 retained by the parties. (It encompasses "disarmament.") and b. on some
 occasions, those measures taken for the purpose of reducing instability
 in the military environment.

 arms control agreement - (DOD, IADB) The written or unwritten
 embodiment of the acceptance of one or more arms control measures by two
 or more nations.

 arms control agreement verification - (DOD, IADB) A concept that
 entails the collection, processing, and reporting of data indicating
 testing or employment of proscribed weapon systems, including country
 of origin and location, weapon and payload identification, and event
 type.

 arms control measure - (DOD, IADB) Any specific arms control
 course of action.

 armstrong - (DOD) The term, peculiar to the Air Support Radar
 Team, indicating both the command and response for arming and fuzing
 circuit activation.

 army - (NATO) 1. A formation larger than an army corps but smaller than
 an army group. It usually consists of two or more army corps. 2. In
 certain nations "army" is the land component of the armed forces. 3. In
 certain nations "army" covers all the armed forces.

 Army Air Defense Command Post - (DOD, IADB) The tactical headquarters
 of an Army air defense commander.

 Army air-ground system - (DOD, IADB) The Army system which provides for
 interface between Army and tactical air support agencies of other
 Services in the planning, evaluating, processing, and coordinating of
 air support requirements and operations. It is composed of appropriate
 staff members, including 6-2 air and G-3 air personnel, and necessary
 communication equipment.

 Army base - (DOD) A base or group of installations for which
 a local commander is responsible, consisting of facilities necessary for
 sub port of Army activities including security, internal lines of
 communication, utilities, plants and systems, and real property for
 which the Army has operating responsibility. See also base complex.

 Army corps - (DOD, IADB) A tactical unit larger than a division
 and smaller than a field army. A corps usually consists of two or more
 divisions together with auxiliary arms and services.

 army corps - (NATO) A formation larger than a division but smaller than
 an army or army group. It usually consists to two or more divisions
 together with supporting arms and services. Also called corps.

 Army group - (DOD, IADB) Several field armies under a designated
 commander.

 army group - (NATO) The largest formation of land forces, normally
 comprising two or more armies or army corps under a designated
 commander.

 Army service area - (DOD, IADB) The territory between the corps
 rear boundary and the combat zone rear boundary. Most of the Army
 administrative establishment and service troops are usually located in
 this area. See also rear area.

 arresting barrier - See aircraft arresting barrier.

 arresting gear - See aircraft arresting gear.

 artificial daylight - (NATO, IADB) Illumination of an intensity
 greater than the light of a full moon on a clear night. (The optimum
 illumination is the equivalent of daylight.) See also battlefield
 illumination.

 artificial horizon - See attitude indicator.

 artificial moonlight - (NATO, IADB) Illumination of an intensity
 between that of starlight and that of a full moon on a clear night. See
 also battlefield illumination.

 artillery fire plan table - (DOD, NATO) A presentation of planned
 targets giving data for engagement. Scheduled targets are fired in a
 definite time sequence. The starting time may be on call, at a
 prearranged time or at the occurrence of a specific event.

 artillery preparation - (NATO) Artillery fire delivered before an
 attack to disrupt communications and disorganize the enemy's defense.

 artillery survey control point - (DOD, NATO) A point at which the
 coordinates and the altitude are known and from which the bearings/
 azimuths to a number of reference objects are also known.

 ASEAN - Founded in 1967, the Association of South East Asian Nations
 provides a framework for economic and political cooperation among
 Asia's non-Communist states. Members of ASEAN includes: Indonesia,
 Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

 aspect angle - (DOD) The angle between the longitudinal axis
 of the target (projected rear-ward) and the line-of-sight to the
 interceptor measured from the tail of the target.

 aspect change - (NATO) The different appearance of a reflecting object
 viewed by radar from varying directions. It is caused by the change
 in the effective reflecting area of the target.

 ASROC - See antisubmarine rocket.

 assault - (DOD, IADB) 1. The climax of an attack; closing with
 the enemy in hand-a hand fighting. 2. In an amphibious operation, the
 period of time between the arrival of the major assault forces of the
 amphibious task force in the objective area and the accomplishment of
 the amphibious task force mission. 3. To make a short, violent, but
 well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a  gun
 emplacement, a fort, or a machine gun nest. 4. A phase of an airborne
 operation beginning with delivery by air of the assault echelon of the
 force into the objective area and extending through attack of assault
 objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. See also assault
 phase; landing attack.

 assault - (NATO) I. The climax of an attack; closing with the
 enemy in hand-to-hand fighting. 2. See amphibious assault. 3. A short,
 violent, but well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a
 gun emplacement, a fort or a machine gun nest. See also assault phase.

 assault aircraft - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Powered aircraft, including
 helicopters, which move assault troops and cargo into an objective area
 and which provide for their resupply.

 assault area diagram - (DOD, IADB) A graphic means of showing, for
 amphibious operations, the beach designations, boat lanes, organization
 of the line of departure, scheduled waves, landing ship area,
 transport areas, and the fire support areas in the immediate vicinity
 of the boat lanes.

 assault craft - (DOD, NATO) A landing craft or amphibious vehicle
 primarily employed for landing troops and equipment in the assault waves
 of an amphibious operation.

 assault echelon - (DOD, NATO) The element of a force that is
 scheduled for initial assault on the objective area.

 assault echelon (air transport) - (IADB) The element of a force
 that is scheduled for initial assault on the objective area.

 assault fire - (DOD) 1. That fire delivered by attacking troops
 as they close with the enemy. 2. In artillery, extremely accurate,
 short-range destruction fire at point targets.

 assault phase - (DOD, NATO) 1. In an amphibious operation, the
 period of time between the arrival of the major assault forces of the
 amphibious task force in the objective area and the accomplishment of
 their mission. 2. In an airborne operation, a phase beginning with
 delivery by air of the assault echelon of the force into the objective
 area and extending through attack of assault objectives and
 consolidation of the initial airhead. See also assault.

 assault schedule - See landing schedule.

 assault shipping - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Shipping assigned to the
 amphibious task force and utilized for transporting assault troops,
 vehicles, equipment, and supplies to the objective area.

 assault wave - See wave.

 assembly - (DOD, NATO) An item forming a portion of an equipment,
 that can be provisioned and replaced as an entity and which normally
 incorporates replaceable parts or groups of parts. See also part; sub
 assembly.

 assembly anchorage - (DOD, NATO) An anchorage intended for the
 assembly and onward routing of ships.

 assembly area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. An area in which a command
 is assembled preparatory to further action. 2. In a supply installation,
 the gross area used for collecting and combining components into
 complete units, kits, or assemblies.

 assessment - (DOD, IADB) 1. Analysis of the security, effectiveness,
 and potential of an existing or planned intelligence activity. 2.
 Judgment of the motives, qualifications, and characteristics of present
 or prospective employees or "agents."

 asset (intelligence) - (DOD, IADB) Any resource-person, group,
 relationship, instrument, installation, or supply-at the disposition of
 an intelligence organization for use in an operational or support role.
 Often used with a qualifying term such as agent asset or propaganda
 asset.

 assign - (DOD, NATO) 1. To place units or personnel in an organization
 where such placement is relatively permanent, and/or where such
 organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the
 primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or
 personnel. 2. To detail individuals to specific duties or functions
 where such duties or functions are primary and/or relatively permanent.
 See also attach.

 assign - (IADB) 1. The placement of units or personnel in an
 organization where such placement is relatively permanent and/or where
 such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for
 the primary function, or greater portion of the functions of the unit
 or personnel. 2. The detailing of individuals to specific duties or
 functions where such duties or functions are primary and/or relatively
 permanent. See also attach.

 assigned forces - (IADB) Forces in being that have been placed
 under the operational command or operational control of a commander. See
 also force(s).

 assumed azimuth - (DOD) The assumption of azimuth origins as
 a field expedient until the required data are available.

 assumed grid - (DOD) A grid constructed using an arbitrary scale
 superimposed on a map, chart, or photograph for use in point designation
 without regard to actual geographic location. See also grid.

 assumption - (DOD, IADB) A supposition on the current situation
 or a presupposition on the future course of events, either or both
 assumed to be true in the absence of positive proof, necessary to enable
 the commander in the process of planning to complete an estimate of the
 situation and make a decision on the course of action.

 astern fueling - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of fuel at sea during
 which the receiving ship(s) keep(s) station astern of the delivering
 ship.

 ASTOR - See antisubmarine torpedo.

 astro altitude - (NATO) The arc of the vertical circle measured
 from the celestial horizon to the body.

 astro compass - (NATO) An instrument used primarily to obtain
 true heading or true bearing by reference to celestial bodies.

 astronomical twilight - See twilight.

 astro-tracker - (NATO) A navigation equipment which automatically
 acquires and continuously tracks a celestial body in azimuth and
 altitude.

 asymmetrical sweep - (DOD, NATO) A sweep whose swept path under
 conditions of no wind or cross-tide is not equally spaced either side
 of the sweeper's track.

 AT - Antitank

 AT - See antiterrorism.

 atmosphere - (DOD, IADB) The air surrounding the earth. See also
 ionosphere; stratosphere; tropopause; troposphere.

 atmospheric environment - (DOD, IADB) The envelope of air surrounding
 the earth, including its interfaces and interactions with the earth's
 solid or liquid surface.

 at my command - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the
 command used when it is desired to control the exact time of delivery
 of fire.

 atomic air burst - See airburst.

 atomic defense - See nuclear defense.

 atomic demolition munition - (DOD, IADB) A nuclear device designed
 to be detonated on or below the ground surface, or under water as a
 demolition munition against material-type targets to block, deny, and/or
 canalize the enemy.

 atomic demolition munition - (NATO) A nuclear device designed
 or adapted for use as a demolition munition.

 atomic underground burst - See nuclear underground burst.

 atomic underwater burst - See nuclear underwater burst.

 atomic warfare - See nuclear warfare.

 atomic weapon - See nuclear weapon.

 at priority call - (DOD, NATO) A precedence applied to the task
 of an artillery unit to provide fire to a formation/unit on a
 guaranteed basis. Normally observer, communications and liaison are not
 provided. An artillery unit in "direct support" or in support" may
 simultaneously be placed "at priority call" to another unit or agency
 for a particular task and/or for a specific period of time.

 attach - (DOD, NATO) 1. To place units or personnel in an organization
 where such placement is relatively temporary. Subject to limitations
 imposed in the attachment order, the commander of the formation, unit,
 or organization receiving the attachment will exercise the same degree
 of command and control thereover as he does over the units and persons
 organic to his command. However, the responsibility for transfer and
 promotion of personnel will normally be retained by the parent
 formation, unit, or organization. 2. To detail individuals to specific
 functions where such functions are secondary or relatively temporary,
 i.e., attach for quarters and rations, attach for flying duty. See also
 assign.

 attach - (IADB) 1. The placement of units or personnel in an
 organization where such placement is relatively temporary. Subject to
 limitations imposed by the attachment order, the commander of the
 formation, unit, or organization receiving the attachment will exercise
 the same degree of command and control thereover as he does over units
 and persons organic to his command. However, the responsibility for
 transfer and promotion of personnel will normally be retained by the
 parent formation, unit, or organization. 2. The detailing of individuals
 to specific functions where such functions are secondary or relatively
 temporary; e.g., attach for quarters and rations; attach for flying
 duty. See also assign.

 attached airlift service - (DOD) The airlift service provided
 to an organization or command by an airlift unit attached to that
 organization.

 attack aircraft carrier - (DOD, IADB) A warship designed to support and
 operate aircraft, engage in attacks on targets afloat or ashore, and
 engage in sustained operations in support of other forces. (DOD)
 Designated as CV or CVN. CVN is nuclear powered.

 attack altitude - (DOD) The altitude at which the interceptor
 will maneuver during the attack phase of an air intercept.

 attack assessment - (DOD) An evaluation of information to determine the
 potential or actual nature and objectives of an attack for the purpose
 of providing information for timely decisions. See also damage
 estimation.

 attack cargo ship - (DOD, IADB) A naval ship designed or converted
 to transport combat-loaded cargo in an assault landing. Capabilities as
 to carrying landing craft, speed of ship, armament, and size of hatches
 and booms are greater than those of comparable cargo ship types.
 Designated as LKA.

 attack carrier striking forces - (DOD, IADB) Naval forces, the
 primary offensive weapon of which is carrier-based aircraft. Ships,
 other than carriers, act primarily to support and screen against
 submarine and air threat and secondarily against surface threat.

 attack condition alpha - (DOD) Considers there is inadequate
 warning of attack, and the command post or headquarters of a decision
 authority becomes ineffective prior to the performance of essential
 functions.

 attack condition bravo - (DOD) Considers there is sufficient
 effective warning of impending attack to relocate personnel required
 to perform essential functions to alternate command facilities.

 attack group - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A subordinate task organization
 of the navy forces of an amphibious task force. It is composed of
 assault shipping and supporting naval units designated to transport,
 protect, land and initially support a landing group.

 attack heading - (DOD) 1. The interceptor heading during the attack
 phase that will achieve the desired track-crossing angle. 2. The
 assigned magnetic compass heading to be flown by aircraft during the
 delivery phase of an air strike.

 attack helicopter - (DOD, NATO) A helicopter specifically designed to
 employ various weapons to attack and destroy enemy targets.

 attacking - (DOD) In air intercept, a term meaning, "Am commencing
 attacking run with weapon indicated" (size may be given).

 attack origin - (DOD) 1. The location or source from which an
 attack was initiated. 2. The nation initiating an attack. See also
 attack assessment.

 attack pattern - (DOD) The type and distribution of targets under
 attack. See also attack assessment; target pattern.

 attack position - (DOD, IADB) The last position occupied by the
 assault echelon before crossing the line of departure. See also forming
 up place.

 attack position - (NATO) See forming up place.

 attack size - (DOD) The number of weapons involved in an attack.
 See also attack assessment.

 attack speed - (DOD) The speed at which the interceptor will
 maneuver during the attack phase of an air intercept.

 attack timing - (DOD) The predicted or actual time of bursts,
 impacts, or arrival of weapons at their intended targets.

 attack transport - (DOD, IADB) A naval ship designed for combat
 loading a battalion landing team with its equipment and supplies, and
 having the facilities, including landing craft, for landing them on a
 hostile beach. Designated as APA.

 attack warning/attack assessment-Not to be used. See separate
 definitions for tactical warning and for attack assessment.

 attenuation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Decrease in intensity of a
 signal, beam, or wave as a result of absorption of energy and of
 scattering out of the path of a detector, but not including the
 reduction due to geometric spreading, i.e., the inverse square of
 distance effect. 2. In mine warfare, the reduction in intensity of an
 influence as distance from the source increases.

 attenuation factor - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The ratio of the incident
 radiation dose or dose rate to the radiation dose or dose rate
 transmitted through a shielding material. This is the reciprocal of the
 transmission factor.

 attitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The position of a body as determined by
 the inclination of the axes to some frame of reference. If not otherwise
 specified, this frame of reference is fixed to the earth. (NATO) 2. The
 grid bearing of the long axis of a target area.

 attitude director indicator - (DOD, NATO) An attitude indicator
 which displays command signals from the flight director computer.

 attitude indicator - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which displays
 the attitude of the aircraft by reference to sources of information
 which may be contained within the instrument or be external to it. When
 the sources of information are self-contained, the instrument may be
 referred to as an artificial horizon.

 attrition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The reduction of the effectiveness
 of a force caused by loss of personnel and materiel.

 attrition minefield - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a field
 intended primarily to cause damage to enemy ships.

 attrition rate - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A factor, normally expressed
 as a percentage, reflecting the degree of losses of personnel or
 materiel due to various causes within a specified period of time.

 attrition reserve aircraft - (DOD) Aircraft procured for the
 specific purpose of replacing the anticipated losses of aircraft because
 of peacetime and/or wartime attrition.

 attrition sweeping - (DOD, NATO) The continuous sweeping of minefields
 to keep the risk of mines to all ships as low as possible.

 augmentation forces - (DOD) Forces to be transferred to the operational
 command of a supported commander during the execution of an operation.

 authenticate - (DOD, IADB) A challenge given by voice or electrical
 means to attest to the authenticity of a message or transmission.

 authentication - (DOD, IADB) 1. A security measure designed to protect
 a communications system against acceptance of a fraudulent transmission
 or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message,
 or originator. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their
 eligibility to receive specific categories of information. 3. Evidence
 by proper signature or seal that a document is genuine and official.

 authentication - (NATO) 1. Evidence by proper signature or seal
 that a document is genuine and official. 2. A security measure designed
 to protect a communication system against fraudulent transmissions.

 authenticator - (DOD) A symbol or group of symbols, or a series
 of bits, selected or derived in a prearranged manner and usually
 inserted at a predetermined point within a message or transmission for
 the purpose of attesting to the validity of the message or transmission.

 authenticator - (NATO, IADB) A letter, numeral, or group of letters or
 numerals, or both, attesting to the authenticity of a message or
 transmission.

 authentic document - (NATO, IADB) A document bearing a signature
 or seal attesting that it is genuine and official. If it is an enemy
 document, it may have been prepared for purposes of deception and the
 accuracy of such document, even though authenticated, must be confirmed
 by other information, e.g., conditions of capture.

 autocode format - (DOD) An abbreviated and formatted message
 header used in conjunction with the Mobile Cryptologic Support Facility
 (MCSF) to energize the automatic communications relay functions of the
 MCSF providing rapid exchange of data through the system.

 automated data handling - See automatic data handling.

 automatic approach and landing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A control
 mode in which the aircraft's speed and flight path are automatically
 controlled for approach, flare-out, and landing. See also ground
 controlled approach procedure.

 automatic data handling - (DOD, NATO) A generalization of automatic data
 processing to include the aspect of data transfer.

 automatic data processing - (DOD, NATO) 1. Data processing largely
 performed by automatic means. 2. That branch of science and technology
 concerned with methods and techniques relating to data processing
 largely performed by automatic means.

 automatic flight control system - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system
 which includes all equipment to control automatically the flight of an
 aircraft or missile to a path or attitude described by references
 internal or external to the aircraft or missile.

 automatic levelling - (DOD) A flight control system feature which
 returns an aircraft to level flight attitude in roll and pitch.

 automatic message processing system - (DOD) Any organized assembly
 of resources and methods used to collect, process, and distribute
 messages largely by automatic means.

 automatic pilot - (DOD) That part of an automatic flight control
 system which provides attitude stabilization with respect to internal
 references.

 automatic search jammer - (DOD, NATO) An intercept receiver and
 jamming transmitter system which searches for and jams signals
 automatically which have specific radiation characteristics.

 Automatic Secure Voice Communications Net-work - (DOD) A worldwide,
 switched, secure voice network developed to fulfill DOD longhaul, secure
 voice requirements. Also called AUTOSEVOCOM.

 automatic supply - (DOD, IADB) A system by which certain supply
 requirements are automatically shipped or issued for a predetermined
 period of time without requisition by the using unit. It is based upon
 estimated or experience-usage factors.

 automatic throttle - (DOD) A flight control system feature which
 actuates an aircraft throttle system based on its own computation and
 feedback from appropriate data sources.
 automatic toss - (DOD, NATO) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which the toss bombing maneuver of an aircraft is controlled
 automatically.

 automatic trim - (DOD) A flight control system feature which
 adjusts the trim of an aircraft in flight.

 Automatic Voice Network - (DOD) The principal long-haul, unsecure
 voice communications network within the Defense Communications System.
 Also called AUTOVON.

 automation - (DOD, IADB) 1. The implementation of processes by
 automatic means. 2. The conversion of a procedure, a process, or
 equipment to automatic operation.

 autonomous operation - (DOD, IADB) In air defense, the mode of
 operation assumed by a unit after it has lost all communications with
 higher echelons. The unit commander assumes full responsibility for
 control of weapons and engagement of hostile targets.

 autonomous operation - (NATO) One mode of operation of a unit
 in which the unit commander assumes full responsibility for control of
 weapons and engagement of hostile targets. This mode may be either
 directed by higher authority or result from a loss of all means of
 communication.

 auxiliary contours - (NATO) Additional contours used to portray
 unique ground forms not adequately portrayed by the selected contour
 interval.

 AV-8B - See Harrier.

 available payload - (DOD, IADB) The passenger and/or cargo capacity
 expressed in weight and/or space available to the user.

 available supply rate - (NATO) The rate of consumption that can be
 allocated considering the supplies and facilities available for a
 planned operation or a given period.

 avenue of approach - (DOD) An air or ground route of attacking
 force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its
 path.

 average heading - (NATO) The arithmetic mean of the different
 values of the headings maintained over a certain period of time.

 average speed - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The average distance traveled
 per hour, calculated over the whole journey, excluding specifically
 ordered halts.

 aviation life support equipment - See life support equipment.

 aviation medicine - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The special field of medicine
 which is related to the biological and psychological problems of flight.

 AWACS - See Airborne Early Warning and Control System.

 axial route - (DOD, NATO) A route running through the rear area
 and into the forward area. See also route.

 axis of advance - (DOD, IADB) A line of advance assigned for
 purposes of control; often a road or a group of roads, or a designated
 series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy.

 axis of control - (DOD, NATO) In an automatic flight control
 system, that section of the system which controls an aircraft in one
 plane.

 azimuth - (DOD, IADB) Quantities may be expressed in positive
 quantities increasing in a clockwise direction, or in X, Y coordinates
 where south and west are negative. They may be referenced to true north
 or magnetic north, depending on the particular weapon system used.

 azimuth angle - (DOD, NATO) An angle measured clockwise in the
 horizontal plane between a reference direction and any other line.

 azimuth guidance - (DOD, NATO) Information which will enable
 the pilot or autopilot of an aircraft to follow the required track.

 azimuth resolution - (DOD, NATO) The ability of radar equipment
 to separate two reflectors at similar ranges but different bearings
 from a reference point. Normally the minimum separation distance
 between the reflectors is quoted and expressed as the angle subtended
 by the reflectors at the reference point.

 B-52 - See Stratofortress.

 background count - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The evidence or effect on
 a detector of radiation, other than that which it is desired to detect,
 caused by any agency. In connection with health protection, the
 background count usually includes radiations produced by naturally
 occurring radioactivity and cosmic rays.

 background radiation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Nuclear (or ionizing)
 radiations arising from within the body and from the surroundings to
 which individuals are always exposed.

 back order - (DOD) The quantity of an item requisitioned by ordering
 activities that is not immediately available for issue but is recorded
 as a stock commitment for future issue.

 back-scattering - (DOD, NATO) Radio wave propagation in which
 the direction of the incident and scattered waves, resolved along a
 reference direction (usually horizontal), are oppositely directed. A
 signal received by backscattering is often referred to as "back
 scatter."

 back tell - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of information from a higher
 to a lower echelon of command. See also track telling.

 back-up - (DOD, NATO) In cartography, an image printed on the
 reverse side of a map sheet already printed on one side. Also the
 printing of such images.

 backup aircraft authorization - (DOD) Aircraft over and above
 the primary authorized aircraft to permit scheduled and unscheduled
 maintenance, modifications, and inspections and repair without reduction
 of aircraft available for the operational mission. No operating
 resources are allocated for these aircraft in the Defense budget. See
 also primary aircraft authorization.

 backup aircraft inventory - (DOD) The aircraft designated to
 meet the backup authorization. See also primary aircraft inventory.

 balance - (DOD, IADB) A concept as applied to an arms control
 measure that connotes: a. adjustments of armed forces and armaments in
 such a manner that one state does not obtain military advantage over
 other states agreeing to the measure; and b. internal adjustments by one
 state of its forces in such manner as to enable it to cope with all
 aspects of remaining threats to its security in a post arms control
 agreement era.

 balanced collective forces - (IADB) The requirement for "balance"
 in any military force stems from the consideration that all elements of
 a force should be complementary to each other. A force should function
 as a combined arms team, and the term "balance" implies that the ratio
 of the various elements of this team is such that the force is best
 constituted to execute its assigned mission effectively and efficiently.
 Applied multinationally, the term "balanced collective force" may be
 defined as a force composed of one or more Services furnished by more
 than one nation, the total strength and composition of which are such
 as best to fulfill the specific mission for which designed. See also
 force(s).

 balanced stock(s) - (DOD, IADB) 1. That condition of supply
 when availability and requirements are in equilibrium for specific
 items. 2. An accumulation of supplies in quantities determined necessary
 to meet requirements for a fixed period.

 balance station zero - See reference datum.

 bale cubic capacity - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The space available
 for cargo measured in cubic feet to the inside of the cargo battens, on
 the frames, and to the underside of the beams. In a general cargo of
 mixed commodities, the bale cubic applies. The stowage of the mixed
 cargo comes in contact with the cargo battens and as a general rule does
 not extend to the skin of the ship.

 balisage - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The marking of a route by a system
 of dim beacon lights enabling vehicles to be driven at near day-time
 speed, under blackout conditions.

 ballistic missile - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any missile which does
 not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces to produce lift and consequently
 follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated.  See also
 aerodynamic missile; guided missile.

 ballistic missile early warning system - (DOD IADB) An electronic
 system for providing detection and early warning of attack by enemy
 intercontinental ballistic missiles.

 ballistics - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The science or art that deals
 with the motion, behavior, appearance, or modification of missiles or
 other vehicles acted upon by propellants, wind, gravity, temperature,
 or any other modifying substance, condition, or force.

 ballistic trajectory - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The trajectory traced
 after the propulsive force is terminated and the body is acted upon only
 by gravity and aerodynamic drag.

 ballistic wind - (DOD, IADB) That constant wind that would have
 the same effect upon the trajectory of a bomb or projectile as the wind
 encountered in flight.

 balloon barrage - See barrage, Part 2.

 balloon reflector - (DOD, NATO) In electronic warfare, a balloon
 supported confusion reflector to produce fraudulent echoes.

 band pass - (DOD) The number of cycles per second expressing
 the difference between the limiting frequencies at which the desired
 fraction (usually half power) of the maximal output is obtained. Term
 applies to all types of amplifiers.

 bank angle - (DOD, NATO) The angle between the aircraft's normal
 axis and the earth's vertical plane containing the  aircraft's
 longitudinal axis.

 barometric altimeter - See altimeter.

 barometric altimeter reversionary - See altimeter.

 barometric altitude - (DOD, NATO) The aircraft altitude given
 by the difference between the heights corresponding to the pressure at
 aircraft level and mean sea level according to the standard atmosphere.

 barometric vertical speed indicator - See vertical speed indicator.

 barrage - (DOD, IADB) 1. A prearranged barrier of fire, except
 that delivered by small arms, designed to protect friendly troops and
 installations by impeding enemy movements across defensive lines or
 areas. 2. A protective screen of balloons that are moored to the ground
 and kept at given heights to prevent or hinder operations by enemy
 aircraft. This meaning also called balloon barrage. 3. A type of
 electronic countermeasures intended for simultaneous jamming over a wide
 area of frequency spectrum. See also barrage jamming; electronic
 warfare; fire.

 barrage fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire which is designed to fill
 a volume of space or area rather than aimed specifically at a given
 target. See also fire.

 barrage jamming - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Simultaneous electronic
 jamming over a broad band of frequencies. See also jamming.

 barrier - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A coordinated series of obstacles
 designed or employed to canalize, direct, restrict, delay or stop the
 movement of an opposing force, and to impose additional losses in
 personnel, time and equipment on the opposing force. See also aircraft
 arresting system.

 barrier combat air patrol - (DOD, IADB) One or more divisions
 or elements of fighter aircraft employed between a force and an
 objective area as a barrier across the probable direction of enemy
 attack. It is used as far from the force as control conditions permit,
 giving added protection against raids that use the most direct routes
 of approach. See also combat air patrol.

 barrier forces - (DOD, IADB) Air, surface, and submarine units
 and their supporting systems positioned across the likely courses of
 expected enemy transit for early detection and providing rapid warning,
 blocking, and destruction of the enemy.

 bar scale - See graphic scale; See also scale.

 base - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A locality from which operations are
 projected or supported. 2. An area or locality containing installations
 which provide logistic or other support. See also emergency fleet
 operating base; establishment; island bases. (DOD, IADB) 3. Home
 airfield or home carrier.

 base command - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area containing a military
 base or group of such bases organized under one commander. See also
 command.

 base complex - See Air Force base; Army base; Marine base; naval
 base; naval or Marine (air) base. See also noncontiguous facility.

 base defense - (DOD, IADB) The local military measures, both
 normal and emergency, required to nullify or reduce the effectiveness
 of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of' a base, so as to insure that the
 maximum capacity of its facilities is available to U.S. forces.

 base development - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The improvement or expansion
 of the resources and facilities of an area or a location to support
 military operations.

 base development plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan for the facilities,
 installations, and bases required to support military operations.

 base ejection shell - (NATO, IADB) A type of shell which ejects
 its load from its base.

 base element - See base unit.

 base fuze(NATO, IADB) Fuze located in the base of a projectile
 or bomb. See also fuze.

 base line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. (surveying) A surveyed line
 established with more than usual care, to which surveys are referred for
 coordination and correlation. 2. (photo-grammetry) The line between the
 principal points of two consecutive vertical air photographs. It is
 usually measured on one photograph after the principal point of the
 other has been transferred. 3. (radio navigation systems) The shorter
 arc of the great circle joining two radio transmitting stations of a
 navigation system. 4. (triangulation) The side of one of a series of
 coordinated triangles the length of which is measured with prescribed
 accuracy and precision and from which lengths of the other triangle
 sides are obtained by computation.

 base map - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A map or chart showing certain fundamental
 information, used as a base upon which additional data of specialized
 nature are compiled or overprinted. Also, a map containing all the
 information from which maps showing specialized information can be
 prepared. See also chart base; map.

 base map symbol - (NATO) A symbol used on a base map or chart
 as opposed to one used on an overprint to the base map or chart.

 base of operations - (DOD, IADB) An area or facility from which
 a military force begins its offensive operations, to which it falls back
 in case of reverse, and in which supply facilities are organized.

 base period - (DOD, IADB) That period of time for which factors
 were determined for use in current planning and programming.

 base section - (DOD, IADB) An area within the communications zone
 in an area of operations organized to provide logistic support to
 forward areas.

 base surge - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A cloud which rolls out from
 the bottom of the column produced by a subsurface burst of a nuclear
 weapon. For underwater bursts, the surge is, in effect, a cloud of
 liquid droplets which has the property of flowing almost as if it were
 a homogeneous fluid. For subsurface land bursts the surge is made up
 of small solid particles but still behaves like a fluid.

 base symbol - See base map symbol.

 base unit - (DOD, IADB) Unit of organization in a tactical operation
 around which a movement or maneuver is planned and performed; base
 element.

 basic cover - (DOD, IADB) Coverage of any installation or area
 of a permanent nature with which later coverage can be compared to
 discover any changes that have taken place.

 basic encyclopedia - (DOD) A compilation of identified installations
 and physical areas of potential significance as objectives for attack.

 basic intelligence - (DOD) Fundamental intelligence concerning
 the general situation, resources, capabilities, and vulnerabilities of
 foreign countries or areas which may be used as reference material in
 the planning of operations at any level and in evaluating subsequent
 information relating to the same subject.

 basic intelligence - (NATO) Intelligence, on any subject, which
 may be used as reference material for planning and in evaluating
 subsequent information. See also current intelligence; information;
 intelligence.

 basic intelligence - (IADB) General intelligence concerning the
 capabilities, vulnerabilities, and intentions of foreign nations; used
 as a base for a variety of intelligence products for the support of
 planning, policy making, and military operations. See also intelligence.

 basic load - (DOD, NATO) The quantity of sub plies required to
 be on hand within, and which can be moved by, a unit or formation. It
 is expressed according to the wartime organization of the unit or
 formation and maintained at the prescribed levels.

 basic load (ammunition) - (IADB) That quantity of non-nuclear
 ammunition that is authorized and required by each Service to be on hand
 within a unit or formation at all times. It is expressed in rounds,
 units, or units of weight as appropriate.

 basic military route network - (DOD, NATO) Axial, lateral, and
 connecting routes designated in peacetime by the host nation to meet the
 anticipated military movements and transport requirements, both allied
 and national. See also transport network.

 basic psychological operations study - (DOD) A document which
 describes succinctly the characteristics of a country, geographical
 area, or region which are most pertinent to psychological operations,
 and which can serve as an immediate reference for the planning and
 conduct of psychological operations.

 basic research - (DOD, IADB) Research directed toward the increase
 of knowledge, the primary aim being a greater knowledge or understanding
 of the subject under study. See also applied research; research.

 basic stopping power - (DOD, NATO) The probability, expressed
 as a percentage, of a single vehicle being stopped by mines while
 attempting to cross a minefield.

 basic tactical organization - (DOD, IADB) The conventional organization
 of landing force units for combat, involving combinations of infantry,
 supporting ground arms, and aviation for accomplishment of missions
 ashore. This organizational form is employed as soon as possible
 following the landing of the various assault components of the landing
 force.

 basic undertakings - (DOD, IADB) The essential things, expressed
 in broad terms, that must be done in order to implement the commander's
 concept successfully. These may include military, diplomatic, economic,
 psychological, and other measures. See also strategic concept.

 basis of issue - (DOD) Authority which prescribes the number of items
 to be issued to an individual, a unit, a military organization, or
 for a unit piece of equipment.

 bathymetric contour - See depth contour.

 battalion landing team - (DOD, IADB) In an amphibious operation,
 an infantry battalion normally reinforced by necessary combat and
 service elements; the basic unit for planning an assault landing. Also
 known as BLT - (DOD)

 battery - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Tactical and administrative artillery
 unit or subunit corresponding to a company or similar unit in other
 branches of the Army. 2. All guns, torpedo tubes, searchlights or
 missile launchers of the same size or caliber or used for the same
 purpose, either installed in one ship or otherwise operating as an
 entity.

 battery center - (DOD, NATO) A point on the ground, the coordinates of
 which are used as a reference indicating the location of the battery in
 the production of firing data. Also called chart location of the
 battery.

 battery control central - (NATO) The operations center from which Hawk
 missiles are controlled at battery level.

 battery left (or right) - (NATO) A method of fire in which weapons are
 discharged from the left (or right) one after the other, at five second
 intervals, unless otherwise specified.

 battery (troop) left (right) - (DOD) A method of fire in which
 weapons are discharged from the left (right), one after the other, at
 five second intervals.

 battle casualty - (DOD) Any casualty incurred in action. "In
 action" characterizes the casualty status as having been the direct
 result of hostile action, sustained in combat or relating thereto, or
 sustained going to or returning from a combat mission provided that the
 occurrence was directly related to hostile action. Included are persons
 killed or wounded mistakenly or accidentally by friendly fire directed
 at a hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile force. However,
 not to be considered as sustained in action and thereby not to be
 interpreted as battle casualties are injuries due to the elements,
 self-inflicted wounds, and, except in unusual cases, wounds or death
 inflicted by a friendly force while the individual is in absent-without-
 leave or dropped-from-rolls status or is voluntarily absent from a place
 of duty. See also died of wounds received in action; non-battle
 casualty; wounded.

 battle casualty - (IADB) Any person lost to his organization,
 because of death, wound, missing, capture, or internment provided such
 loss is incurred in action. "In action" characterizes the casualty
 status as having been the direct result of hostile action sustained
 going to or returning from a combat mission provided that the occurrence
 was directly related to hostile action, or through misadventure,
 friendly action. However, injuries due to elements or self-inflicted
 wounds are not to be considered as sustained in action and are thereby
 not to be interpreted as battle casualties. See also died of wounds
 received in action; non-battle casualty; wounded.

 battlefield illumination - (DOD, NATO) The lighting of the battle
 area by artificial light either visible or invisible to the naked eye.
 See also artificial  daylight;  artificial  moonlight;  indirect
 illumination.

 battlefield psychological activities - (DOD, NATO) Planned psychological
 activities conducted as an integral part of combat operations and
 designed to bring psychological pressure to bear on enemy forces and
 civilians under enemy control in the battle area, to assist in the
 achievement of the tactical objectives.

 battlefield surveillance - (DOD, NATO) Systematic observation
 of the battle area for the purpose of providing timely information and
 combat intelligence. See also surveillance.

 battle force - (DOD) A standing operational naval task force
 organization of carriers, surface combatants, and submarines assigned
 to numbered fleets. A battle force is subdivided into battle groups.

 battle group - (DOD) A standing naval task group consisting of
 a carrier or battleship, surface combatants, and submarines as assigned
 in direct support, operating in mutual support with the task of
 destroying hostile submarine, surface, and air forces within the group's
 assigned area of responsibility and striking at targets along hostile
 shore lines or projecting fire power inland.

 battle map - (DOD, IADB) A map showing ground features in sufficient
 detail for tactical use by all forces, usually at a scale of 1:25,000.
 See also map.

 battle reserves - (DOD, IADB) Reserve supplies accumulated by
 an army, detached corps, or detached division in the vicinity of the
 battlefield, in addition to unit and individual reserves. See also
 reserve supplies.

 beach - (DOD, IADB) 1. The area extending from the shoreline inland to
 a marked change in physiographic form or material, or to the line of
 permanent vegetation (coastline). 2. In amphibious operations, that
 portion of the shoreline designated for landing of a tactical
 organization.

 beach capacity - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An estimate, expressed in terms of
 measurement tons, or weight tons, of cargo that may be unloaded over a
 designated strip of shore per day. See also clearance capacity; port
 capacity.

 beach group - See naval beach group; shore party.

 beachhead - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A designated area on a hostile
 shore which, when seized and held, insures the continuous landing of
 troops and materiel, and provides maneuver space requisite for
 subsequent projected operations ashore. It is the physical objective of
 an amphibious operation. See also airhead; bridgehead.

 beach marker - (DOD, IADB) A sign or device used to identify
 a beach or certain activities thereon, for incoming waterborne traffic.
 Markers may be panels, lights, buoys, or electronic devices.

 beachmaster - (DOD, IADB) The naval officer in command of the
 beachmaster unit of the naval beach group.

 beachmaster unit - (DOD, IADB) A commissioned naval unit of the
 naval beach group designed to provide to the shore party a naval
 component known as a beach party which is capable of supporting the
 amphibious landing of one division (reinforced). See also beach party;
 shore party.

 beach minefield - (DOD, NATO) A minefield in the shallow water
 approaches to a possible amphibious landing beach.

 beach organization - (DOD, IADB) In an amphibious operation,
 the planned arrangement of personnel and facilities to effect movement,
 supply, and evacuation across beaches and in the beach area for support
 of a landing force. beach party-DOD, IADB) The naval component of the
 shore party. See also beachmaster unit; shore party.

 beach party commander - (DOD, IADB) The naval officer in command
 of the naval component of the shore party.

 beach photography - (DOD) Vertical, oblique, ground, and periscope
 coverage at varying scales to provide information of offshore, shore,
 and inland areas. It covers terrain which provides observation of the
 beaches and is primarily concerned with the geological and tactical
 aspects of the beach.

 beach reserves - (DOD, NATO) In an amphibious operation, an accumulation
 of supplies of all classes established in dumps in beachhead areas. See
 also reserve supplies.

 beach support area - (DOD, IADB) In amphibious operations, the area to
 the rear of a landing force or elements thereof, established and
 operated by shore party units, which contains the facilities for the
 unloading of troops and materiel and the support of the forces ashore;
 it includes facilities for the evacuation of wounded, prisoners of war,
 and captured materiel.

 beach survey - (DOD) The collection of data describing the physical
 characteristics of a beach; that is, an area whose boundaries are a
 shoreline, a coastline, and two natural or arbitrary assigned flanks.

 beach width - (DOD, IADB) The horizontal dimensions of the beach
 measured at right angles to the shoreline from the line of extreme low
 water inland to the landward limit of the beach (the coastline).

 beacon - (DOD, IADB) A light or electronic source which emits
 a distinctive or characteristic signal used for the determination of
 bearings, courses, or location. (DOD, NATO, IADB) See crash locator
 beacon; fan marker beacon; localizer; meaconing; personal locator
 beacon; radio beacon; Z marker beacon.

 beacon double - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Pilot
 select double pulse mode on your tracking beacon."

 beacon off - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Turn off
 your tracking beacon."

 beacon on - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Turn on your
 tracking beacon."

 beam attack - (DOD) In air intercept, an attack by an interceptor
 aircraft attack which terminates with a heading crossing angle greater
 than 45 degrees but less than 135 degrees. See also heading crossing
 angle.

 beam rider - (DOD, IADB) A missile guided by an electronic beam.

 beam rider - (NATO) A missile guided by radar or radio beam.

 beam width - (DOD) The angle between the directions, on either
 side of the axis, at which the intensity of the radio frequency field
 drops to one-half the value it has on the axis.

 bearing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The horizontal angle at a given point
 measured clockwise from a specific datum to a second point. See also
 grid bearing; relative bearing.

 beaten zone - (DOD) The area on the ground upon which the cone
 of fire falls.

 before-flight inspection - (NATO) Preflight check to ensure
 general aircraft safety and that disposable loads, e.g., fuel and
 armament equipment, etc., are correctly adjusted for the particular
 operation or sortie. Also called preflight inspection.

 bent - (DOD) In air intercept and close air support, a code meaning,
 "Equipment indicated is inoperative (temporarily or indefinitely)."
 Cancelled by "Okay."

 bilateral infrastructure - (DOD, NATO) Infrastructure which concerns
 only two NATO members and is financed by mutual agreement between them
 (e.g., facilities required for the use of forces of one NATO member in
 the territory of another). See also infrastructure.

 billet - (DOD, IADB) 1. Shelter for troops. 2. To quarter troops.
 3. A personnel position or assignment that may be filled by one person.

 bi-margin format - (NATO) The format of a map or chart on which
 the cartographic detail is extended to two edges of the sheet, normally
 north and east, thus leaving two margins only.

 binding - (DOD, NATO) The fastening or securing of items to a
 movable platform called a pallet. See also palletized unit load.

 bingo - (DOD) 1. When originated by pilot, means, "I have reached
 minimal fuel for safe return to base or to designated alternate."  2.
 When originated by controlling activity, means, "Proceed to alternate
 airfield or carrier as specified."

 bingo field - (DOD) Alternate airfield.

 bin storage - (DOD) Storage of items of supplies and equipment
 in an individual compartment or subdivision of a storage unit in less
 than bulk quantities. See also bulk storage; storage.

 biographical intelligence - (DOD) That component of intelligence
 which deals with individual foreign personalities of actual or potential
 importance.

 biological agent - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A micro organism which
 causes disease in man, plants, or animals or causes the deterioration
 of materiel. See also biological operation; biological weapon; chemical
 agent.

 biological ammunition - (NATO) A type of ammunition, the filler
 of which is primarily a biological agent.

 biological defense - (DOD, NATO) The methods, plans and procedures
 involved in establishing and executing defensive measures against attack
 utilizing biological agents. See also NBC defense.

 biological half-time - See half-life.

 biological operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Employment of biological
 agents to produce casualties in man or animals and damage to plants or
 materiel; or defense against such employment.

 biological warfare - See biological operation.

 biological weapon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An item of materiel which
 projects, disperses, or disseminates a biological agent including
 arthropod vectors.

 black - (DOD, IADB) In intelligence handling, a term used in certain
 phrases (e.g., living black, black border crossing) to indicate
 reliance on illegal concealment rather than on cover.

 black forces - (NATO) A term used in reporting of intelligence on
 Warsaw Pact exercises, to denote those units representing Warsaw Pact
 forces during such exercises. See also force(s); white forces.

 black list - (DOD, IADB) An official counter-intelligence listing
 of actual or potential enemy collaborators, sympathizers, intelligence
 suspects, and other persons whose presence menaces the security of
 friendly forces.

 black propaganda - (DOD, I, IADB) Propaganda which purports
 to emanate from a source other than the true one. See also propaganda.

 blast - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The brief and rapid movement of air,
 vapor or fluid away from a center of outward pressure, as in an
 explosion or in the combustion of rocket fuel; the pressure accompanying
 this movement. This term is commonly used for "explosion," but the two
 terms may be distinguished.

 blast effect - (DOD, IADB) Destruction of or damage to structures
 and personnel by the force of an explosion on or above the surface of
 the ground. Blast effect may be contrasted with the cratering and
 ground-shock effects of a projectile or charge that goes off beneath the
 surface.

 blast line - (DOD, IADB) A horizontal radial line on the surface
 of the earth originating at ground zero on which measurements of blast
 from an explosion are taken.

 blast wave - (DOD, IADB) A sharply defined wave of increased
 pressure rapidly propagated through a surrounding medium from a center
 of detonation or similar disturbance.

 blast wave - (NATO) A shock wave that propagates through air.
 See also shock wave.

 blast wave diffraction - (DOD, NATO) The passage around and envelopment
 of a structure by the nuclear blast wave.

 bleeding edge - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That edge of a map or chart
 on which cartographic detail is extended to the edge of the sheet.

 blind bombing zone - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A restricted area (air,
 land, or sea) established for the purpose of permitting air operations,
 unrestricted by the operations or possible attack of friendly forces.

 blip - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The display of a received pulse on a
 cathode ray tube.

 blister agent - (DOD, NATO) A chemical agent which injures the
 eyes and lungs, and burns or blisters the skin. Also called "vesicant
 agent."

 blocking and chocking - (DOD, NATO) The use of wedges or chocks
 to prevent the inadvertent shifting of cargo in transit.

 blocking position - (DOD, NATO) A defensive position so sited
 as to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance
 in a given direction.

 block shipment - (DOD, IADB) A method of shipment of supplies
 to overseas areas to provide balanced stocks or an arbitrary balanced
 force for a specific number of days, e.g., shipment of 30 days' supply
 for an average force of 10,000 individuals.

 block stowage loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A method of loading
 whereby all cargo for a specific destination is stowed together. The
 purpose is to facilitate rapid off-loading at the destination, with the
 least possible disturbance of cargo intended for other points. See also
 loading.

 block time - (NATO, IADB) The period from the moment the chocks
 are withdrawn and brakes released, or moorings dropped, to the return
 to rest or take-up of moorings after the flight.

 blood agent - (DOD, NATO) A chemical compound, including the
 cyanide group, that affects bodily functions by preventing the normal
 transfer of oxygen from the blood to body tissues. Also called "cyanogen
 agent."

 blood chit - (DOD) A small cloth chart depicting an American
 Flag and a statement in several languages to the effect that anyone
 assisting the bearer to safety will be rewarded.

 blood chit (intelligence) - See blood chit.

 blow - (DOD) To expose, often unintentionally, personnel, installations,
 or other elements of a clandestine organization or activity.

 blowback - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Escape, to the rear and under
 pressure, of gases formed during the firing of the weapon. Blowback may
 be caused by a defective breech mechanism, a ruptured cartridge case or
 a faulty primer. 2. Type of weapon operation in which the force of
 expanding gases acting to the rear against the face of the bolt
 furnishes all the energy required to initiate the complete cycle of
 operation. A weapon which employs this method of operation is
 characterized by the absence of any breech-lock or bolt-lock mechanism.

 blue commander - (DOD, NATO) The officer designated to exercise
 operational control over blue forces for a specific period during an
 exercise.

 blue forces - (NATO) Those forces used in a friendly role during
 NATO exercises. See also force(s).

 blue key - (NATO) A blue image on any medium which is not reproduced
 when the superimposed work is reproduced, used as a guide for scribing
 or drawing.

 boat diagram - (DOD, IADB) In the assault phase of an amphibious
 operation, a diagram showing the positions of individuals and equipment
 in each boat.

 boat group - (DOD, IADB) The basic organization of landing craft.
 One boat group is organized for each battalion landing team (or
 equivalent) to be landed in the first trip of landing craft or
 amphibious vehicles.

 boat lane - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A lane for amphibious assault
 landing craft, which extends seawards from the landing beaches to the
 line of departure. The width of a boat lane is determined by the length
 of the corresponding beach.

 boat space - (DOD, IADB) The space and weight factor used to determine
 the capacity of boats, landing craft, and amphibious vehicles. With
 respect to landing craft and amphibious vehicles, it is based on the
 requirements of one person with individual equipment. The person is
 assumed to weigh 224 pounds and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet of space.
 See also man space.

 boattail - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The conical section of a ballistic
 body that progressively decreases in diameter toward the tail to reduce
 overall aerodynamic drag.

 boat wave - See wave.

 body of a map or chart - (NATO) That area of a map or chart contained
 within the neatlines.

 bogey - (DOD, IADB) An air contact which is unidentified but
 assumed to be enemy. (Not to be confused with unknown.) See also
 friendly; hostile.

 bomb damage assessment - (DOD, IADB) The determination of the
 effect of all air attacks on targets (e.g., bombs, rockets, or
 strafing).

 bomb disposal unit - See explosive ordnance disposal unit.

 bomber - See intermediate-range bomber aircraft; long-range bomber
 aircraft; medium-range bomber aircraft.

 bomb impact plot - (DOD, IADB) A graphic representation of
 the target area, usually a pro strike air photograph, on which prominent
 dots are plotted to mark the impact or detonation points of bombs
 dropped on a specific bombing attack.

 bombing angle - (DOD, NATO) The angle between the vertical and
 a line joining the aircraft to what would be the point of impact of a
 bomb released from it at that instant.

 bombing errors - (NATO, IADB) 1. 50 percent Circular Error - The radius
 of a circle, with the center at a desired mean point of impact, which
 contains half the missiles independently aimed to hit the desired mean
 point of impact.  2. 50 percent Deflection Error - Half the distance
 between two lines, drawn parallel to the aircraft's track and
 equidistant from the desired mean point of impact, which contains half
 the missiles independently aimed to hit the desired mean point of
 impact. 3. 50 percent Range Error - Half the distance between two lines
 drawn perpendicular to the aircraft's track equidistant from the
 desired mean point of impact, which contains half the missiles
 independently aimed to hit the desired mean point of impact. (Note:
 Above errors should imply overall errors unless otherwise stipulated
 by inclusion of the word "Random" or "Systematic" as necessary.)

 bombing height - (DOD, NATO) In air operations, the height above
 ground level at which the aircraft is flying at the moment of ordnance
 release. Bombing heights are classified as follows:
 very low: below 100 feet; low: from 100 to 2,000 feet; medium: from
 2,000 to 10,000 feet; high: from 10,000 to 50,000 feet; very high:
 50,000 feet and above.

 bombing height - (IADB) Distance above a target at the moment of bomb
 release, measured vertically from the target to the level of the
 bombing aircraft.

 bombing run - (DOD, NATO) In air bombing, that part of the flight
 that begins, normally from an initial point, with the approach to the
 target, includes target acquisition, and ends normally at the weapon
 release point.

 bomb line - See fire support coordination line.

 bomb release line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An imaginary line around
 a defended area or objective over which an aircraft should release its
 bomb in order to obtain a hit or hits on an area or objective.

 bomb release point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point in space at
 which bombs must be released to reach the desired point of detonation.

 bomb sighting systems - (NATO) 1. vector sights-Sighting systems
 using the vector principle and incorporating a mechanical representation
 of the vectors of the bombing triangle. a. pre-set vector-A sighting
 system in which the values for height, airspeed and wind are set
 manually on the bomb sight. b. continuously set vector-A sighting system
 in which the values for height, airspeed and drift are automatically and
 continuously updated. 2. tachometric or synchronous sights-Sighting
 systems which automatically release the bomb at the correct bombing
 angle by maintaining the sight line on the target, thus determining the
 speed relative to the target and in some cases the track through the
 target. 3. angular velocity sight-A sighting system in which the correct
 release point is determined when the angular velocity of the target
 relative to the bomb aimer reaches a precomputed value.

 bonding - (DOD, NATO) In electrical engineering, the process
 of connecting together metal parts so that they make low resistance
 electrical contact for direct current and lower frequency alternating
 currents. See also earthing; grounding.

 booby trap - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An explosive or nonexplosive device or
 other material, deliberately placed to cause casualties when an
 apparently harmless object is disturbed or a normally safe act is
 performed.

 booster - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A high-explosive element sufficiently
 sensitive so as to be actuated by small explosive elements in a fuze or
 primer and powerful enough to cause detonation of the main explosive
 filling. 2. An auxiliary or initial propulsion system which travels with
 a missile or aircraft and which may or may not separate from the parent
 craft when its impulse has been delivered. A booster system may contain,
 or consist of, one or more units.

 boost phase - (DOD) That portion of the flight of a ballistic
 missile or space vehicle during which the booster and sustainer engines
 operate. See also midcourse phase; reentry phase; terminal phase.

 border - (DOD, NATO) In cartography, the area of a map or chart
 lying between the neatline and the surrounding framework.

 border break - (DOD, NATO) A cartographic technique used when it is
 required to extend a portion of the cartographic detail of a map or
 chart beyond the sheetlines into the margin.

 border crosser - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An individual, living close
 to a frontier, who normally has to cross the frontier frequently for
 legitimate purposes.

 boresafe fuze - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Type of fuze having an interrupter in
 the explosive train that prevents a projectile from exploding until
 after it has cleared the muzzle of a weapon. See also fuze.

 bottom mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine with negative buoyancy which
 remains on the seabed. Also called a ground mine. See also mine.

 bottom sweep - (NATO) A sweep, either wire or chain, used either
 to sweep mines close to the bottom or to remove mines from a channel by
 dragging.
 bound - (DOD, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a single movement, usually
 from cover to cover, made by troops, often under enemy fire. (DOD) 2.
 Distance covered in one movement by a unit that is advancing by bounds.

 boundary - (DOD, NATO) In land warfare, a line by which areas
 of responsibility between adjacent units/formations are defined.

 boundary (de facto) - (IADB) An international or administrative
 boundary whose existence and legality is not recognized but which is a
 practical division  between  separate  national  and  provincial
 administering authorities.

 boundary (de jure) - (IADB) An international or administrative
 boundary whose existence and legality is recognized.

 boundary disclaimer - (NATO, IADB) A statement on a map or
 chart that the status and/ or alignment of  international  or
 administrative boundaries is not necessarily recognized by  the
 government of the publishing nation.

 bouquet mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine in which
 a number of buoyant mine cases are attached to the same sinker, so that
 when the mooring of one mine case is cut, another mine rises from the
 sinker to its set depth. See also mine.

 BQM-34 - See Firebee.

 bracketing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A method of adjusting fire in
 which a bracket is established by obtaining an over and a short along
 the spotting line, and then successively splitting the bracket in half
 until a target hit or desired bracket is obtained.

 branch - (DOD, IADB) 1. A subdivision of any organization. 2.
 A geographically separate unit of an activity which performs all or part
 of the primary functions of the parent activity on a smaller scale.
 Unlike an annex, a branch is not merely an overflow addition. (DOD) 3.
 An arm or service of the Army.

 breaching - (IADB) The employment of any available means to secure
 a passage through an enemy minefield or fortification.

 breakaway - (DOD, NATO) 1. The onset of a condition in which
 the shock front moves away from the exterior of the expanding fireball
 produced by the explosion of a nuclear weapon. (DOD) 2. After completion
 of attack, turn to heading as directed.

 break off - (DOD) In close air support, a command utilized to
 immediately terminate an attack.

 breakoff position - (DOD, NATO) The position at which a leaver
 or leaver section breaks off from the main convoy to proceed to a
 different destination.

 breakup - (DOD, NATO) 1. In detection by radar, the separation of
 one solid return into a number of individual returns which correspond
 to the various objects or structure groupings. This separation is
 contingent upon a number of factors including range, beam width, gain
 setting, object size and distance between objects. 2. In imagery
 interpretation, the result of magnification or enlargement which causes
 the imaged item to lose its identity and the resultant presentation to
 become a random series of tonal impressions.

 brevity code - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A code which provides no security
 but which has as its sole purpose the shortening of messages rather than
 the concealment of their content.

 bridgehead - (DOD, IADB) An area of ground held or to be gained
 on the enemy's side of an obstacle. See also airhead; beachhead.

 bridgehead - (NATO) An area of ground, in a territory occupied
 or threatened by the enemy, which must be held or at least controlled,
 so as to permit the continuous embarkation, landing or crossing of
 troops and materiel, and/or to provide maneuver space requisite for
 subsequent operations. See also airhead; beachhead.

 bridgehead line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The limit of the objective
 area in the development of the bridgehead. See also objective area.

 briefing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The act of giving in advance specific
 instructions or information.

 brigade - (DOD, IADB) A unit usually smaller than a division
 to which are attached groups and/or battalions and smaller units
 tailored to meet anticipated requirements.

 broadcast-controlled air interception - (DOD,  NATO,  IADB)  An
 interception in which the interceptor is given a continuous broadcast
 of information concerning an enemy raid and effects interception without
 further control. See also air interception; close-controlled air
 interception.

 Bronco - (DOD) A light, twin turboprop, twin-seat observation
 and support aircraft. May be equipped with machine guns and light
 ordnance for close air support missions. Designated as OV-10.

 buffer distance (nuclear) - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The horizontal
 distance which, when added to the radius of safety, will give the
 desired assurance that the specified degree of risk will not be
 exceeded. The buffer distance is normally expressed quantitatively in
 multiples of the delivery error. 2. The vertical distance which is added
 to the fallout safe-height of burst in order to determine a desired
 height of burst which will provide the desired assurance that militarily
 significant fallout will not occur. It is  normally  expressed
 quantitatively in multiples of the vertical error.

 bug - (DOD, IADB) I. A concealed microphone or listening device
 or other audiosurveillance device. 2.  To  install  means  for
 audiosurveillance.

 bugged - (DOD) Room or object which contains a concealed listening
 device.

 buildup - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The process of attaining prescribed
 strength of units and prescribed levels of vehicles, equipment, stores
 and supplies. Also may be applied to the means of accomplishing this
 process.

 bulk cargo - (DOD, IADB) That which is generally shipped in volume where
 the transportation conveyance is the only external container; such as
 liquids, ore, or grain.

 bulk petroleum product - (DOD, NATO) A liquid petroleum product
 transported by various means and stored in tanks or containers having
 an individual fill capacity greater than 250 liters.

 bulk petroleum product - (IADB) Liquid petroleum product which
 is normally transported by pipeline, rail tank car, road tank truck,
 road tank trailer, barge, harbor or coastal tanker, and ocean-going
 tanker and stored in a tank or container having a fill capacity greater
 than 55 US gallons (45 Imperial gallons or 250 liters).

 bulk storage - (DOD, IADB) 1. Storage in a warehouse of supplies
 and equipment in large quantities, usually in original containers, as
 distinguished from bin storage. 2. Storage of liquids, such as petroleum
 products in tanks, as distinguished from drum or packaged storage. See
 also bin storage; storage.

 burial - See emergency burial; group burial; trench burial. See
 also graves registration.

 burn - (DOD) 1. Deliberately expose the true status of a person under
 cover. 2. The legitimate destruction and burning of classified material,
 usually accomplished by the custodian as prescribed in regulations.

 burned - (DOD) Used to indicate that a clandestine operator has
 been exposed to the operation (especially in a surveillance) or that
 reliability as a source of information has been compromised.

 burn notice - (DOD) An official statement by one intelligence
 agency to other agencies, domestic or foreign, that an individual or
 group is unreliable for any of a variety of reasons.

 burnout - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point in time or in the missile
 trajectory when combustion of fuels in the rocket engine is terminated
 by other than programmed cutoff.

 burnout velocity - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The velocity attained by a
 missile at the point of burnout.

 burn-through range - (DOD, IADB) The distance at which a specific radar
 can discern targets through the external interference being received.

 buster - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Fly at maximal
 continuous speed (or power)."
 C3-protection - See command, control, and communications
 countermeasures.

 C-5A - See Galaxy.

 C-123 - See Provider.

 C-130 - See Hercules.

 C-140 - See Jet Star.

 C-141 - See Starlifter.

 cabin pressure altimeter - (DOD, NATO) See altimeter.

 calibrated airspeed - (NATO) Indicated airspeed corrected for
 instrument and installation errors. Also called rectified
 airspeed. See also airspeed.

 calibrated altitude - (NATO) Indicated altitude corrected for
 instrument and installation errors. See also altitude.

 calibrated focal length - (DOD, NATO) An adjusted value of the
 equivalent focal length, so computed as to equalize the positive
 and negative values of distortion over the entire field used in a
 camera. See also focal length.

 call fire - (DOD, IADB) Fire delivered on a specific target in
 response to a request from the supported unit. See also fire.

 call for fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A request for fire containing
 data necessary for obtaining the required fire on a target.

 call mission - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of air support mission
 which is not requested sufficiently in advance of the desired
 time of execution to permit detailed planning and briefing of
 pilots prior to take-off. Aircraft scheduled for this type of
 mission are on air, ground, or carrier alert, and are armed with
 a prescribed load.

 call sign - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any combination of characters or
 pronounceable words, which identifies a communication facility, a
 command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; used primarily for
 establishing and maintaining communications. See also collective
 call sign; indefinite call sign; international call sign; net
 call sign; tactical call sign; visual call sign; voice call sign.

 camera axis - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An imaginary line through the
 optical center of the lens perpendicular to the negative photo
 plane.

 camera axis direction - (DOD, NATO) Direction on the horizontal
 plane of the optical axis of the camera at the time of exposure.
 This direction is defined by its azimuth expressed in degrees in
 relation to true/magnetic north.

 camera calibration - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The determination of the
 calibrated focal length, the location of the principal point with
 respect to the fiducial marks and the lens distortion effective
 in the focal plane of the camera referred to the particular
 calibrated focal length.

 camera cycling rate - (DOD, NATO) The frequency with which camera
 frames are exposed, expressed as cycles per second.

 camera magazine - (NATO) A removable part of a camera in which
 the unexposed and exposed portions of film are contained.

 camera nadir - See photo nadir.

 camera station (photogrammetry)See air station (photogrammetry).

 camera window - (NATO) A window in the camera compartment through
 which photo graphs are taken.

 camouflage - (DOD, NATO) The use of natural or artificial
 material on personnel, objects or tactical positions with the aim
 of confusing, misleading or evading the enemy. See also
 countersurveillance.

 camouflage detection photography - (DOD, NATO) Photography
 utilizing a special type of film (usually infrared) designed for
 the detection of camouflage. See also false color film.

 camouflet - (DOD, NATO) The resulting cavity in a deep
 underground burst when there is no rupture of the surface. See
 also crater.

 camp - (DOD, IADB) A group of tents, huts, or other shelter set
 up temporarily for troops, and more permanent than a bivouac. A
 military post, temporary or permanent, may be called a camp.

 campaign plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan for a series of related
 military operations aimed to accomplish a common objective,
 normally within a given time and space.

 canalize - (DOD) To restrict operations to a narrow zone by use
 of existing or reinforcing obstacles or by fire or bombing.

 Canberra - (DOD, IADB) A twin-jet, all-weather electronics
 intelligence aircraft. Designated as B-57. RB-57 is the
 reconnaissance version.

 cancel - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, the
 term, cancel, when coupled with a previous order, other than an
 order for a quantity or type of ammunition, rescinds that order.

 cancel check firing - (DOD) The order to rescind check firing.

 cancel converge - (DOD) The command used to rescind converge.

 cannibalize - (DOD, NATO, IADB) To remove serviceable parts from
 one item of equipment in order to install them on another item of
 equipment.

 cannot observe - (DOD, NATO) A type of fire control which
 indicates that the observer or spotter will be unable to adjust
 fire, but believes a target exists at the given location and is
 of sufficient importance to justify firing upon it without
 adjustment or observation.

 capability - (DOD, IADB) The ability to execute a specified
 course of action. (A capability may or may not be accompanied by
 an intention.)

 capacity load (Navy) - (DOD, IADB) The maximum quantity of all
 supplies (ammunition, petroleum, oils, and lubricants, rations,
 general stores, maintenance stores, etc.) which each vessel can carry
 in proportions prescribed by proper authority. See also combat load
 (air); wartime load.

 capsule - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A sealed, pressurized cabin for
 extremely high altitude or space flight which provides an
 acceptable environment for man, animal or equipment. 2. An
 ejectable sealed cabin having automatic devices for safe return
 of the occupants to the surface.

 captive firing - (DOD, NATO) A firing test of short duration,
 conducted with the missile propulsion system operating while
 secured to a test stand.

 cardinal point effect - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The increased intensity
 of a line or group of returns on the radarscope occurring when
 the radar beam is perpendicular to the rectangular surface of a
 line or group of similarly aligned features in the ground
 pattern.

 caretaker status - (DOD, IADB) A nonoperating condition in which
 the installations, materiel, and facilities are in a care and
 limited preservation status. Only a minimum of personnel is
 required to safeguard against fire, theft, and damage from the
 elements.

 cargo - (DOD, NATO) Commodities and supplies in transit. See also
 air cargo; dangerous cargo; essential cargo; immediately vital
 declared dead, wounded, injured, diseased, interned, captured,
 retained, missing, missing in action, beleaguered, besieged or
 detained; See also battle casualty; non-battle casualty; wounded.
 See also loading; chemical ammunition cargo; Matted cargo;
 general cargo; heavy-lift cargo; high explosive cargo;
 inflammable cargo; perishable cargo; special cargo; troop space
 cargo; vehicle cargo.

 cargo carrier - (DOD) Highly mobile, air transportable,
 unarmored, full- tracked cargo and logistic carrier capable of
 swimming inland waterways and accompanying and resupplying
 self-propelled artillery weapons. Designated as M548.

 cargo classification (combat loading) - (DOD, IADB) The division
 of military cargo into categories for combat loading aboard
 ships. See also cargo.

 cargo outturn message - (DOD, IADB) A brief message report
 transmitted within 48 hours of completion of ship discharge to
 advise both the Military Sealift Command and the terminal of
 loading of the condition of the cargo, including any
 discrepancies in the form of overages, shortages, or damages
 between cargo as manifested and cargo as checked at time of
 discharge.

 cargo outturn report - (DOD, IADB) A detailed report prepared by
 a discharging terminal to record discrepancies in the form of
 over, short, and damaged cargo as manifested, and cargo checked
 at a time and place of discharge from ship.

 cargo sling - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A strap, chain, or other material
 used to hold cargo items securely which are to be hoisted,
 lowered, or suspended.

 cargo tie-down point - (DOD, IADB) A point on military materiel
 designed for attachment of various means for securing the item
 for transport.

 cargo transporter - (DOD, IADB) A reusable metal shipping
 container designed for worldwide surface and air movement of
 suitable military supplies and equipment through the cargo
 transporter service.

 carpet bombing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The progressive distribution
 of a mass bomb load upon an area defined by designated boundaries,
 in such manner as to inflict damage to all portions thereof.

 carriage - See gun carriage.

 carrier air group - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Two or more aircraft
 squadrons formed under one commander for administrative and
 tactical control of operations from a carrier.

 carrier striking force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A naval task force
 composed of aircraft carriers and supporting combatant ships
 capable of conducting strike operations.

 cartesian coordinates - (NATO, IADB) A coordinate system in which
 locations of points in space are expressed by reference to three
 mutually perpendicular planes, called coordinate planes. The
 three planes intersect in three straight lines called coordinate
 axes. See also coordinates.

 cascade image intensifier - (NATO) An opto-electronic amplifier
 capable of increasing the intensity of a radiant image by two or
 more stages.

 case - (DOD, IADB) 1. An intelligence operation in its entirety.
 2. Record of the development of an intelligence operation,
 including personnel, modus operandi, and objectives.

 cassette - (NATO) In photography, a reloadable container for
 either unexposed or exposed sensitized materials which may be
 removed from the camera or darkroom equipment under lightened
 conditions.

 casual - See transient.

 casualty - (DOD, IADB) Any person who is lost to the organization
 by reason of having been chain of command - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The
 succession of commanding officers from a superior to a subordinate
 through which command is exercised. Also called command channel.
 See also administrative chain of command; operational chain of command.

 casualty staging unit - See aeromedical staging unit.

 catalytic attack - (DOD, IADB) An attack designed to bring about
 a war between major powers through the disguised machinations of
 a third power.

 catalytic war - (DOD) Not to be used. See catalytic attack.

 catapult - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A structure which provides an
 auxiliary source of thrust to a missile or aircraft; must combine
 the functions of directing and accelerating the missile during its
 travel on the catapult; serves the same functions for a missile as
 does a gun tube for a shell.

 caution area - (NATO) An airspace of defined dimensions within
 which restrictions to the flight of aircraft may exist at
 specified times. See also area.

 CAVU - (DOD, IADB) Ceiling and visibility unlimited.

 C-day - (DOD, IADB) The unnamed day on which a deployment
 operation commences or is to commence. The deployment may be
 movement of troops, cargo, weapon systems, or a combination of
 these elements utilizing any or all types of transport. The
 letter "C" will be the only one used to denote the above. The
 highest command or headquarters responsible for coordinating the
 planning will specify the exact meaning of C-day within the
 aforementioned definition. The command or headquarters directly
 responsible for the execution of the operation, if other than the
 one coordinating the planning, will do so in light of the meaning
 specified by the highest command or headquarters coordinating the
 planning. See also (DOD) 5-day, wartime manpower planning system;
 (NATO) designation of days and hours.

 cease engagement - (DOD, NATO) In air defense, a fire control
 order used to direct units to stop the firing sequence against a
 designated target. Guided missiles already in flight will
 continue to intercept. See also engage; hold fire.

 cease engagement - (IADB) A command that weapons will disengage a
 particular target or targets and prepare to engage another
 target. Missiles in flight will continue to intercept. The order
 terminates engagement on a particular target.

 cease fire - (DOD, IADB) A command given to air defense artillery
 units to refrain from firing on, but to continue to track, an
 airborne object. Missiles already in flight will be permitted to
 continue to intercept.

 cease loading - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire
 support, the command used during firing of two or more rounds to
 indicate the suspension of inserting rounds into the weapon.

 ceiling - (DOD, IADB) The height above the earth's surface of the
 lowest layer of clouds or obscuration phenomena that is reported
 as "broken," "overcast," or "obscured" and not classified as
 "thin" or "partial."

 celestial guidance - (DOD, IADB) The guidance of a missile or
 other vehicle by reference to celestial bodies. See also
 guidance.

 celestial sphere - (DOD, NATO) An imaginary sphere of infinite
 radius concentric with the earth, on which all celestial bodies
 except the earth are imagined to be projected.

 cell - (DOD) Small group of individuals who work together for
 clandestine or subversive purposes.

 cell system - See net, chain, cell system. cargo; unwanted cargo;
 valuable cargo; wanted cargo.

 censorship - See armed forces censorship; civil censorship; field
 press censorship; military censorship; national censorship;
 primary censorship; prisoner of war censorship; secondary
 censorship

 center of burst - See mean point of impact.

 center of gravity limits - (NATO, IADB) The limits within which
 an aircraft's center of gravity must lie to ensure safe flight.
 The center of gravity of the loaded aircraft must be within these
 limits at take off, in the air and on landing. In some cases,
 take-off and landing limits may also be specified.

 central air data computer - (DOD, NATO) A device that computes
 altitude, vertical speed, air speed and mach number from inputs
 of pitot and static pressure and temperature.

 central analysis team - (NATO) A team composed of representatives
 from two or more Major NATO Commanders, responsible jointly to
 their superiors for the detailed analysis and reporting of a
 large-scale NATO exercise.

 central analysis team - (IADB) A team composed of representatives
 from two or more commanders, responsible jointly to their
 superiors for the detailed analysis and reporting of a large-scale
 naval exercise. If an analysis is being done by one commander or his
 subordinate(s), it will be called an analysis staff.

 centralized control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air defense, the
 control mode whereby a higher echelon makes direct target
 assignments to fire units. See also decentralized control.

 centrally managed item - (DOD) An item of materiel subject to
 inventory control point (wholesale level) management.

 central planning team - (NATO) A team composed of representatives
 of two or more NATO or national commands, responsible for the
 production of an exercise operation order in accordance with the
 exercise specification and/or exercise planning directive.

 central planning team - (IADB) A team composed of representatives
 of two or more commanders, responsible jointly to their superiors
 for the production of the general instructions for the exercise
 in accordance with the agreed concept. Regional planning groups
 may be set up prior to the formulation of the central planning
 team in order to provide the central planning team with
 information on certain phases of the exercise. If exercise
 planning is done by a joint command, or by one commander or his
 subordinate(s), it will be called a planning staff. The central
 planning team issues "instructions," whereas the planning staffs
 issue "general exercies orders."

 central procurement - (DOD) The procurement of material,
 supplies, or services by an officially designated command or
 agency with funds specifically provided for such procurement for
 the benefit and use of the entire component, or, in the case of
 single manager, for the military departments as a whole.

 central war - Not to be used. See general war.

 CG - See guided missile cruiser.

 CGN - See guided missile cruiser.

 chaff - (DOD, IADB) Radar confusion reflectors, which consist of
 thin, narrow metallic strips of various lengths and frequency
 responses, used to reflect echoes for confusion purposes. See
 also rope; rope-chaff; window.

 chaff - (NATO) Strips of frequency-cut metal foil, wire, or
 metallized glass fiber used to reflect electromagnetic energy,
 usually dropped from aircraft or expelled from shells or rockets
 as a radar countermeasure. See also rope; rope-chaff.

 chain - See net, chain, cell system.

 chain of command - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The succession of commanding
 officers from a superior to a subordinate through which command
 is exercised. Also called command channel. See also administrative
 chain of command; operational chain of command.

 chalk commander - (NATO, IADB) The commander of all troops
 embarked under one chalk number.

 chalk number - (NATO, IADB) The number given to a complete load
 and to the transporting carrier.

 chalk troops - (NATO) A load of troops defined by a particular
 chalk number. See also chalk commander; chalk number.

 challenge - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any process carried out by one unit
 or person with the object of ascertaining the friendly or hostile
 character or identity of another. See also countersign; password;
 reply.

 change of operational control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The date and
 time (Greenwich Mean Time/Greenwich Civil Time) at which the
 responsibility for operational control of a force or unit passes
 from one operational control authority to another.

 channel - (DOD, IADB) Used in conjunction with a predetermined
 letter, number, or code word to reference a specific radio frequency.

 channel airlift - (DOD, IADB) Common-user airlift service provided on
 a scheduled basis between two points.

 Chaparral - (DOD) A short-range, low-altitude, surface-to-air,
 Army air defense artillery system. Designated as MIM-72.
 See also Sidewinder.

 characteristic actuation probability - (DOD, NATO) The average
 probability of a mine of a given type being actuated by one run
 of the sweep within the characteristic actuation width.

 characteristic actuation width - (DOD, NATO) The width of path
 over which mines can be actuated by a single run of the sweep gear.

 characteristic detection probability - (DOD, NATO) The ratio of
 the number of mines detected on a single run to the number of
 mines which could have been detected within the characteristic
 detection width.

 characteristic detection width - (DOD, NATO) The width of path
 over which mines can be detected on a single run.

 characterization (evaluation) - (DOD) A bib graphical sketch of
 an individual or a statement of the nature and intent of an
 organization or group.

 charge - (DOD, NATO) 1. The amount of propellant required for a
 fixed, semi-fixed, or separate loading projectile, round or
 shell. It may also refer to the quantity of explosive filling
 contained in a bomb, mine or the like. 2. In combat engineering,
 a quantity of explosive, prepared for demolition purposes.

 charged demolition target - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A target on which
 all charges have been placed and which is in one of the states of
 readiness, i.e., safe or armed. See also demolition target.

 charging point - (NATO, IADB) A connection on an aircraft, or
 aircraft component, through which the aircraft or aircraft
 component can be replenished with a specific commodity, e.g.,
 oxygen, air or hydraulic fluid, etc.

 chart base - (DOD, NATO) A chart used as a primary source for
 compilation or as a framework on which new detail is printed.
 Also called "topographic" base. See also base map.

 chart index - See map index.

 chart location of the battery - See battery center.

 chart series - See map; map series.

 chart sheet - See map; map sheet.

 check firing - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire
 support, a command to cause a temporary halt in firing.

 checkout - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A sequence of functional,
 operational, and calibrational tests to determine the condition
 and status of a weapon system or element thereof.

 checkpoint - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A predetermined point on the
 surface of the earth used as a means of controlling movement, a
 registration target for fire adjustment, or reference for
 location. 2. Center of impact; a burst center. 3. Geographical
 location on land or water above which the position of an aircraft
 in flight may be determined by observation or by electrical
 means. 4. A place where military police check vehicular or
 pedestrian traffic in order to enforce circulation control
 measures and other laws, orders and regulations.

 check port/starboard - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept, a term meaning,
 "Alter heading degrees to port/starboard momentarily for airborne
 radar search and then resume heading."

 check sweeping - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, sweeping to
 check that no moored mines are left after a previous clearing
 operation.

 chemical agent - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A chemical substance which is
 intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously
 injure, or incapacitate man through its physiological effects.
 Excluded from consideration are riot control agents, herbicides,
 smoke and flame. See also biological agent.

 chemical agent cumulative action - (DOD, IADB) The building up,
 within the human body, of small ineffective doses of certain
 chemical agents to a point where eventual effect is similar to
 one large dose.

 chemical ammunition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of ammunition, the
 filler of which is primarily a chemical agent. See also cargo.

 chemical ammunition cargo - (DOD, IADB) Cargo, such as white
 phosphorous munitions (shell and grenades). See also cargo.

 chemical, biological, and radiological operation - (DOD, NATO,
 IADB) A collective term used only when referring to a combined
 chemical, biological, and radiological operation.

 chemical defense - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The methods, plans and
 procedures involved in establishing and executing defensive
 measures against attack utilizing chemical agents.
 See also NBC defense.

 chemical horn - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine horn
 containing an electric battery, the electrolyte for which is in a
 glass tube protected by a thin metal sheet. Also called Hertz Horn.

 chemical mine - (NATO) A mine containing a chemical agent
 designed to kill, injure, or incapacitate personnel or to
 contaminate materiel or terrain.

 chemical operations - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Employment of chemical
 agents to kill, injure, or incapacitate for a significant period
 of time, man or animals, and deny or hinder the use of areas,
 facilities or material; or defense against such employment.

 chemical survey - (DOD, NATO) The directed effort to determine
 the nature and degree of chemical hazard in an area and to
 delineate the perimeter of the hazard area.

 chemical warfare - (DOD) All aspects of military operations
 involving the employment of lethal and incapacitating
 munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures
 associated with such offensive operations. Since riot control
 agents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare
 agents, those two items will be referred to separately or under
 the broader term "chemical," which will be used to include all
 types of chemical munitions/agents collectively. The term
 "chemical warfare weapons" may be used when it is desired to
 reflect both lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents of either
 chemical or biological origin. Also called CW. See also chemical
 operations, herbicide, riot control agent.

 chemical warfare agent - See chemical agent.

 chicks - (DOD) Friendly fighter aircraft.

 Chief Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps Censor - (DOD) An
 officer appointed by the commander of the Army, Navy, Air Force,
 or Marine Corps component of a unified command to supervise all
 censorship activities of that Service.

 chief of staff - (DOD, IADB) The senior or principal member or
 head of a staff, or the principal assistant in a staff capacity
 to a person in a command capacity; the head or controlling member
 of a staff, for purposes of the coordination of its work; a
 position, that in itself is without inherent power of command by
 reason of assignment, except that which is invested in such a position
 by delegation to exercise command in another's name. In the Army and
 Marine Corps, the title is applied only to the staff on a brigade or
 division level or higher. In lower units, the corresponding title is
 executive officer. In the Air Force, the title is applied normally in
 the staff on an Air Force level and above. In the Navy, the title is
 applied only on the staff of a commander with rank of commodore or
 above. The corresponding title on the staff of a commander of rank
 lower than commodore is chief staff officer, and in the organization
 of a single ship, executive officer.

 chop - See change of operational control.

 chronic dose - (IADB) Radiation dose absorbed in circumstances
 such that biological recovery may have been possible. It is
 arbitrarily accepted that a chronic dose can only mean absorption
 occurring after 24 hours following the burst.

 chronic radiation dose - (DOD, NATO) A dose of ionizing radiation
 received either continuously or intermittently over a prolonged
 period of time. A chronic radiation dose may be high enough to
 cause radiation sickness and death but if received at a low dose
 rate a significant portion of the acute cellular damage will be
 repaired. See also acute radiation dose; radiation dose;
 radiation dose rate.

 chuffing - (DOD, NATO) The characteristic of some rockets to burn
 intermittently and with an irregular noise.

 cipher - (DOD, IADB) Any cryptographic system in which arbitrary
 symbols or groups of symbols, represent units of plain text of
 regular length, usually single letters, or in which units of
 plain text are rearranged, or both, in accordance with certain
 predetermined rules. See also cryptosystem.

 circuit - (DOD, IADB) 1. An electronic path between two or more
 points, capable of providing a number of channels. 2. A number of
 conductors connected together for the purpose of carrying an
 electrical current.

 circuitry - (DOD) A complex of circuits describing interconnection
 within or between systems.

 circular error probable - (DOD, IADB) An indicator of the delivery
 accuracy of a weapon system, used as a factor in determining probable
 damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within which half of
 a missile's projectiles are expected to fall. Also called CEP.
 See also delivery error; deviation; dispersion error; horizontal error.

 circular error probable - (NATO) An indicator of the accuracy of
 a missile/projectile, used as a factor in determining probable
 damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within which half
 of the missiles/projectiles are expected to fall.
 See also delivery error; deviation; dispersion error; horizontal error.

 cirvis - (DOD, IADB) Communications instructions for reporting vital
 intelligence sightings.

 civic action - See military civic action.

 civil affair - (NATO) Any question relating to relations in
 wartime between the commander of an armed force and the civilian
 populations and governments in areas where the force is employed,
 and which is settled on the basis of a mutual agreement, official
 or otherwise.

 civil affairs - (DOD, IADB) Those phases of the activities of a
 commander which embrace the relationship between the military
 forces and civil authorities and people in a friendly country or
 area or occupied country or area when military forces are
 present. Civil affairs include, inter alia: a. matters concerning
 the relationship between military forces located in a country or
 area and the civil authorities and people of that country or area
 usually involving performance by the military forces of certain
 functions or the exercise of certain authority normally the
 responsibility of the local government. This relationship may
 occur prior to, during, or subsequent to military action in time
 of hostilities or other emergency and is normally covered by a
 treaty or other agreement, expressed or implied; and b. military
 government: the form of administration by which an occupying
 power exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority
 over occupied territory. See also phases of military government.

 civil affairs agreement - (DOD, IADB) An agreement which governs
 the relationship between allied armed forces located in a friendly
 country and the civil authorities and people of that country.
 See also civil affairs.

 civil censorship - (DOD, IADB) Censorship of civilian communications,
 such as messages, printed matter, and films, entering, leaving,
 or circulating within, areas or territories occupied or controlled by
 armed forces. See also censorship.

 civil damage assessment - (DOD) An appraisal of damage to a
 nation's population, industry, utilities, communications,
 transportation, food, water, and medical resources, to
 support planning for national recovery. See also damage assessment.

 civil defense - (DOD, IADB) All those activities and measures designed
 or undertaken to: 1. minimize the effects upon the civilian population
 caused or which would be caused by an enemy attack upon the United
 States; 2. deal with the immediate emergency conditions which would be
 created by any such attack; and 3. effectuate emergency repairs to, or
 the emergency restoration of, vital utilities and facilities destroyed
 or damaged by any such attack.

 civil defense - (NATO) Mobilization, organization, and direction
 of the civil population, designed to minimize by passive measures
 the effects of enemy action against all aspects of civil life.

 civil defense emergency - See domestic emergencies.

 civil defense intelligence - (DOD, IADB) The product resulting
 from the collection and evaluation of information concerning all
 aspects of the situation in the United States and its territories
 that are potential or actual targets of any enemy attack
 including, in the preattack phase, the emergency measures taken
 and estimates of the civil populations' preparedness. In the
 event of an actual attack, a description of conditions in the
 affected area with emphasis on the extent of damage, fallout
 levels, and casualty and resource estimates. The product is
 required by civil and military authorities for use in the
 formulation of decisions, the conduct of operations, and the
 continuation of the planning processes.

 civil disturbance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Group acts of violence and
 disorder prejudicial to public law and order.

 civil disturbance readiness conditions - (DOD) Required conditions of
 preparedness to be attained by military forces in preparation for
 deployment to an objective area in response to an actual or threatened
 civil disturbance.

 civil disturbances - See domestic emergencies.

 civilian internee - (DOD) 1. A civilian who is interned during armed
 conflict or occupation for security reasons or for protection or
 because he has committed an offense against the detaining power.
 2. A term used to refer to persons interned and protected in
 accordance with the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of
 Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949 (Geneva Convention).
 See also Prisoner of War.

 civilian internee camp - (DOD) An installation established for the
 internment and administration of civilian internees.

 civilian preparedness for war - (NATO, IADB) All measures and means
 taken in peacetime, by national and allied agencies, to enable a
 nation to survive an enemy attack and to contribute more effectively
 to the common war effort.

 civil-military cooperation - (NATO) All actions and measures
 undertaken between NATO commanders and national authorities,
 military or civil, in peace or war, which concern the relationship
 between allied armed forces and the government, civil population,
 or agencies in the areas where such forces are stationed, supported
 or employed.

 civil-military relations - (NATO) All activities undertaken by
 NATO commanders in war directly concerned with the relationship
 between allied armed forces and the government, civil population,
 or agencies of non-NATO countries where such armed forces are
 stationed, supported or employed.

 civil nuclear power - (DOD, IADB) A nation which has potential to
 employ nuclear technology for development of nuclear weapons but
 has deliberately decided against doing so. See also nuclear power.

 civil requirements - (DOD, IADB) The computed production and
 distribution of all types of services, supplies, and equipment
 during periods of armed conflict or occupation to insure the
 productive efficiency of the civilian economy and to provide
 civilians the treatment and protection to which they are entitled
 under customary and conventional international law.

 civil reserve air fleet - (DOD, IADB) A group of commercial aircraft
 with crews which is allocated in time of emergency for exclusive
 military use in both international and domestic service.

 civil transportation - (DOD, IADB) The movement of persons, property,
 or mail by civil facilities, and the resources (including storage,
 except that for agricultural and petroleum products) necessary to
 accomplish the movement. (Excludes transportation operated or
 controlled by the military, and petroleum and gas pipelines.)

 civil twilight - See twilight.

 clandestine operation - (DOD, I, IADB) An activity to accomplish
 intelligence, counterintelligence, and other similar activities
 sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies, in
 such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. (DOD, I) (It differs
 from covert operations in that emphasis is placed on concealment of
 the operation rather than on concealment of identity of sponsor.)

 clandestine operation - (NATO) An activity to accomplish intelligence,
 counterint elligence, and other similar activities sponsored or
 conducted in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment.

 clara - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Radar scope is clear
 of contacts other than those known to be friendly."

 classification - (DOD, IADB) The determination that official
 information requires, in the interests of national security, a
 specific degree of protection against unauthorized disclosure,
 coupled with a designation signifying that such a determination
 has been made. See also security classification.

 classification of bridges and vehicles - See military load
 classification.

 classified contract - (DOD) Any contract that requires or will
 require access to classified information by the contractor or the
 employees in the performance of the contract. (A contract may be
 classified even though the contract document itself is not
 classified.)

 classified information - (DOD, IADB) Official information which
 has been determined to require, in the interests of national
 security, protection against unauthorized disclosure and which
 has been so designated.

 classified matter - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Official information or
 matter in any form or of any nature which requires protection in
 the interests of national security. See also unclassified matter.

 clean aircraft - (DOD, IADB) 1. An aircraft in flight
 configuration, versus landing configuration, i.e., landing gear
 and flaps retracted etc. 2. An aircraft that does not have
 external stores.

 cleansing station - See decontamination station.

 clear - (DOD) 1. To approve or authorize, or to obtain approval
 or authorization for: a. a person or persons with regard to their
 actions, movements, duties, etc.; b. an object or group of
 objects, as equipment or supplies, with regard to quality,
 quantity, purpose, movement, disposition, etc.; and c. a request,
 with regard to correctness of form, validity, etc. 2. To give one
 or more aircraft a clearance. 3. To give a person a security
 clearance. 4. To fly over an obstacle without touching it. 5. To
 pass a designated point, line, or object. The end of a column
 must pass the designated feature before the latter is cleared. 6.
 a. To operate a gun so as to unload it or make certain no
 ammunition remains; and b. to free a gun of stoppages. 7. To
 clear an engine; to open the throttle of an idling engine to free
 it from carbon. 8. To clear the air to gain either temporary or
 permanent air superiority or control in a given sector.

 clearance capacity - (DOD, IADB) An estimate expressed in terms
 of measurement or weight tons per day of the cargo that may be
 transported inland from a beach or port over the available means
 of inland communication, including roads, railroads, and inland
 waterways. The estimate is based on an evaluation of the physical
 characteristics of the transportation facilities in the area. See
 also beach capacity; port capacity.

 clearance diving - (DOD, NATO) The process involving the use of
 divers for locating, identifying and disposing of mines.

 clearance rate - (DOD, NATO) The area which would be cleared per
 unit time with a stated minimum percentage clearance, using
 specific minehunting and/or minesweeping procedures.

 clearing operation - (DOD, NATO) An operation designed to clear
 all mines from a route or area.

 clearway - (DOD, NATO) A defined rectangular area on the ground
 or water at the end of a runway in the direction of takeoff and
 under control of the competent authority, selected or prepared as
 a suitable area over which an aircraft may make a portion of its
 initial climb to a specified height.

 clear weather air defense fighter - (DOD, NATO) A fighter
 aircraft with equipment and weapons which enable it to engage
 airborne targets by day and by night, but in clear weather
 conditions only.

 climb corridor - See clearway.

 climb mode - (DOD, NATO) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which aircraft climb is automatically controlled to a
 predetermined program.

 clinic - (DOD, IADB) A medical treatment facility primarily intended
 and appropriately staffed and equipped to provide outpatient medical
 service for non-hospital type patients. Examination and treatment for
 emergency cases are types of services rendered. A clinic is also
 intended to perform certain nontherapeutic activities related to the
 health of the personnel served, such as physical examinations,
 immunizations, medical administration, and other preventive medical
 and sanitary measures necessary to support a primary military mission.
 A clinic will be equipped with the necessary supporting services to
 perform the assigned mission. A clinic may be equipped with beds
 (normally fewer than 25) for observation of patients awaiting transfer
 to a hospital and for care of cases which cannot be cared for on an
 outpatient status, but which do not require hospitalization. Patients
 whose expected duration of illness exceeds 72 hours will not normally
 occupy clinic beds for periods longer than necessary to arrange
 transfer to a hospital.

 clock code position - (DOD, IADB) The position of a target in relation
 to an aircraft or ship with dead-ahead position considered as
 12 o'clock.

 close air support - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Air action against hostile
 targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which
 require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire
 and movement of those forces. See also air interdiction; air
 support; immediate mission request; preplanned mission request.

 close air support aircraft - (DOD) See Thunderbolt II.

 close-controlled air interception - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An interception
 in which the interceptor is continuously controlled to a position
 from which the target is within visual range or radar contact.
 See also air intercepti on; broadcast-controlled air-interception.

 closed area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A designated area in or over which
 passage of any kind is prohibited.

 close support - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That action of the supporting
 force against targets or objectives which are sufficiently near
 the supported force as to require detailed integration or
 coordination of the supporting action with the fire, movement, or
 other actions of the supported force. See also support.

 close supporting fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire placed on enemy
 troops, weapons, or positions which, because of their proximity
 present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit.
 See also supporting fire.

 closure minefield - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a minefield
 which is planned to present such a threat that waterborne shipping is
 prevented from moving.

 closure time - (DOD) The time at which the last element of a unit has
 arrived at a specific location.

 cloud amount - (DOD, NATO) The proportion of sky obscured by cloud,
 expressed as a fraction of sky covered.

 cloud chamber effect - See condensation cloud.

 cloud cover - (DOD, NATO) See cloud amount.

 cloud top height - (DOD) The maximal altitude to which a nuclear
 mushroom cloud rises.

 cluster - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Fireworks signal in which a group
 of stars burns at the same

 time. 2. Group of bombs released together. A cluster usually
 consists of fragmentation or incendiary bombs. 3. Two or more
 parachutes for dropping light or heavy loads. 4. In land mine
 warfare, a component of a patternlaid minefield. It may be antitank,
 antipersonnel or mixed. It consists of one to five mines and no more
 than one antitank mine. 5. Two or more engines coupled together so as
 to function as one power unit. 6. In naval mine warfare, a number of
 mines laid in close proximity to each other as a pattern or coherent
 unit. They may be of mixed types. 7. In minehunting, designates a
 group of minelike contacts.

 cluster bomb unit - (DOD, NATO) An aircraft store composed of a
 dispenser and submunitions.

 clutter - (DOD, IADB) Permanent echoes, cloud, or other atmospheric
 echo on radar scope; as contact has entered scope clutter.
 See also radar clutter.

 coarse mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a relatively
 insensitive influence mine.

 coastal convoy - (DOD, NATO) A convoy whose voyage lies in general on
 the continental shelf and in coastal waters.

 coastal frontier - (DOD, IADB) A geographic division of a coastal
 area, established for organization and command purposes in order
 to insure the effective coordination of military forces employed
 in military operations within the coastal frontier area.

 coastal frontier defense - (DOD) The organization of the forces
 and materiel of the armed forces assigned to provide security for
 the coastal frontiers of the continental United States and its
 overseas possessions.

 coastal frontier defense - (IADB) The organization of the forces
 and materiel of the armed forces assigned to provide security for
 coastal frontiers.

 coastal refraction - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The change of the direction of
 travel of a radio ground wave as it passes from land to sea or from
 sea to land. Also called land effect or shoreline effect.

 coast-in point - (DOD) The point of coastal penetration heading
 inbound to a target or objective.

 coastwise traffic - (DOD) Sea traffic between continental United
 States ports on the Atlantic coast, Gulf coast, and Great Lakes,
 or between continental United States ports on the Pacific coast.

 cocking circuit - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a subsidiary circuit
 which requires actuation before the main circuits become alive.

 cocooning - (NATO, IADB) The spraying or coating of an aircraft
 or equipment with a substance, e.g., a plastic, to form a
 cocoonlike seal against the effects of the atmosphere.

 code - (DOD, IADB) 1. Any system of communication in which
 arbitrary groups of symbols represent units of plain text of
 varying length. Codes may be used for brevity or for security. 2.
 A cryptosystem in which the cryptographic equivalents (usually
 called "code groups") typically consisting of letters or digits
 (or both) in otherwise meaningless combinations are substituted
 for plain text elements which are primarily words, phrases, or
 sentences. See also cryptosystem.

 code word - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A word which has been assigned a
 classification and a classified meaning to safeguard intentions
 and information regarding a classified plan or operation. 2. A
 cryptonym used to identify sensitive intelligence data.

 cold war - (DOD, IADB) A state of international tension wherein
 political, economic, technological, sociological, psychological,
 paramilitary, and military measures short of overt armed conflict
 involving regular military forces are employed to achieve national
 objectives.

 collaborative purchase - (DOD) A method of purchase whereby, in
 buying similar commodities, buyers for two or more departments
 exchange information concerning planned purchases in order to
 minimize competition between them for commodities in the same market.
 See also purchase.

 collapse depth - (DOD, NATO) The design depth, referenced to the
 axis of the pressure hull, beyond which the hull structure or hull
 penetrations are presumed to suffer catastrophic failure to the point
 of total collapse.
 collate - (DOD, IADB) 1. The grouping together of related items
 to provide a record of events and facilitate further processing.
 2. To compare critically two or more items or documents concerning
 the same general subject; normally accomplished in the processing
 phase in the intelligence cycle.

 collation - See intelligence cycle.

 collecting point - (DOD, IADB) A point designated for the assembly of
 personnel casualties, stragglers, disabled materiel, salvage, etc.,
 for further movement to collecting stations or rear installations.

 collection - See intelligence cycle, Subpart b.

 collection (acquisition)(DOD) The obtaining of information in any
 manner, including direct observation, liaison with official agencies,
 or solicitation from official, unofficial, or public sources.

 collection agency - (DOD) Any individual, organization, or unit that
 has access to sources of information and the capability of collecting
 information from them. See also agency.

 collection coordination facility line number - (DOD) An arbitrary
 number assigned to contingency intelligence reconnaissance
 objectives by the Defense Intelligence Agency collection
 coordination facility to facilitate allsource collection.

 collection plan - (DOD, NATO) A plan for collecting information
 from all available sources to meet intelligence requirements and
 for transforming those requirements into orders and requests to
 appropriate agencies. See also information; information
 requirements; intelligence cycle.

 collection requirement - (DOD) An established intelligence need
 considered in the allocation of intelligence resources to fulfill
 the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of
 a commander.

 collective call sign - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any call sign which
 represents two or more facilities, commands, authorities, or units.
 The collective call sign for any of these includes the commander
 thereof and all subordinate commanders therein. See also call sign.

 collective nuclear, biological and chemical protection - (DOD, NATO)
 Protection provided to a group of individuals in a nuclear,
 biological and chemical environment which permits relaxation of
 individual nuclear, biological and chemical protection.

 collimating mark - (NATO) An index mark, rigidly connected with
 the camera body, which forms an image on the negative. This image
 is used to determine the position of the optical center or principal
 point of the imagery. Also called fiducial marks.

 collision course interception - (DOD, IADB) An interception which
 is accomplished by the constant heading of both aircraft.

 collocation - (DOD, NATO) The physical placement of two or more
 detachments, units, organizations, or facilities at a specifically
 defined location.

 column cover - (DOD, NATO) Cover of a column by aircraft in radio
 contact therewith, providing for its protection by reconnaissance
 and/or attack of air or ground targets which threaten the column.

 column formation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A formation in which elements
 are placed one behind the other.

 column gap - (DOD, NATO) The space between two consecutive elements
 proceeding on the same route. It can be calculated in units of
 length or in units of time measured from the rear of one element to
 the front of the following element.

 column length - (DOD, NATO) The length of the roadway occupied by
 a column or a convoy in movement. Also called length of a column.
 See also road space.

 combat air patrol - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An aircraft patrol provided
 over an objective area, over the force protected, over the critical
 area of a combat zone, or over an air defense area, for the purpose
 of intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft before they reach
 their target. See also airborne alert; barrier combat air patrol;
 DADCAP; force combat air patrol; patrol; rescue combat air patrol;
 target combat air patrol.

 combat area - (DOD, IADB) A restricted area (air, land, or sea)
 which is established to prevent or minimize mutual interference
 between friendly forces engaged in combat operations.
 See also combat zone.

 combat available aircraft - (NATO) An aircraft capable of fulfilling
 its normally assigned mission. It will have its primary weapon system
 serviceable but may require to be fueled, armed or have combat ready
 crews available.

 combat cargo officer - (DOD, IADB) An embarkation officer assigned to
 major amphibious ships or naval staffs, functioning primarily as an
 adviser to and representative of the naval commander in matters
 pertaining to embarkation and debarkation of troops and their
 supplies and equipment. See also embarkation officer.

 combat chart - (DOD, NATO) A special naval chart, at a scale of
 1:50,000, designed for naval fire support and close air support
 during coastal or amphibious operations and showing detailed
 hydrography and topography in the coastal belt.
 See also amphibious chart.

 combat control team - (DOD, IADB) A team of Air Force personnel
 organized, trained, and equipped to establish and operate navigational
 or terminal guidance aids, communications, and aircraft control
 facilities within the objective area of an airborne operation.

 combat control team - (NATO) In air transport operations, a team
 of specially trained personnel who can be airdropped to provid local
 air traffic control and to advise on all aspects of landing, airdrop,
 and/or extraction zone requirements.

 combat day of supply - (NATO) The total amount of supplies required
 to support one day of combat, calculated by applying the intensity
 factor to a standard day of supply. See also one day's supply.

 combat engineer vehicle, full-tracked 165mm gun - (DOD) An armored,
 tracked vehicle that provides engineer support to other combat
 elements. Vehicle is equipped with a heavy-duty boom and winch, dozer
 blade, and l65mm demolition gun. It is also armed with a 7.62mm
 machine gun and a 50 caliber machine gun.

 combat film - (IADB) A film exposed to record combat.

 combat forces - (DOD, IADB) Those forces whose primary missions are
 to participate in combat. See also operating forces.

 combat information - (DOD) Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided
 directly to the tactical commander which, due to its highly perishable
 nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into
 tactical intelligence in time to satisfy the user's tactical
 intelligence requirements. See also information.

 combat information - (NATO) That frequently perishable data gathered
 in combat by or reported directly to, units which may be immediately
 used in battle or in assessing the situation. Relevant data will
 simultaneously enter intelligence reporting channels.

 combat information center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The agency in a ship or
 aircraft manned and equipped to collect, display, evaluate, and
 disseminate tactical information for the use of the embarked flag
 officer, commanding officer, and certain control agencies. Certain
 control, assistance and coordination functions may be delegated by
 command to the combat information center. Also called "action
 information center". See also air defense control center.

 combat information ship - (DOD, IADB) A designated ship charged
 with the coordination of the intership combat information center
 functions of the various ships in a task force so that the overall
 combat information available to commands will increase. This ship
 is normally the flagship of the task force commander. See also
 fighter direction aircraft; fighter direction ship.

 combat intelligence - (DOD, IADB) That knowledge of the enemy,
 weather, and geographical features required by a commander in the
 planning and conduct of combat operations.

 combat intelligence - (NATO) That intelligence concerning the
 enemy, weather, and geographical features required by a commander
 in the planning and conduct of combat operations. See also combat
 information; intelligence; tactical intelligence.

 combat load - (NATO, IADB) The total warlike stores carried by an
 aircraft.

 combat loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The arrangement of personnel
 and the stowage of equipment and supplies in a manner designed to
 conform to the anticipated tactical operation of the organization
 embarked. Each individual item is stowed so that it can be
 unloaded at the required time. See also loading.

 combat patrol - (NATO) For ground forces, a tactical unit sent out
 from the main body to engage in independent fighting; detachment
 assigned to protect the front, flank, or rear of the main body by
 fighting if necessary. Also called fighting patrol.
 See also combat air patrol; patrol; reconnaissance patrol.

 combat power - (DOD, NATO) The total means of destructive and/or
 disruptive force which a military unit/formation can apply against
 the opponent at a given time.

 combat readiness - (DOD, IADB) Synonymous with operational readiness,
 with respect to missions or functions performed in combat.

 combat readiness - (NATO) See combat ready.

 combat ready - (DOD, IADB) Synonymous with operationally ready, with
 respect to missions or functions performed in combat.

 combat ready - (NATO) 1. As applied to organization or equipment:
 available for combat operations. 2. As applied to personnel:
 qualified to carry out combat operations in the unit to which they
 are assigned.

 combat ready aircraft - (NATO) A combat available aircraft which
 is fuelled, armed and has a combat ready aircrew available.

 combat service support - (DOD, IADB) The assistance provided
 operating forces primarily in the fields of administrative
 services, chaplain services, civil affairs, finance, legal
 service, health services, military police, supply, maintenance,
 transportation, construction, troop construction, acquisition and
 disposal of real property, facilities engineering, topographic
 and geodetic engineering functions, food service, graves registration,
 laundry, dry cleaning, bath, property disposal, and other logistic
 services.

 combat service support - (NATO) The support provided to combat forces,
 primarily in fields of administration and logistics.

 combat service support elements - (DOD, IADB) Those elements whose
 primary missions are to provide service support to combat forces and
 which are a part, or prepared to become a part, of a theater, command,
 or task force formed for combat operations. See also operating forces;
 service troops; troops.

 combat support elements - (DOD, IADB) Those elements whose primary
 missions are to provide combat support to the combat forces and which
 are a part, or prepared to become a part, of a theater, command, or
 task force formed for combat operations. See also operating forces.

 combat support troops - (DOD, IADB) Those units or organizations
 whose primary mission is to furnish operational assistance for the
 combat elements. See also troops.

 combat surveillance - (DOD, IADB) A continuous, all-weather,
 day-and-night, systematic watch over the battle area to provide
 timely information for tactical combat operations.

 combat surveillance radar - (DOD, IADB) Radar with the normal
 function of maintaining continuous watch over a combat area.

 combat survival - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Those measures to be taken by
 service personnel when involuntarily separated from friendly forces
 in combat, including procedures relating to individual survival,
 evasion, escape, and conduct after capture.

 combatting terrorism - (DOD) Actions, including antiterrorism
 (defensive measures taken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts)
 and counterterrorism (offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and
 respond to terrorism) taken to oppose terrorism throughout the entire
 threat spectrum.

 combat trail - (DOD) Interceptors in trail formation. Each interceptor
 behind the leader maintains position visually or with airborne radar.

 combat troops - (DOD, IADB) Those units or organizations whose primary
 mission is destruction of enemy forces and/or installations.
 See also troops.

 combat vehicle - (DOD, IADB) A vehicle, with or without armor,
 designed for a specific fighting function. Armor protection or
 armament mounted as supplemental equipment on noncombat vehicles
 will not change the classification of such vehicles to combat
 vehicles. See also vehicle.

 combat zone - (DOD, IADB) 1. That area required by combat forces for
 the conduct of operations. 2. The territory forward of the Army rear
 area boundary. See also combat area; communications zone.

 combat zone - (NATO) 1. That area required by combat forces for the
 conduct of operations. 2. The territory forward of the army group
 rear boundary. It is divided into: a. The forward combat zone,
 comprising the territory forward of the corps rear boundary. b. The
 rear combat zone, usually comprising the territory between the corps
 rear boundary and the army group rear boundary.
 See also communications zone.

 combination circuit - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a firing circuit
 which requires actuation by two or more influences, either
 simultaneously or at a pre-ordained interval, before the circuit can
 function. Also called combined circuit.

 combination firing circuit - (DOD, NATO) An assembly comprising two
 independent firing systems, one non-electric and one electric, so
 that the firing of either system will detonate all charges.
 See also dual-firing circuit.

 combination influence mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine designed to actuate
 only when two or more different influences are received either
 simultaneously or in a predetermined order. Also called combined
 influence mine.

 combination mission/level of effort-oriented items - (DOD) Items
 for which requirement computations are based on the criteria used
 for both level of effort-oriented and mission-oriented items.

 combined - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Between two or more forces or agencies
 of two or more allies. (When all allies or services are not involved,
 the participating nations and services shall be identified; e.g.,
 Combined Navies.) See also joint.

 combined airspeed indicator - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which
 displays both indicated airspeed and mach number.

 combined circuit - See combination circuit.

 combined common user item - (IADB) An item of an interchangeable
 nature which is in common use by two or more nations.

 combined doctrine - (DOD) Fundamental principles that guide the
 employment of forces of two or more nations in coordinated action
 toward a common objective. It is ratified by participating nations.
 See also joint doctrine, multi-service doctrine.

 combined force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A military force composed of
 elements of two or more allied nations. See also force(s).

 combined influence mine - See combination influence mine.

 combined operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An operation conducted by
 forces of two or more allied nations acting together for the
 accomplishment of a single mission.

 combined rescue coordination center - See rescue coordination center.

 combined staff - (DOD, IADB) A staff composed of personnel of two
 or more allied nations. See also integrated staff; joint staff;
 parallel staff.

 combustor - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A name generally assigned to the
 combination of flame holder or stabilizer, igniter, combustion
 chamber, and injection system of a ramjet or gas turbine.

 command - (DOD, IADB) 1. The authority that a commander in the
 military Service lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of
 rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and responsibility
 for effectively using available resources and for planning the
 employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling
 military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions. It also
 includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale, and discipline of
 assigned personnel. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the
 will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a
 particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area
 under the command of one individual. 4. To dominate by a field of
 weapon fire or by observation from a superior position.
 See also air command; area command; base command.

 command - (NATO) 1. The authority vested in an individual of the
 armed forces for the direction, coordination, and control of
 military forces. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the
 will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about
 a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an
 area under the command of one individual. 4. To dominate by a field of
 weapon fire or by observation from a superior position.
 See also area command; base command; full command; national command;
 operational command.

 command altitude - (DOD) Altitude that must be assumed and/or
 maintained by the interceptor.

 command and control - (DOD, IADB) The exercise of authority and
 direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces
 in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions
 are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment,
 communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in
 planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and
 operations in the accomplishment of the mission.

 command and control system - (DOD, IADB) The facilities, equipment,
 communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander
 for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned forces
 pursuant to the missions assigned.

 command axis - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line along which a headquarters
 will move.

 command center - (DOD, IADB) A facility from which a commander and his
 representatives direct operations and control forces. It is organized
 to gather, process, analyze, display, and disseminate planning and
 operational data and perform other related tasks.

 command channel - See chain of command.

 command, control, and communications countermeasures - (DOD) The
 integrated use of operations security, military deception, jamming,
 and physical destruction, supported by intelligence, to deny
 information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command,
 control, and communications (C3) capabilities and to protect friendly
 C3 against such actions. Also called C3CM. There are two divisions
 within C3CM: a. counter-C3. That division of C3CM comprising measures
 taken to deny adversary commanders and other decisionmakers the
 ability to command and control their forces effectively. b.
 C3-protection. That division of C3CM comprising measures taken to
 maintain the effectiveness of friendly C3 despite both adversary and
 friendly counter-C3 actions.

 command, control and information system - (NATO) An integrated
 system of doctrine, procedures, organizational structure, personnel,
 equipment, facilities and communications which provides authorities
 at all levels with timely and adequate data to plan, direct and
 control their activities.

 command controlled stocks - (DOD, NATO) Stocks which are placed at
 the disposal of a designated NATO commander in order to provide him
 with a flexibility with which to influence the battle logistically.
 "Placed at the disposal of' implies responsibility for storage,
 maintenance, accounting, rotation or turnover, physical security and
 subsequent transportation to a particular battle area.

 command destruct signal - (DOD, NATO) A signal used to operate
 intentionally the destruction signal in a missile.

 command detonated mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine detonated by remotely
 controlled means.

 command ejection system - See ejection systems.

 commander(s) - See executing commander (nuclear weapons); exercise

 commander; Major NATO Commanders; national commander; national force
 commanders; national territorial commander; releasing commander
 (nuclear weapons).

 commander's concept - See concept of operations.

 commander's estimate of the situation - (DOD, IADB) A logical process
 of reasoning by which a commander considers all the circumstances
 affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to a
 course of action to be taken to accomplish the mission. A commander's
 estimate which considers a military situation so far in the future as
 to require major assumptions, is called a commander's long-range
 estimate of the situation. See also estimate of the situation.

 command guidance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A guidance system wherein
 intelligence transmitted to the missile from an outside source causes
 the missile to traverse a directed flight path.

 command heading - (DOD) Heading that the controlled aircraft is
 directed to assume by the control station.

 command net - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A communications network which
 connects an echelon of command with some or all of its subordinate
 echelons for the purpose of command control.

 command post - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit's or subunit's headquarters
 where the commander and the staff perform their activities. In combat,
 a unit's or subunit's headquarters is often divided into echelons; the
 echelon in which the unit or subunit commander is located or from
 which he operates is called a command post.

 command post exercise - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An exercise in which the
 forces are simulated, involving the commander, his staff, and
 communications within and between headquarters.
 See also exercise; maneuver.

 command select ejection system - See ejection systems.

 command speed - (DOD) The speed at which the controlled aircraft
 is directed to fly.

 command-sponsored dependent - (DOD) A dependent entitled to travel to
 oversea commands at Government expense and endorsed by the appropriate
 military commander to be present in a dependent's status.

 commercial items - (DOD, IADB) Articles of supply readily available
 from established commercial distribution sources, which the Department
 of Defense or inventory managers in the Military Services have
 designated to be obtained directly or indirectly from such sources.

 commercial loading - See administrative loading.

 commercial vehicle - (DOD) A vehicle which has evolved in the
 commercial market to meet civilian requirements and which is selected
 from existing production lines for military use.

 commission - (DOD, IADB) 1. To put in or make ready for service
 or use, as to commission an aircraft or a ship. 2. A written order
 giving a person rank and authority as an officer in the armed forces.
 3. The rank and the authority given by such an order.
 See also activate; constitute.

 commit - (DOD) The process of committing one or more air interceptors
 or surface- to-air missiles for interception against a target track.

 commodity loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A method of loading in which
 various types of cargoes are loaded together, such as ammunition,
 rations, or boxed vehicles, in order that each commodity can be
 discharged without disturbing the others. See also loading.
 commodity manager - (DOD, IADB) An individual within the
 organization of an inventory

 control point or other such organizati on, assigned management
 responsibi lity for homogeneous grouping of materiel items.

 commonality - (DOD) A quality which applies to materiel or
 systems: a. possessing like and interchangeable characteristics
 enabling each to be utilized, or operated and maintained, by
 personnel trained on the others without additional specialized
 training. b. having interchangeable repair parts and/or components.
 c. applying to consumable items interchangeably equivalent
 without adjustment.

 commonality - (NATO) A state achieved when groups of individuals,
 organizations, or nations use common doctrine, procedures, or
 equipment. See also compatibility; interchangeability;
 interoperability.

 common business-oriented language - (DOD, IADB) A specific
 language by which business data- processing procedures may be
 precisely described in a standard form. The language is intended
 not only as a means for directly presenting any business program
 to any suitable computer for which a compiler exists, but also as
 a means of communicat ing such procedures among individuals.
 Commonly referred to as COBOL.

 common control (artillery) - (DOD, IADB) Horizontal and vertical
 map or chart location of points in the target area and position
 area, tied in with the horizontal and vertical control in use by
 two or more units. May be established by firing, survey, or
 combination of both, or by assumption. See also control point;
 field control; ground control.

 common infrastructure - (DOD, NATO) Infrastructure essential to
 the training of NATO forces or to the implementation of NATO
 operational plans which, owing to its degree of common use or
 interest and its compliance with criteria laid down from time to
 time by the North Atlantic Council, is commonly financed by NATO
 members. See also infrastructure.

 common item - (DOD, IADB) 1. Any item of materiel which is
 required for use by more than one activity. 2. Sometimes loosely
 used to denote any consumable item except repair parts or other
 technical items. 3. Any item of materiel which is procured for,
 owned by (Service stock), or used by any Military Department of
 the Department of Defense and that is also required to be
 furnished to a recipient country under the grant-aid Military
 Assistance Program. 4. Readily available commercial items. 5.
 Items used by two or more Military Services of similar manufacture
 or fabrication that may vary between the Services as to color or
 shape (as vehicles or clothing). 6. Any part or component which is
 required in the assembly of two or more complete end-items.

 common servicing - (DOD, IADB) That function performed by one
 military Service in support of another military Service for which
 reimbursement is not required from the Service receiving support.
 See also servicing.

 common supplies - (DOD, IADB) Those supplies common to two or
 more Services.

 common use - (DOD) Services, materials, or facilities provided by
 a Department of Defense agency or a military department on a
 common basis for two or more Department of Defense agencies.

 common user airlift service - (DOD, IADB) In military transport
 service usage, the airlift service provided on a common basis for
 all DOD agencies and, as authorized, for other agencies of the US
 Government. (Note: IADB definition ends with agencies of
 Government.).

 common-user military land transportation - (DOD, IADB)
 Point-to-point land transportation service operated by a single
 Service for common use by two or more Services.

 common user network - (DOD, IADB) A system of circuits or
 channels allocated to furnish communication paths between
 switching centers to provide communication service on a common
 basis to all connected stations or subscribers. It is sometimes
 described as a General Purpose Network.

 common-user ocean terminals - (DOD) A military installation, part
 of a military installation, or a commercial facility operated
 under contract or arrangement by the Military Traffic Management
 Command which regularly provides for two or more Services,
 terminal functions of receipt, transit storage or staging,
 processing, and loading and unloading of passengers or cargo
 aboard ships.

 common-user ocean terminals - (IADB) A military installation,
 part of a military installation, or a commercial facility that
 regularly provides for two or more Services, terminal functions
 of receipt, transit storage or staging, processing, and loading
 and unloading of passengers or cargo aboard ships.

 communication deception - (DOD, IADB) Use of devices, operations,
 and techniques with the intent of confusing or misleading the
 user of a communications link or a navigation system.

 communication operation instructions - See signal operation
 instructions.

 communications - (DOD, IADB) A method or means of conveying
 infor mation of any kind from one person or place to anoth er.
 See also telec ommun icati on.

 communications center - (DOD, NATO) An agency charged with the
 responsibility for handling and controlling communications
 traffic. The center normally includes message center,
 transmitting and receiving facilities. See also
 telecommunications center.

 communications intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Technical and
 intelligence information derived from foreign communications by
 other than the intended recipients. Also called COMINT.

 communications intelligence data base - (DOD) The aggregate of
 technical and intelligence information derived from the
 interception and analysis of foreign communications (excluding
 press, propaganda, and public broadcast) used in the direction
 and redirection of communications intelligence intercept, analysis,
 and reporting activities.

 communications mark - (DOD) An electronic indicator used for
 directing attention to a particular object or position of mutual
 interest within or between command and control systems.

 communications net - (DOD, NATO) An organization of stations
 capable of direct communications on a common channel or
 frequency.

 communications network - (DOD, IADB) An organization of stations
 capable of intercommunications but not necessarily on the same
 channel.

 communications satellite - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An orbiting vehicle,
 which relays signals between communications stations. There are
 two types: a. Active Communications Satellite-A satellite that
 receives, regenerates, and retransmits signals between stations;
 b. Passive Communications Satellite-A satellite which reflects
 communications signals between stations.

 communications security - (DOD, IADB) The protection resulting
 from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons
 information of value which might be derived from the possession
 and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized
 persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession
 and study. Also called COMSEC. Communications security includesa.
 cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c. emission security;
 and d. physical security of communications security materials and
 information. 1. cryptosecurity - The component of communications
 security which results from the provision of technically sound
 crypto-systems and their proper use. 2. transmission security - The
 component of communications security which results from all
 measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and
 exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. 3. emission
 security-The component of communications security which results
 from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information
 of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of
 compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications
 systems. 4. physical security - The component of communications
 security which results from all physical measures necessary to
 safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access
 thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons.

 communications security equipment - (DOD, IADB) Equipment
 designed to provide security to telecommunications by converting
 information to a form unintelligible to an unauthorized
 interceptor and by reconverting such information to its original
 form for authorized recipients, as well as equipment designed
 specifically to aid in, or as an essential element of, the
 conversion process. Communications security equipment is
 cryptoequipment, cryptoancillary equipment, cryptoproduction
 equipment, and authentication equipment.

 communications security material - (DOD, IADB) All documents,
 devices, equipment, or apparatus, including cryptomaterial, used
 in establishing or maintaining secure communications.

 communications security monitoring - (DOD, IADB) The act of
 listening to, copying, or recording transmissions of one's own
 circuits (or when specially agreed, e.g., in allied exercises,
 those of friendly forces) to provide material for communications
 security analysis in order to determine the degree of security being
 provided to those transmissions. In particular, the purposes include
 providing a basis for advising commanders on the security risks
 resulting from their transmissions, improving the security of
 communications, and planning and conducting manipulative
 communications deception operations.

 communications terminal - (DOD) Terminus of a communications
 circuit at which data can be either entered or received; located
 with the originator or ultimate addressee.

 communications zone - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Rear part of theater of
 operations (behind but contiguous to the combat zone) which
 contains the lines of communications, establishments for supply
 and evacuation, and other agencies required for the immediate
 support and maintenance of the field forces. See also combat
 zone; rear area.

 community relations - (DOD, IADB) The relationship between
 military and civilian communities.

 community relations program - (DOD) That command function which
 evaluates public attitudes, identifies the mission of a military
 organization with the public interest, and executes a program of
 action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Community
 relations programs are conducted at all levels of command, both
 in the United States and overseas, by military organizations
 having a community relations area of responsibility. Community
 relations programs include, but are not limited to, such
 activities as liaison and cooperation with associations and
 organizations and their local affiliates at all levels; armed
 forces participation in international, national, regional, state,
 and local public events; installation open houses and tours;
 embarkations in naval ships; orientation tours for distinguished
 civilians; people-to people and humanitarian acts; cooperation
 with government officials and community leaders; and
 encouragement of armed forces personnel and their dependents to
 participate in activities of local schools, churches, fraternal,
 social, and civic organizations, sports, and recreation programs,
 and other aspects of community life to the extent feasible and
 appropriate, regardless of where they are located.

 community relations program - (IADB) That command function that
 evaluates public attitudes, identifies the mission of a military
 organization with the public interest, and executes a program of
 action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Community
 relations programs include, but are not limited to, such
 activities as liaison and cooperation with associations and
 organizations and their local affiliates at all levels; armed
 forces participation in international, national, regional, state,
 and local public events; installation open houses and tours,
 embarkations in naval ships, orientation tours for distinguished
 government officials and community leaders; and encouragement of
 armed forces personnel and their dependents to participate in
 activities of civic organizations, sports and recreation
 programs, and other aspects of community life to the extent
 feasible and appropriate, regardless of where they are located.

 comparative cover - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Coverage of the same area
 or object taken at different times, to show any changes in
 details. See also cover.

 compartmentation - (DOD) 1. Establishment and management of an
 intelligence organization so that information about the
 personnel, organization, or activities of one component is made
 available to any other component only to the extent required for
 the performance of assigned duties. 2. Effects of relief and
 drainage upon avenues of approach so as to produce areas bounded
 on at least two sides by terrain features such as woods, ridges,
 or ravines that limit observation or observed fire into the area
 from points outside the area.

 compartment marking - (NATO) In an aircraft, a system of marking
 a cabin into compartments for the positioning of loads in
 accordance with the weight and balance requirements.

 compass direction - (DOD, NATO) The horizontal direction
 expressed as an angular distance measured clockwise from compass
 north.

 compass north - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The uncorrected direction
 indic ated by the north seeking end of a compass needle. See also
 magnetic north.

 compass rose - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A graduated circle, usually
 marked in degrees, indicating directions and printed or inscribed
 on an appropriate medium.

 compatibility - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Capability of two or more items
 or components of equipment or material to exist or function in
 the same system or environment without mutual interference. See
 also interchangeability.

 compilation - (NATO, IADB) Selection, assembly, and graphic
 presentation of all relevant information required for the
 preparation of a map or chart. Such information may be derived
 from other maps or charts or from other sources.

 compilation diagram - (NATO) A diagram giving details of the
 source material from which the map or chart has been compiled;
 this does not necessarily include reliability information. See
 also reliability diagram.

 complaint-type investigation - (DOD) A counterintelligence
 investigat ion in which sabotage, espionage, treason, sedition,
 subversive activity, or disaffection is suspected.

 complete round - (DOD, IADB) A term applied to an assemblage of
 explosive and nonexplosive components designed to perform a
 specific function at the time and under the conditions desired.
 Examples of complete rounds of ammunition are: a. separate
 loading-consisting of a primer, propelling charge, and, except
 for blank ammunition, a projectile and a fuze. b. fixed or
 semifixed-consisting of a primer, propelling charge, cartridge
 case, a projectile, and, except when solid projectiles are used,
 a fuze. c. bomb-consisting of all component parts required to
 drop and function the bomb once. d. missile-consisting of a
 complete warhead section and a missile body with its associated
 components and propellants. e. rocket-consisting of all
 components necessary to function.

 complete round - (NATO) Ammunition which contains all the
 components necessary for it to function.

 component - (DOD, NATO) A part or combination of parts, having a
 specified function, which can only be installed or replaced as a
 whole, and is also generally expendable.

 component life - (NATO, IADB) The period of acceptable usage
 after which the likelihood of failure sharply increases and
 before which the components are removed in the interests of
 reliability of operation.

 component (materiel) - (DOD) An assembly or any combination of
 parts, subassemblies, and assemblies mounted together in
 manufacture, assembly, maintenance, or rebuild.

 component search and rescue controller - (DOD, IADB) The
 designated search and rescue representa tive of a component
 commander of a unified command who is responsible in the name of
 his component commander for the control of component search and
 rescue forces committed to joint search and rescue operations.
 See also search and rescue.

 composite air photography - (DOD) Air photographs made with a
 camera having one principal lens and two or more surrounding and
 oblique lenses. The several resulting photo graphs are corrected
 or transformed in printing to permit assembly as verticals with
 the same scale.

 composite Air Strike Force - (DOD) A group of selected US Air
 Force units composed of appropriate elements of tactical air
 power (tactical fighters, tactical reconnaissance, tankers,
 airlift, and command and control elements) capable of employing a
 spectrum of nuclear and nonnuclear weapons Composite Air Strike
 Force forces are held in readiness for immediate deployment from
 the continental United States to all areas of the world to meet
 national emergency contingency plans.

 compound helicopter - (DOD, NATO) A helicopter with an auxiliary
 propulsion system which provides thrust in excess of that which
 the rotor(s) alone could produce, thereby permitting increased
 forward speeds; wings may or may not be provided to reduce the
 lift required from the rotor system.

 compression chamber - See hyperbaric chamber.

 compromise - (DOD) The known or suspected exposure of clandestine
 personnel, installations, or other assets or of classified
 information or material, to an unauthorized person.

 compromised - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A term applied to classified
 matter, knowledge of which has, in whole or in part, passed to an
 unauthorized person or persons, or which has been subject to risk
 of such passing. See also classified matter.

 computed air release point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A computed air
 position where the first paratroop or cargo item is released to
 land on a specified impact point.

 concealment - (DOD, NATO) The protection from observation or
 surveillance. See also camouflage; cover; screen.

 concentrated fire - (NATO, IADB) 1. The fire of the batteries of
 two or more ships directed against a single target. 2. Fire from
 a number of weapons directed at a single point or small area. See
 also fire; massed fire.

 concentration area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. An area, usually in the
 theater of operations, where troops are assembled before
 beginning active operations. 2. A limited area on which a volume
 of gunfire is placed within a limited time.

 concept - (DOD, NATO) A notion or statement of an idea,
 expressing how something might be done or accomplished, that may
 lead to an accepted procedure.

 concept of operations - (DOD, IADB) A verbal or graphic
 statement, in broad outline, of a commander's assumptions or
 intent in regard to an operation or series of operations. The
 concept of operations frequently is embodied in campaign plans
 and operation plans; in the latter case, particularly when the
 plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out
 simultaneously or in succession. The concept is designed to give
 an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for
 additional clarity of purpose. Frequently, it is referred to as
 commander's concept.

 concept of operations - (NATO) A clear and concise statement of
 the line of action chosen by a, commander in order to accomplish
 his mission.

 condensation cloud - (DOD, IADB) A mist or fog of minute water
 droplets that temporarily surrounds the fireball following a
 nuclear (or atomic) detonation in a comparatively humid
 atmosphere. The expansion of the air in the negative phase of the
 blast wave from the explosion results in a lowering of the
 temperature, so that condensation of water vapor present in the
 air occurs and a cloud forms. The cloud is soon dispelled when
 the pressure returns to normal and the air warms up again. The
 phenomenon is similar to that used by physicists in the Wilson cloud
 chamber and is sometimes called the cloud chamber effect.

 condensation trail - (DOD) A visible cloud streak, usually
 brilliantly white in color, which trails behind a missile or
 other vehicle in flight under certain conditions. Also known as
 contrail.

 Condor - (DOD) An air-to-surface guided missile which provides
 standoff launch capability for attack aircraft. Designated as
 AGM- 53.

 conducting staff - See exercise; directing staff.

 cone of silence - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An inverted cone-shaped space
 directly over the aerial towers of some forms of radio beacons in
 which signals are unheard or greatly reduced in volume. See also
 Z marker beacon.

 confidential - See security classification.

 confirmation of information (intelligence) - (DOD, IADB) An
 information item is said to be confirmed when it is reported
 for the second time, preferably by another independent source
 whose reliability is considered when confirming information.

 confused - (DOD) In air intercept, a term meaning, "Individual
 contacts not identifiable."

 confusion agent - (DOD, IADB) An individual who is dispatched by
 the sponsor for the primary purpose of confounding the
 intelligence or counterintelligence apparatus of another country
 rather than for the purpose of collecting and transmitting
 information.

 confusion reflector - (DOD, NATO) A reflector of electromagnetic
 radiations used to create echoes for confusion purposes. Radar
 confusion reflectors include such devices as chaff, rope and
 corner reflectors.

 connecting route - (DOD, NATO) A route connecting axial and/or
 lateral routes. See also route.

 consol - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A long-range radio aid to navigation,
 the emissions of which, by means of their radio frequency
 modulation characteristics, enable bearings to be determined.

 console - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A grouping of controls, indicators,
 and similar electronic or mechanical equipment, used to monitor
 readiness of, and/or control specific functions of, a system,
 such as missile checkout, countdown, or launch operations.

 consolidated vehicle table - (DOD, IADB) A summary of all
 vehicles loaded on a ship, listed by types, and showing the units
 to which they belong.

 consolidation - (DOD) The combining or merging of elements to
 perform a common or related function.

 consolidation of position - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Organizing and
 strengthening a newly captured position so that it can be used
 against the enemy.

 constant of the cone - (NATO) For Lambert Conical Orthomorphic
 projection, see grid convergence factor. See also convergence
 factor.

 constitute - (DOD, IADB) To provide the legal authority for the
 existence of a new unit of the armed services. The new unit is
 designated and listed, but it has no specific existence until it
 is activated. See also activate; commission.

 consumable supplies and material - See expendable supplies and
 material.

 consumer - (DOD) Person or agency that uses information or
 intelligence produced by either its own staff or other agencies.

 consumer logistics - (DOD) That part of logistics concerning
 reception of the initial product, storage, inspection,
 distribution, transport, maintenance (including repair and the
 serviceability) and disposal of materiel, and the provision of
 support and services. In consequence, consumer logistics
 includes: materiel requirements determination, follow-on support,
 stock control, provision or construction of facilities (excluding
 any materiel element and those facilities needed to support
 production logistics activities), movement control, codification,
 reliability and defect reporting, storage, transport and handling
 safety standards, and related training.

 consumption rate - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The average quantity of an
 item consumed or expended during a given time interval, expressed
 in quantities by the most appropriate unit of measurement per
 applicable stated basis.

 contact - (DOD, IADB) 1. In air intercept, a term meaning, "Unit
 has an unevaluated target." (DOD) 2. In health services, an
 unevaluated individual who is known to have been sufficiently
 near an infected individual to have been exposed to the transfer
 of infectious material.

 contact burst preclusion - (DOD) A fuzing arrangement which
 preve nts an unwan ted surface burst in the event of failure of
 the air burst fuze.

 contact lost - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A target tracking term used to
 signify that a target believed to be still within the area of
 visual, sonar or radar coverage is temporarily lost but the
 termination of track plotting is not warranted.

 contact mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine detonated by physical contact.
 See also mine.

 contact point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. In land warfare, a point on
 the terrain, easily identifiable, where two or more units are
 required to make contact. 2. In air operations, the position at
 which a mission leader makes radio contact with an air control
 agency. See also check point; control point; coordinating point.

 contact print - (DOD, NATO) A print made from a negative or a
 diapositive in direct contact with sensitized material.

 contact reconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) Locating isolated units out
 of contact with the main force.

 contact report - (DOD, NATO) A report indicating any detection of
 the enemy.

 contain - (DOD, NATO, IADB) To stop, hold, or surround the forces
 of the enemy or to cause the enemy to center activity on a given
 front and to prevent his withdrawing any part of his forces for
 use elsewhere.

 container anchorage terminal - (DOD, NATO) A sheltered anchorage
 (not a port) with the appropriate facilities for the
 transshipment of containerized cargo from containerships to other
 vessels.

 contamination - (DOD, NATO) 1. The deposit and/or adsorption of
 radioactive material, or of biological or chemical agents on and
 by structures, areas, personnel, or objects. See also induced
 radiation; residual radiation. (DOD) 2. Food and/or water made
 unfit for consumption by humans or animals because of the
 presence of environmental chemicals, radioactive elements,
 bacteria or organisms, the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or
 organisms, the decomposing material (to include the food
 substance itself), or waste in the food or water.

 contamination - (IADB) The deposit and/or absorption of
 radioactive material, biological, or chemical agents on and by
 structures, areas, personnel, or objects.

 contamination control - (NATO) Procedures to avoid, reduce,
 remove, or render harmless, temporarily or permanently, nuclear,
 biological, and chemical contamination for the purpose of
 maintaining or enhancing the efficient conduct of military
 operations.

 contamination control line - (NATO) A line established by
 competent authority identifying the area contaminated to a
 specific level of the contaminant of interest. See also
 contaminat ion.

 contamination control point - (NATO) That portion of the
 contamination control line used by personnel to control entry to
 and exit from the contaminated area. See also contamination.

 Continental United States (CONUS) - (DOD) United States
 territory, including the adjacent territorial waters, located
 within the North American Continent between Canada and Mexico.

 contingency plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan for major contingencies
 which can reasonably be anticipated in the principal geographic
 subareas of the command.

 contingency plan - (NATO) A plan for contingencies which can
 reasonably be anticipated in an area of responsibility.

 contingency planning facilities list program - (DOD) A joint
 Defense Intelligence Agency/ unified and specified command
 program for the production and maintenance of current target
 documentation of all countries of contingency planning interest
 to US military planners.

 contingency retention stock - (DOD) That portion of the quantity
 of an item excess to the approved force retention level for which
 there is no predictable demand or quantifiable requirement, and
 which normally would be allocated as potential DOD excess stock,
 except for a determination that the quantity will be retained for
 possible contingencies for United States forces. (Category C
 ships, aircraft, and other items being retained as contingency
 reserve are included in this stratum.)

 contingency retention stock - (IADB) That portion of the quantity
 of an item in long supply for which no programmed requirement
 exists and which normally would be considered as excess stock,
 but which it has been determined will be retained for possible
 military or defense contingencies; however, no portion of any
 item to be retained as contingency retention stock may be
 retained as economic retention stock. See also reserve supplies.

 contingent effects - (DOD) The effects, both desirable and
 undesirable, which are in addition to the primary effects
 associated with a nuclear detonation.

 contingent zone of fire - (DOD, IADB) An area within which a
 designated ground unit or fire support ship may be called upon to
 deliver fire. See also zone of fire.

 continue port/starboard - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept, a term
 meaning, "Continue turning port/starboard at present rate of turn
 to magnetic heading indicated," (3 figures) or "Continue turning
 port/starboard for number of degrees indicated."

 continuity of command - (DOD, IADB) The degree or state of being
 continuous in the exercise of the authority vested in an
 individual of the armed forces for the direction, coordination, and
 control of military forces.

 continuity of operations - (DOD, IADB) The degree or state of
 being continuous in the conduct of functions, tasks, or duties
 necessary to accomplish a military action or mission in carrying
 out the national military strategy. It includes the functions and
 duties of the commander, as well as the supporting functions and
 duties performed by the staff and others acting under the
 authority and direction of the commander.

 continuous fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Fire conducted at a normal
 rate without interruption for application of adjustment
 corrections or for other causes. 2. In field artillery and naval
 gunfire support, loading and firing at a specified rate or as
 rapidly as possible consistent with accuracy within the
 prescribed rate of fire for the weapon. Firing will continue
 until terminated by the command end of mission or temporarily
 suspended by the command cease loading or check firing.

 continuous illumination fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of fire
 in which illuminating projectiles are fired at specified time
 intervals to provide uninterrupted lighting on the target or
 specified area. See also coordinated illumination fire.

 continuously computed release point - (NATO) Solution of the
 weapon delivery release point by continuous prediction of the
 release point for a given set of ballistics, altitudes and
 airspeeds.

 continuously set vector - See bomb sighting systems Part 1.

 continuous processor - (NATO) Equipment which processes film or
 paper in continuous strips.

 continuous strip camera - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A camera in which the
 film moves continuously past a slit in the focal plane, producing
 a photograph in one unbroken length by virtue of the continuous
 forward motion of the aircraft.

 continuous strip imagery - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Imagery of a strip
 of terrain in which the image remains unbroken throughout its
 length, along the line of flight.

 continuous strip photography - (NATO) Photography of a strip of
 terrain in which the image remains unbroken throughout its
 length, along the line of flight.

 contour flight - See terrain flight.

 contour interval - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Difference in elevation
 between two adjacent contour lines.

 contour line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line on a map or chart
 connecting points of equal elevation.

 contract maintenance - (DOD) The maintenance of materiel
 performed under contract by commercial organizations (including
 prime contractors) on a one-time or continuing basis, without
 distinction as to the level of maintenance accomplished.

 contract termination - (DOD) As used in Defense procurement,
 refers to the cessation or cancellation, in whole or in part, of
 work under a prime contract, or a subcontract thereunder, for the
 convenience of, or at the option of, the government, or due to
 failure of the contractor to perform in accordance with the terms
 of the contract (default).

 contrail - See condensation trail.

 control - (DOD, IADB) 1. Authority which may be less than full
 command exercised by a commander over part of the activities of
 subordinate or other organizations. 2. In mapping, charting, and
 photogrammetry, a collective term for a system of marks or
 objects on the earth or on a map or a photograph, whose positions
 or elevations, or both, have been or will be determined. 3.
 Physical or psychological pressures exerted with the intent to
 assure that an agent or group will respond as directed. 4. An
 indicator governing the distribution and use of documents,
 information, or material. Such indicators are the subject of
 intelligence community agreement and are specifically defined in
 appropriate regulations. See also administrative control;
 operational command.

 control - (NATO) 1. That authority exercised by a commander over
 part of the activities of subordinate organizations or other
 organizations not normally under his command, which encompasses
 the responsibility for implementing orders or directives. All or
 part of this authority may be transferred or delegated. See also
 administrative control; operational control; tactical control. 2.
 In mapping, charting, and photogrammetry, a collective term for a
 system of marks or objects on the earth or on a map or a
 photograph, whose positions or elevations, or both, have been or
 will be determined.

 control and reporting center - (DOD) An element of the US Air
 Force tactical air control system, subordinate to the tactical
 air control center, from which radar control and warning
 operations are conducted within its area of responsibility.

 control and reporting center - (NATO, IADB) A subordinate air
 control element of the tactical air control center from which
 radar control and warning operations are conducted within its
 area of responsibility.

 control and reporting post - (DOD) An element of the US Air Force
 tactical air control system, subordinate to the control and
 reporting center, which provides radar control and surveillance
 within its area of responsibility.

 control and reporting system - (NATO) An organization set up for:
 a. early warning, tracking, and recognition of aircraft and
 tracking of surface craft, and b. control of all active air
 defenses. It consists primarily of a chain of radar reporting
 stations and control centers and an observer organization,
 together with the necessary communications network.

 control area - (DOD NATO) A controlled airspace extending upwards
 from a specified limit above the earth. See also airway;
 controlled

 airspace; control zone; terminal control area.

 control (intelligence) - See control, (DOD, IADB) Parts 3 and 4.

 controlled airspace - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airspace of defined
 dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided
 to controlled flights.

 controlled effects nuclear weapons - (DOD) Nuclear weapons
 designed to achieve variation in the intensity of specific
 effects other than normal blast effect.

 controlled exercise - (NATO) An exercise characterized by the
 imposition of constraints on some or all of the participating
 units by planning authorities with the principal intention of
 provoking types of interaction. See also free play exercise.

 controlled firing area - (DOD, IADB) An area in which ordnance
 firing is conducted under controlled conditions so as to
 eliminate hazard to aircraft in flight. See also restricted area.

 controlled forces - (DOD, IADB) Military or paramilitary forces
 under effective and sustained political and military direction.

 controlled information - (DOD) Information conveyed to an
 adversary in a deception operation to evoke desired appreciati
 ons.

 controlled interception - (NATO, IADB) An aircraft intercept
 action wherein the friendly aircraft are controlled from a
 ground, ship, or airborne station. See also air interception.

 controlled item - See regulated item.

 controlled map - (DOD, IADB) A map with precise horizontal and
 vertical ground control as a basis. Scale, azimuth, and elevation
 are accurate. See also map.

 controlled mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine which after laying can be
 controlled by the user, to the extent of making the mine safe or
 live, or to fire the mine. See also mine.

 controlled mosaic - (DOD, NATO) A mosaic corrected for scale,
 rectified and laid to ground control to provide an accurate
 representation of distances and direction. See also mosaic;
 rectification; uncontrolled mosaic.

 controlled passing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A traffic movement
 procedure whereby two lines of traffic travelling in opposite
 directions are enabled to traverse alternately a point or section of
 route which can take only one line of traffic at a time.

 controlled port - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A harbor or anchorage at
 which entry and departure, assignment of berths, and traffic
 within the harbor or anchorage are controlled by military
 authorities.

 controlled reprisal - (DOD) Not to be used. See controlled
 response.

 controlled response - (DOD, IADB) The selection from a wide variety
 of feasible options of the one which will provide the specific
 military response most advantageous in the circumstances.

 controlled route - (DOD, NATO) A route, the use of which is subject
 to traffic or movement restrictions which may be supervised. See
 also route.

 controlled war - (DOD) Not to be used. See limited war.

 control of electromagnetic radiation - (DOD) A national operational
 plan to minimize the use of electromagnetic radiation in the United
 States and its possessions and the Panama Canal Zone in the event of
 attack or imminent threat thereof, as an aid to the navigation of
 hostile aircraft, guided missiles, or other devices. See also emission
 control orders.

 control of electromagnetic radiation - (IADB) An operational plan
 to minimize the use of electromagnetic radiation in the event of
 attack or imminent threat thereof, as an aid to the navigation of
 hostile aircraft, guided missiles, or other devices. See also
 emission control orders.

 control point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A position along a route of
 march at which men are stationed to give information and
 instructions for the regulation of supply or traffic. 2. A
 position marked by a buoy, boat, aircraft, electronic device,
 conspicuous terrain feature, or other identifiable object which
 is given a name or number and used as an aid to navigation or
 control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. A point located by
 ground survey with which a corresponding point on a photograph is
 matched as a check, in making mosaics.

 control system (missile) - (IADB) A system that serves to maintain
 attitude stability and to correct deflections. See also guidance
 system (missile).

 control zone - (DOD, NATO) A controlled airspace extending
 upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.
 See also airway; control area; controlled airspace; terminal
 control area.

 CONUS - See Continental United States.

 conventional forces - (DOD, IADB) Those forces capable of
 conducting operations using nonnuclear weapons.

 conventional weapon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A weapon which is neither
 nuclear, biological nor chemical.

 converge - (DOD, IADB) A request or command used in a call for
 fire to indicate that the observer or spotter desires a sheaf in
 which the planes of fire intersect at a point.

 converge - (NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 command or request used in a call for fire to indicate that the
 observer/spotter desires the planes of fire to intersect at a
 point.

 converged sheaf - (DOD) The lateral distribution of fire of two
 or more pieces so that the planes of fire intersect at a given
 point. See also open sheaf; parallel sheaf; sheaf; special sheaf.

 convergence - See convergence factor; grid convergence; grid
 convergence factor; map convergence; true convergence.

 convergence factor - (DOD, NATO) The ratio of the angle between
 any two meridians on the chart to their actual change of
 longitude. See also convergence.

 convergence zone - (DOD, IADB) That region in the deep ocean
 where sound rays, refractured from the depths, return to the
 surface.

 conversion angle - (DOD, NATO) The angle between a great circle
 (orthodromic) bearing and a rhumb line (loxodromic) bearing of a
 point, measured at a common origin.

 conversion scale - (DOD, NATO) A scale indicating the
 relationship between two different units of measurement. See also
 scale.

 convoy - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A number of merchant ships or naval
 auxiliaries, or both, usually escorted by warships and/or
 aircraft, or a single merchant ship or naval auxiliary under
 surface escort, assembled and organized for the purpose of
 passage together. 2. A group of vehicles organized for the
 purpose of control and orderly movement with or without escort
 protection. See also coastal convoy; evacuation convoy; ocean
 convoy.

 convoy assembly port - (NATO, IADB) A port from which convoys,
 whether ocean going or coastal, sail.

 convoy commodore - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A naval officer, or master
 of one of the ships in a convoy, designated to command the
 convoy, subject to the orders of the Officer in Tactical Command. If
 no surface escort is present, he takes entire command.

 convoy dispersal point - (DOD, NATO) The position at sea where a
 convoy breaks up, each ship proceeding independently thereafter.

 convoy escort - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A naval ship(s) or aircraft
 in company with a convoy and responsible for its protection. 2.
 An escort to protect a convoy of vehicles from being scattered,
 destroyed or captured. See also escort.

 convoy joiner - See joiner. See also joiner convoy; joiner
 section.

 convoy leaver - See leaver. See also leaver convoy; leaver
 section.

 convoy loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The loading of troop units
 with their equipment and supplies in vessels of the same movement
 group, but not necessarily in the same vessel. See also loading.

 convoy route - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The specific route assigned to
 each convoy by the appropriate routing authority.

 convoy schedule - (DOD, NATO) Planned convoy sailings showing the
 shipping lanes, assembly and terminal areas, scheduled speed, and
 sailing interval.

 convoy speed - (DOD, NATO, IADB) For ships, the speed which the
 convoy commodore orders the guide of the convoy to make good
 through the water.

 convoy terminal area - (DOD, NATO) A gee graphical area,
 designated by the name of a port or anchorage on which it is
 centered, at which convoys or sections of convoys arrive and from
 which they will be dispersed to coastal convoy systems or as
 independents to their final destination.

 convoy through escort - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Those ships of the
 close escort which normally remain with the convoy from its port
 of assembly to its port of arrival.

 convoy title - (DOD, NATO) A combination of letters and numbers
 that gives the port of departure and arrival, speed, and serial
 number of each convoy.

 cooperative logistics - (DOD, IADB) The logistic support provided
 a foreign government/ agency through its participation in the US
 Department of Defense logistic system with reimbursement to the
 United States for support provided.

 cooperative logistics support arrangements - (DOD, IADB) The
 combining term for procedural arrangements (cooperative logistics
 arrangements) and implementing procedures (supplementary
 procedures) which together support, define, or implement
 cooperative logistic understandings between the United States and
 a friendly foreign government under peacetime conditions.
  coordinated attack - (NATO, IADB) A carefully planned and
  executed offensive action in which the various elements of a
  command are employed in such a manner as to utilize their powers
  to the greatest advantage to the command as a whole.

  coordinated draft plan - (DOD, NATO) A plan for which a draft
  plan has been coordinated with the nations involved. It may be
  used for future planning and exercises and may be implemented
  during an emergency. See also draft plan; final plan; initial
  draft plan; operation plan.

  coordinated exercise - See JCS-coordinated exercise.

  coordinated illumination fire - (NATO) A type of fire in which
  the firing of illuminating and high explosive projectiles is
  coordinated to provide illumination of the target and surrounding
  area only at the time required for spotting and adjusting the
  high explosive fire. See also continuous illumination fire.

  coordinated procurement assignee - (DOD) The agency or military
  Service assigned purchase responsibility for all Department of
  Defense requirements of a particular Federal Supply Group/class,
  commodity, or item.

  coordinates - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Linear or angular quantities
  which designate the position that a point occupies in a given
  reference frame or system. Also used as a general term to
  designate the particular kind of reference frame or system such
  as plane rectangular coordinates or spherical coordinates. See
  also cartesian coordinates; geographic coordinates; georef; grid
  coordinates.

  coordinating authority - (DOD) A commander or individual assigned
  responsibility for coordinating specific functions or activities
  involving forces of two or more Services or two or more forces of
  the same Service. The commander or individual has the authority
  to require consultation between the agencies involved, but does
  not have the authority to compel agreement. In the event that
  essential agreement cannot be obtained, the matter shall be
  referred to the appointing authority.

  coordinating authority - (NATO) The authority granted to a
  commander or individual assigned responsibility for
  coordinating specific functions or activities involving forces of
  two or more countries or commands, or two or more services or two
  or more forces of the same service. He has the authority to
  require consultation between the agencies involved or their
  representatives, but does not have the authority to compel
  agreement. In case of disagreement between the agencies involved,
  he should attempt to obtain essential agreement by discussion. In
  the event he is unable to obtain essential agreement he shall
  refer the matter to the appropriate authority.

  coordinating point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Designated point at which,
  in all types of combat, adjacent units/formations must make
  contact for purposes of control and coordination.

  copy negative - (DOD, NATO) A negative produced from an original
  not necessarily at the same scale.

  corner reflector - (DOD, NATO) 1. A device, normally consisting
  of three metallic surfaces or screens perpendicular to one
  another, designed to act as a radar target or marker. 2. In radar
  interpretation, an object which, by means of multiple reflections
  from smooth surfaces, produces a radar return of greater
  magnitude than might be expected from the physical size of the
  object.

  corps - (NATO) See army corps.

  corps troops - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Troops assigned or attached to a
  corps, but not a part of one of the divisions that make up the
  corps.

  correction - (DOD, NATO) 1. In fire control, any change in firing
  data to bring the mean point of impact or burst closer to the
  target. 2. A communication proword to indicate that an error in
  data has been announced and that corrected data will follow.

  corrective maintenance - (NATO) Maintenance actions carried out
  to restore a defective item to a specified condition. See also
  preventive maintenance.

  correlation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air defense, the determination
  that an aircraft appearing on a radarscope, on a plotting board,
  or visually is the same vehicle as that on which information is
  being received from another source.

  correlation factor - (DOD, NATO) The ratio of a ground dose rate
  reading to a reading taken at approximately the same time at
  survey height over the same point on the ground.

  Corsair II - (DOD) A single-seat, single turbofan engine, all-
  weather light attack aircraft designed to operate from aircraft
  carriers, armed with cannon and capable of carrying a wide
  assortment of nuclear and/or conventional ordnance and advanced
  air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. Designated as A 7.

  cost contract - (DOD) 1. A contract which provides for payment to
  the contractor of allowable costs, to the extent prescribed in
  the contract, incurred in performance of the contract. 2. A
  cost-reimbursement type contract under which the contractor
  receives no fee.

  cost-plus a fixed-fee contract - (DOD) A cost reimbursement type
  contract which provides for the payment of a fixed fee to the
  contractor. The fixed fee, once negotiated, does not vary with
  actual cost but may be adjusted as a result of any subsequent
  changes in the scope of work or services to be performed under
  the contract.

  cost sharing contract - (DOD) A cost reimbursement type contract
  under which the contractor receives no fee but is reimbursed only
  for an agreed portion of its allowable costs.

  countdown - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The stem step process leading to
  initiation of missile testing, launching, and firing. It is
  performed in accordance with a pre-designated time schedule.

  counter air - (DOD, IADB) A United States Air Force term for air
  operations conducted to attain and maintain a desired degree of
  air superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy
  forces. Both air offensive and air defensive actions are
  involved. The former range throughout enemy territory and are
  generally conducted at the initiative of the friendly forces. The
  latter are conducted near to or over friendly territory and are
  generally reactive to the initiative of the enemy air forces. See
  also antiair warfare. (Note: IADB definition begins with
  "Operations conducted.")

  counter air operation - (NATO) An air operation directed against
  the enemy's air offensive and defensive capability in order to
  attain and maintain a desired degree of air superiority.

  counterattack - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Attack by part or all of a
  defending force against an enemy attacking force, for such
  specific purposes as regaining ground lost or cutting off or
  destroying enemy advance units, and with the general objective of
  denying to the enemy the attainment of his purpose in attacking. In
  sustained defensive operations, it is undertaken to restore the
  battle position and is directed at limited objectives.

  counterbattery fire - (NATO) Fire delivered for the purpose of
  destroying or neutralizing indirect fire weapon systems.

  counter-C3 - See command, control and communications countermeasures.

  counterdeception - (DOD) Efforts to negate, neutralize, diminish
  the effects of, or gain °advantage from, a foreign deception
  operation. Counterdeception does not include the intelligence
  function of identifying foreign deception operations. See also
  deception.

  counterespionage - (DOD, IADB) That aspect of counterintelligence
  designed to detect, destroy, neutralize, exploit, or prevent
  espionage activities through identification, penetration,
  manipulation, deception, and repression of individuals, groups,
  or organizations conducting or suspected of conducting espionage
  activities.

  counter-espionage - (NATO) Action designed to detect and
  counteract espionage. See also counter-intelligence.

  counterfire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire intended to destroy or
  neutralize enemy weapons. (DOD, IADB) Includes counter-battery,
  counterbombardment, and countermortar fire. See also fire.

  counterforce - (DOD, IADB) The employment of strategic air and
  missile forces in an effort to destroy, or render impotent,
  selected military capabilities of an enemy force under any of the
  circumstances by which hostilities may be initiated.

  counter-guerrilla warfare - (DOD, I, NATO, IADB) Operations and
  activities conducted by armed forces, paramilitary forces, or
  nonmilitary agencies against guerrillas.

  counterinsurgency - (DOD) Those military, paramilitary,
  political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a
  government to defeat insurgency.

  counter-insurgency - (NATO) Those military, paramilitary,
  political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken to
  defeat insurgency.

  counterinsurgency - (IADB) Those military, paramilitary,
  political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a
  government to defeat subversive insurgency.

  counterintelligence - (DOD, NATO) Those activities which are
  concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to
  security posed by hostile intelligence services or organizations,
  or by individuals engaged in espionage, sabotage, subversion or
  terrorism. See also counterespionage; countersabotage;
  countersubversion; protective security; security; security
  intelligence.

  counterintelligence - (IADB) That phase of intelligence covering
  all activity devoted to destroying the effectiveness of inimical
  foreign intelligence activities and to the protection of
  information against espionage, personnel against subversion, and
  installations or material against sabotage. See also
  counterespionage; countersabotage; countersubversion.

  countermeasures - (DOD, IADB) That form of military science that
  by the employment of devices and/or techniques, has as its
  objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of
  enemy activity. See also electronic warfare.

  countermilitary - See counterforce.

  countermine - (DOD, NATO) The process of exploding the main
  charge in a mine by shock of a nearby explosion of another mine
  or independent explosive charge. The explosion may be caused
  either by sympathetic detonation of the main charge, or through
  the explosive train and firing mechanism of the mine.

  countermining - (DOD, IADB) 1. land mine warfare-Tactics and
  techniques used to detect, avoid, breach, and/or neutralize enemy
  mines and the use of available resources to deny the enemy the
  opportunity to employ mines. 2. naval mine warfare-The detonation
  of mines by nearby explosions, either accidental or deliberate.

  countermove - (DOD, NATO) An operation undertaken in reaction to
  or in anticipation of a move by the enemy. See also
  counterattack.

  counteroffensive - (DOD, IADB) A large scale offensive undertaken
  by a defending force to seize the initiative from the attacking
  force. See also counterattack.

  counterpreparation fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Intensive prearranged
  fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is
  discovered. (DOD, IADB) It is designed to: break up enemy
  formations; disorganize the enemy's systems of command,
  communications, and observation; decrease the effectiveness of
  artillery preparation; and impair the enemy's offensive spirit.
  See also fire.

  counterreconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) All measures taken to prevent
  hostile observation of a force, area, or place.

  countersabotage - (DOD, IADB) That aspect of counterintelligence
  designed to detect, destroy, neutralize, or prevent sabotage
  activities through identification, penetration, manipulation,
  deception, and repression of individuals, groups, or
  organizations conducting or suspected of conducting sabotage
  activities.

  counter-sabotage - (NATO) Action designed to detect and
  counteract sabotage. See also counter-intelligence.

  countersign - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A secret challenge and its reply.
  See also challenge; password; reply.

  countersubversion - (DOD, IADB) That aspect of
  counterintelligence designed to detect, destroy, neutralize, or
  prevent subversive activities through the identification,
  exploitation, penetration, manipulation, deception, and
  repression of individuals, groups, or organizations conducting or
  suspected of conducting subversive activities.

  counter-subversion - (NATO) Action designed to detect and
  counteract subversion. See also counter-intelligence;
  subversion.

  countersurveillance - (NATO) All measures, active or passive,
  taken to counteract hostile surveillance. See also surveillance.

  counterterrorism - (DOD) Offensive measures taken to prevent,
  deter, and respond to terrorism. Also called CT. See also
  antiterrorism; terrorism.

  country cover diagram - (DOD, NATO) A small scale index, by country,
  depicting the existence of air photography for planning purposes
  only.

  coupled mode - (DOD) A flight control state in which an aircraft
  is controlled through the automatic flight control system by
  signals from guidance equipment.

  Courier - (DOD, IADB) A delayed repeater communication satellite
  which had the capability of storing and relaying communications
  using microwave frequencies. This satellite gave a limited
  demonstration of instantaneous microwave communications.

  courier - (DOD, IADB) A messenger (usually a commissioned or
  warrant officer) responsible for the secure physical transmission
  and delivery of documents and material. Generally referred to as
  a command or local courier. See also armed forces courier.

  course - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The intended direction of movement in
  the horizontal plane.

  course of action - (IADB) 1. Any sequence of activities which an
  individual or unit may follow. 2. A possible plan open to an
  individual or commander which would accomplish, or is related to
  the accomplishment of, his mission. 3. The scheme adopted to
  accomplish a job or mission. 4. A line of conduct in an
  engagement.

  cover - (DOD, NATO) 1. The action by land, air, or sea forces to
  protect by offense, defense, or threat of either or both. 2.
  Those measures necessary to give protection to a person, plan,
  operation, formation or installation from the enemy intelligence
  effort and leakage of information. 3. The act of maintaining a
  continuous receiver watch with transmitter calibrated and
  available, but not necessarily available for immediate use. 4.
  Shelter or protection, either natural or artificial. (DOD) 5.
  Photo graphs or other recorded images which show a particular
  area of ground. 6. A code meaning, "Keep fighters between
  force/base and contact designated at distance stated from
  force/base" (e.g., "cover bogey twenty-seven to thirty miles").

  cover - (IADB) 1. The action by land, air, or sea forces to
  protect by offense, defense, or threat of either or both. 2.
  Shelter or protection, either natural or artificial. 3. To maintain
  a continuous receiver watch with transmitter calibrated and available,
  but not necessarily available for immediate use. 4. Photographs or
  other recorded images which show a particular area of ground. 5. Keep
  fighters between force/base and contact designated at distance stated
  from force/base (e.g., "cover bogey twenty-seven to thirty miles .")
  6. Protective guise used by a person, organization, or installation
  to prevent identification with clandestine activities. See also
  comparative cover; concealment.

  coverage - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The ground area represented on
  imagery, photomaps, mosaics, maps, and other geographical
  presentation systems. (DOD, IADB) 2. Cover or protection, as the
  coverage of troops by supporting fire. 3. The extent to which
  intelligence information is available in respect to any specified
  area of interest. 4. The summation of the geographical areas and
  volumes of aerospace under surveillance. See also comparative
  cover.

  coverage index - (DOD) One of a series of overlays showing all
  photographic reconnaissance missions covering the map sheet to
  which the overlays refer. See also cover trace (reconnaissance).

  covering fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Fire used to protect troops
  when they are within range of enemy small arms. 2. In amphibious
  usage, fire delivered prior to the landing to cover preparatory
  operations such as underwater demolition or minesweeping. See
  also fire.

  covering force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A force operating apart
  from the main force for the purpose of intercepting, engaging,
  delaying, disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy before he can
  attack the force covered. 2. Any body or detachment of troops
  which provides security for a larger force by observation,
  reconnaissance, attack, or defense, or by any combination of
  these methods. See also force(s).

  covering force area - (NATO) The area forward of the forward edge
  of the battle area out to the forward positions initially
  assigned to the covering forces. It is here that the covering
  forces execute assigned tasks.

  covering troops - See covering force.

  cover (intelligence) - See cover, Part 6.

  cover search - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air photographic
  reconnaissance, the process of selection of the most suitable
  existing cover for a specific requirement.

  covert operations - (DOD, I, IADB) Operations which are so
  planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit
  plausible denial by the sponsor. They differ from clandestine
  operations in that emphasis is placed on concealment of identity
  of sponsor rather than on concealment of the operation.

  covertrace - (DOD, NATO) One of a series of overlays showing all
  air reconnaissance sorties covering the map sheet to which the
  overlays refer.

  crab angle - (DOD, NATO) The angle between the aircraft track or
  flight line and the fore and aft axis of a vertical camera, which
  is in line with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

  crash locator beacon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An automatic radio
  beacon which will help searching forces to locate a crashed
  aircraft. See also personal locator beacon.

  crash position indicator - See crash locator beacon.

  crater - (DOD, IADB) The pit, depression, or cavity formed in the
  surface of the earth by an explosion. It may range from saucer
  shaped to conical, depending largely on the depth of burst. In
  the case of a deep underground burst, no rupture of the surface
  may occur. The resulting cavity is termed a camouflet.

  crater depth - (DOD) The maximum depth of the crater measured
  from the deepest point of the pit to the original ground level.

  cratering charge - (DOD, NATO) A charge placed at an adequate
  depth to produce a crater.

  crater radius - (DOD, IADB) The average radius of the crater
  measured at the level corresponding to the original surface of
  the ground.

  creeping barrage - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A barrage in which the fire
  of all units participating remains in the same relative position
  throughout and which advances in steps of one line at a time.

  creeping mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a buoyant mine
  held below the surface by a weight, usually in the form of a
  chain, which is free to creep along the seabed under the
  influence of stream or current.

  crest - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A terrain feature of such altitude that
  it restricts fire or observation in an area beyond, resulting in
  dead space, or limiting the minimum elevation, or both.

  crested - (DOD, IADB) A report which indicates that engagement of
  a target or observation of an area is not possible because of an
  obstacle or intervening crest.

  crested - (NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a report
  which indicates that engagement of a target or observation of an
  area is not possible because of an obstacle or intervening crest.

  critical altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The altitude beyond which
  an aircraft or airbreathing guided missile ceases to perform
  satisfactorily. See also altitude.

  critical intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Intelligence which is crucial
  and requires the immediate attention of the commander. It is
  required to enable the commander to make decisions that will
  provide a timely and appropriate response to actions by the
  potential/actual enemy. It includes but is not limited to the
  following: a. strong indications of the imminent outbreak of
  hostilities of any type (warning of attack); b. aggression of any
  nature against a friendly country; c. indications or use of
  nuclear-biological-chemical weapons (targets); and d. significant
  events within potential enemy countries that may lead to
  modification of nuclear strike plans.

  critical item - (DOD, IADB) An essential item which is in short
  supply or expected to be in short supply for an extended period.
  See also critical supplies and materials; regulated item.

  critical mass - (DOD, IADB) The minimum amount of fissionable
  material capable of supporting a chain reaction under precisely
  specified conditions.

  critical node - (DOD) An element, position, or communications
  entity whose disruption or destruction immediately degrades the
  ability of a force to command, control, or effectively conduct
  combat operations.

  critical point - (DOD, IADB) 1. A key geographical point or
  position important to the success of an operation. 2. In point of
  time, a crisis or a turning point in an operation. 3. A selected
  point along a line of march used for reference in giving instructions.
  4. A point where there is a change of direction or change in slope
  in a ridge or stream. 5. Any point along a route of march where
  interference with a troop movement may occur.

  critical speed - (DOD, NATO) A speed or range of speeds which a
  ship cannot sustain due to vibration or other similar phenomena.

  critical supplies and material - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Those supplies
  vital to the support of operations, which owing to various causes
  are in short supply or are expected to be in short supply. See
  also critical item; regulated item.

  critical zone - (DOD, IADB) The area over which a bombing plane
  engaged in horizontal or glide bombing must maintain straight
  flight so that the bomb sight can be operated properly and bombs
  dropped accurately.

  critic report - See critical intelligence.

  crossing - (DOD) In air intercept, a term meaning, "Passing from
  ______ to _______"

  crossing area - (DOD, NATO) A number of adjacent crossing sites
  under the control of one commander.

  cross-loading (personnel) - (DOD, IADB) A system of loading
  troops so that they may be disembarked or dropped at two or more
  landing or drop zones, thereby achieving unit integrity upon
  delivery. See also loading.

  crossover point - (DOD, IADB) That range in the air warfare area
  at which a target ceases to be an air intercept target and
  becomes a surface-to-air missile target.

  cross-servicing - (DOD, IADB) That function performed by one
  military service in support of another military service for which
  reimbursement is required from the service receiving support. See
  also servicing.

  cross-servicing - (NATO) That servicing performed by one service
  or national element for other services or national elements and
  for which the other services or national elements may be charged.

  cross tell - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of information between
  facilities at the same operational level. See also track telling.

  cruise missile - (DOD, IADB) Guided missile, the major portion of
  whose flight path to its target is conducted at approximately
  constant velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction of air for
  lift and upon propulsion forces to balance drag.

  cruising altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A level determined by
  vertical measurement from mean sea level, maintained during a
  flight or portion there of.

  cruising level - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A level maintained during a
  significant portion of a flight. See also altitude.

  cryogenic liquid - (DOD, IADB) Liquefied gas at very low
  temperature, such as liquid oxygen, nitrogen, argon.

  cryptanalysis - (DOD, IADB) The steps and operations performed in
  converting encrypted messages into plain text without initial
  knowledge of the key employed in the encryption.

  cryptanalysis - (NATO) The study of encrypted texts. The steps or
  processes involved in converting encrypted text into plain text
  without initial knowledge of the key employed in the encryption.

  cryptochannel - (DOD, IADB) A complete system of crypto-
  communications between two or more holders. The basic unit for
  naval cryptographic communication. It includes: a. the
  cryptographic aids prescribed; b. the holders thereof; c. the
  indicators or other means of identification; d. the area or
  areas in which effective; e. the special purpose, if any, for
  which provided; and  f. pertinent notes as to distribution,
  usage, etc. A cryptochannel is analogous to a radio circuit.

  cryptographic information - (DOD) All information significantly
  descriptive of cryptographic techniques and processes or of
  crypt- graphic systems and equipment, or their functions and
  capabilities, and all cryptomaterial.

  cryptologic - (DOD, IADB) Of or pertaining to cryptology.

  cryptology - (DOD, IADB) The science which treats of hidden,
  disguised, or encrypted communications. It embraces
  communications security and communications intelligence.

  cryptomaterial - (DOD, IADB) All material including documents,
  devices, equipment, and apparatus essential to the encryption,
  decryption, or authentication of telecommunications. When
  classified, it is designated CRYPTO and subject to special
  safeguards.

  cryptomaterial - (NATO) All material, including documents,
  devices or equipment that contains crypto information and is
  essential to the encryption, decryption or authentication of
  telecommunications.

  cryptopart - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A division of a message as
  prescribed for security reasons. The operating instructions for
  certain crypt systems prescribe the number of groups which may be
  encrypted in  the systems, using a single message indicator.
  Cryptoparts are identified in plain language. They are not to be
  confused with message parts.

  cryptosecurity - See communications security.

  cryptosystem - (DOD, IADB) The associated items of cryptomaterial
  that are used as a unit and provide a single means of encryption
  and decryption. See also cipher; code; decrypt; encipher;
  encrypt.

  crystal ball - (DOD) Radar scope.

  CT - See counterterrorism.

  cultivation - (DOD) A deliberate and calculated association with
  a person for the purpose of recruitment, obtaining information,
  or gaining control for these or other purposes.

  culture - (DOD, NATO) A feature of the terrain that has been
  constructed by man. Included are such items as roads, buildings,
  and canals; boundary lines, and, in a broad sense, all names and
  legends on a map.

  curb weight - (DOD, IADB) Weight of a ground vehicle including
  fuel, lubricants, coolant and on-vehicle materiel, excluding
  cargo and operating personnel.

  currency - (NATO) The up-to-dateness of a map or chart as
  determined by comparison with the best available information at a
  given time.

  Current Force - (DOD) The force that exists today. The Current
  Force represents actual force structure and/or manning available
  to meet present contingencies. It is the basis for operations and
  contingency plans and orders. See also force; Intermediate Force
  Planning Level; Minimum Risk Force; Planning Force; Programmed
  Forces.

  current intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Intelligence of all types and
  forms of immediate interest which is usually disseminated without
  the delays necessary to complete evaluation or interpretation.

  current intelligence - (NATO) Intelligence which reflects the
  current situation at either strategic or tactical level. See also
  basic intelligence; intelligence.

  curve of pursuit - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The curved path described by
  a fighter plane making an attack on a moving target while holding
  the proper aiming allowance.

  custody - (DOD, IADB) The responsibility for the control of,
  transfer and movement of, and access to, weapons and components.
  Custody also includes the maintenance of accountability for
  weapons and components.

  customer ship - (DOD, NATO) The ship in a replenishment unit that
  receives the transferred personnel and/or supplies.

  cut-off - (DOD, NATO) The deliberate shutting off of a reaction
  engine.

  cutoff attack - (DOD, IADB) An attack that provides a direct
  vector from the interceptor's position to an intercept point with
  the target track.

  cut-off velocity - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The velocity attained by a
  missile at the point of cutoff.

  cutout - (DOD, IADB) An intermediary or device used to obviate
  direct contact between members of a clandestine organization.

  cutter - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a device fitted to a
  sweep wire to cut or part the moorings of mines or obstructors;
  it may also be fitted in the mooring of a mine or obstructor to
  part a sweep.

  cutting charge - (DOD, NATO) A charge which produces a cutting
  effect in line with its plane of symmetry.

  CV - See attack aircraft carrier.

  CVN - See attack aircraft carrier.

  cyanogen agent - See blood agent.
 DADCAP - (DOD, IADB) Dawn and dusk combat air patrol.

 daily intelligence summary - (DOD) A report prepared in message
 form at the joint force component command headquarters  that  provides
 higher, lateral, and subordinate headquarters with a  summary  of  all
 significant intelligence produced during the previous 24-hour  period.
 The "as of" time for information, content, and submission time for the
 report will be as specified by the joint force commander. Also  called
 DISUM.

 daily movement summary (shipping) - (DOD, IADB) A tabulation of
 departures and arrivals of all merchant shipping (including  neutrals)
 arriving or departing ports during  a  24-hour  period.  (IADB)  These
 summaries are prepared by  area  commanders  (or  operational  control
 authorities if designated  by  area  commanders)  and  are  classified
 confidential.

 damage - See nuclear damage (land warfare).

 damage area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In naval mine warfare, the plan
 area around a minesweeper inside which a mine explosion is  likely  to
 interrupt operations.

 damage assessment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The determination of the
 effect of attacks on targets. (DOD, IADB) 2. A determination of the
 effect of a compromise of classified information on national security.
 See also civil damage assessment; military damage assessment.

 damage control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In naval usage, measures  necessary
 aboard ship to preserve and reestablish watertight integrity, stability,
 maneuverability and offensive power; to control list and trim; to effect
 rapid repairs of materiel; to limit the spread of, and provide adequate
 protection from, fire; to limit the spread of, remove the contamination
 by, and provide adequate protection from, toxic agents; and to provide
 for care of wounded personnel. See also area damage control;  disaster
 control; rear area security.

 damage criteria - (DOD, IADB) The critical levels of various effects,
 such as blast pressure and thermal radiation, required to achieve
 specified levels of damage.

 damage estimation - (DOD) A preliminary  appraisal  of  the  potential
 effects of an attack. See also attack assessment.

 damage radius - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the average
 distance from a ship within which a mine containing a given weight and
 type of explosive must detonate if it is to inflict a specified amount
 of damage.

 damage threat - (DOD, NATO) The probability that a target ship
 passing once through a minefield will explode one or more  mines  and
 sustain a specified amount of damage.

 dan - (DOD) To mark a position or a sea area with dan buoys.

 dan buoy - (DOD) A temporary marker buoy used during minesweeping
 operations to indicate boundaries of swept paths, swept areas,  known
 hazards, and other locations or reference points.

 danger - (DOD, IADB) Information in a call for fire to indicate
 that friendly forces are within 600 to 1,500 meters of the target.

 danger area - (DOD, IADB) I. A specified area above, below, or
 within which there may be potential danger. (DOD,  NATO)  2.  In  air
 traffic control,  an  airspace  of  defined  dimensions  within  which
 activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at  specified
 times. See also prohibited area; restricted area.

 danger close - (DOD, NATO) In artillery  and  naval  gunfire  support,
 information in a call for tire to indicate that friendly  forces  are
 within 600 meters of the target.

 dangerous cargo - (DOD, NATO) Cargo which, because of  its   dangerous
 properties, is subject to special regulations for its  transport.  See
 also cargo.

 dangerous cargo - (IADB) Cargo which, because of its dangerous
 properties, is subject to special regulations for its transport.

 dangerously exposed waters - (DOD, NATO) The sea areas adjacent to the
 severely threatened coastlines.

 danger space - (DOD) That space between the weapon and the target
 where the trajectory does not rise 1.8 meters (the average height of
 a standing human). This includes the area encompassed by the beaten
 zone.  See also beaten zone.

 dan runner - (DOD, NATO) A ship running a line of dan buoys.

 dart - (DOD) A target towed by a jet aircraft and fired at by fighter
 aircraft. Used for training only.

 data - (DOD) Representation of facts, concepts, or instructions
 in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or
 processing by humans or by automatic means. Any representations such as
 characters or analog quantities  to  which  meaning  is  or  might  be
 assigned.

 data block - (DOD, NATO) Information presented on air imagery
 relevant to the geographical position, altitude, attitude and heading
 of the aircraft and, in certain cases, administrative information  and
 information on the sensors employed.

 data code - (DOD, IADB) A number, letter, character, or any  combination
 thereof used to represent a data element or data item. For example, the
 data codes "E8," "03," and "06" might be used to  represent  the  data
 items of sergeant, captain, and colonel under the data element "military
 personnel grade."

 data element - (DOD, IADB) A basic unit of information having a
 unique meaning and sub categories (data items) of distinct units or
 values. Examples of data elements are military personnel  grade,  sex,
 race, geographic location, and military unit.

 data item - (DOD, IADB) A subunit of descriptive information or value
 classified under a data element. For example, the data element
 "military personnel grade"  contains  data  items  such  as  sergeant,
 captain, and colonel.

 data link - (DOD, NATO) The means of connecting one location to
 another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data.

 data link - (IADB) A communication link suitable for transmission
 of data.

 data mile - (DOD, IADB) A standard unit of distance-6,000 feet.

 date line - See international date line.

 date-time group - (DOD, IADB) The date and time, expressed in digits
 and zone suffix, the message was  prepared  for  transmission.
 (Expressed as six digits followed by the zone suffix;  first  pair  of
 digits denotes the date, second pair the hours, third pair the minutes.)

 date-time group - (NATO) A group of six digits with a zone time suffix
 and the standardized abbreviation for the month. The first pair of
 of digits represents the day; the second pair the hour; the third pair
 the minutes. After the month may be added the last two digits  of  the
 year.

 datum - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any numerical or geometrical quantity
 or set of such quantities which may serve as reference or base for
 other quantities. Where the concept is geometric, the plural form is
 "datums" in contrast to the normal plural "data."

 datum (antisubmarine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) A datum is the last  known
 position of a submarine, or suspected submarine, after contact has been
 lost.

 datum dan buoy - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a dan buoy
 intended as a geographic reference or check, which needs to be more
 visible and more securely moored than a normal dan buoy.

 datum error (antisubmarine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) An estimate of
 the degree of accuracy in the reported position of datum.

 datum (geodetic) - (DOD, IADB) A reference surface consisting of
 five quantities: the latitude and longitude of an  initial  point,
 the azimuth of a line from that  point,  and  the  parameters  of  the
 reference ellipsoid.

 datum level - (DOD, NATO) A surface to which elevations, heights
 or depths on a map or chart are related. See also altitude.

 datum point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any reference point of known or
 assumed coordinates from which calculation  or  measurements  may  be
 taken.

 datum time (antisubmarine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) The datum time is
 the time when contact with the submarine, or suspected submarine,
 was lost.

 day air defense fighter - (DOD, NATO) A fighter aircraft with
 equipment and weapons which enable it to engage airborne targets, but
 in clear weather conditions and by day only.

 day fighter - (NATO) A fighter aircraft designed for air
 interception purposes, primarily in visual meteorological conditions.
 It may or may not carry electronic devices to assist in interception and
 in aiming its weapons.

 day of supply - See one day's supply.

 dazzle - (DOD, IADB) Temporary loss of vision or a temporary
 reduction in visual acuity. See also flash blindness.

 DC-130 - See Hercules.

 DD - See destroyer.

 D-day - (DOD, IADB) 1. The unnamed day on which a particular  operation
 commences or is to commence. An operation may be the  commencement  of
 hostilities. a. The date of a major military effort. b. The  execution
 date of an operation (as distinguished from  the  date  the  order  to
 execute is issued); the date the operations phase is  implemented,  by
 land assault, air strike, naval  bombardment,  parachute  assault,  or
 amphibious assault. The highest command or headquarters responsible for
 coordinating the planning will specify the exact meaning of D-day within
 the aforementioned definition. If more than one such event is mentioned
 in a single plan, the secondary events will be keyed  to  the  primary
 event by adding or subtracting days as necessary. The letter "D"  will
 be the only one used to denote the above. The command or  headquarters
 directly responsible for the execution of the operation, if other than
 the one coordinating the planning, will do so in light of the meanings
 specified by the highest planning headquarters. 2. Time in plans  will
 be indicated by a letter that shows the  unit  of  time  employed  and
 figures, with a minus or plus sign, to indicate  the  amount  of  time
 before or after the referenced event; e.g., "D" is for a particular day,
 "H" for an hour. Similarly, D + 7 means 7 days after D-day, H + 2 means
 2 hours after H-hour. If the figure becomes unduly large, for example,
 D-day plus 90, the designation of D + 3 months may be employed;  i.e.,
 if the figure following a letter plus a time unit (D-day, H-hour, etc.)
 is intended to refer to units of time other than that which follows the
 letter, then the unit of time employed with the figure must be spelled
 out. See also H-hour; K-day; M-day. See also designation of  days  and
 hours. (NOTE: IADB definition does not use subdivision a., b., c.)

 D-day consumption/production differential assets - (DOD, IADB) as
 applied to the D-to-P concept, these assets are required to compensate
 for the inability of the production base to meet expenditure
 (consumption) requirements during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-
 concept.

 D-day materiel readiness gross capability - (DOD, IADB) As applied
 to the D-to-P concept, this capability represents the sum of all assets
 on hand on D-day and  the  gross  production  capability  (funded  and
 unfunded) between D-day and P-day. When this capability equals  the  D
 to-P Materiel Readiness Gross Requirement, requirements and capabilities
 are in balance. See also D-to-P concept.

 D-day pipeline assets - (DOD) As applied to the D-to-P concept, these
 assets represent the sum of CONUS and  overseas  operating  and
 safety levels and intransit levels of supply. See also D-to-P concept.

 DDG - See guided missile destroyer.

 deadline - (DOD, IADB) To remove a vehicle or piece of equipment
 from operation or use for one of the following reasons: a. is
 inoperative due to damage, malfunctioning, or necessary  repairs. The
 term does not include items temporarily removed from use by reason  of
 routine maintenance,  and  repairs  that  do  not  affect  the  combat
 capability of the item; b. is unsafe; and c. would be damaged by further
 use.

 dead mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine which has been neutralized,  sterilized
 or rendered safe. See also mine.

 dead space - (DOD, NATO) 1. An area within the maximum range of a
 weapon, radar, or observer, which cannot be covered by fire or
 observation from a particular position because of intervening obstacles,
 the nature of the ground, or the characteristics of the trajectory, or
 the limitations of the pointing capabilities of the weapons. 2. An area
 or zone which is within range of a radio transmitter, but in  which  a
 signal is not received. 3. The volume of space above and around a  gun
 or guided missile system into which it cannot fire because of mechanical
 or electronic limitations.

 dead zone - See dead space.

 debarkation - (DOD, IADB) The unloading of troops, equipment, or
 supplies from a ship or aircraft.

 debarkation - (NATO) The unloading of troops with their supplies and
 equipment from a ship.

 debarkation net - (DOD, IADB) A specially prepared type of cargo
 net employed for the debarkation of troops over the side of a ship.

 debarkation schedule - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A schedule which provides
 for the timely and orderly debarkation of troops  and  equipment  and
 emergency supplies for the waterborne ship-to-shore movement.

 decay curves (radioactive) - (DOD, IADB) Graph lines representing
 the decrease of radioactivity with the passage of time.

 decay (radioactive) - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The decrease in the  radiation
 intensity of any radioactive material with respect to time.

 decay rate (radioactive) - (DOD, IADB) The time rate of the
 disintegration of radioactive material generally accompanied by the
 emission of particles and/or gamma radiation.

 decay rate (radioactive) - (NATO) The rate of disintegration of
 radioactive material with respect to time.

 Decca - (DOD, NATO) A radio phase-comparison system which uses a
 master and slave stations to establish a hyperbolic lattice and
 provide accurate ground position-fixing facilities.

 decentralized control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air defense, the
 normal mode whereby a higher echelon monitors  unit  actions,  making
 direct target assignments to units only when necessary to insure proper
 fire distribution or to prevent engagement of friendly  aircraft.  See
 also centralized control.

 decentralized items - (DOD, IADB) Those items of supply for which
 appropriate authority has prescribed local management and procurement.

 deception - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Those measures designed to mislead
 the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence to
 induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests. See also
 counterdeception; military deception.

 deception means - (DOD) Methods, resources, and techniques that can
 be used to convey information to a foreign power. There are three
 categories of deception means: a. physical means - Activities and
 resources used to convey or deny selected information to a foreign
 power. (Examples: military operations, including exercises,
 reconnaissance, training  activities, and movement of forces; the use
 of dummy equipment and devices; tactics; bases, logistic actions,
 stockpiles, and repair activity; and test and evaluation activities).
 b. technical means - Military materiel resources and their associated
 operating techniques used to convey or deny selected information to a
 foreign power through the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration
 absorption, or reflection of energy; the emission or suppression of
 chemical or biological odors; and the emission or suppression of
 nuclear particles. c. administrative means - Resources, methods, and
 techniques designed to convey or deny oral, pictorial, documentary, or
 other physical evidence to a foreign power.

 decision - (DOD, IADB) In an estimate of the situation, a clear and
 concise statement of the line of action intended to be followed by the
 commander as the one most favorable to the successful accomplishment
 of his mission.

 decision altitude - (DOD, NATO) An altitude related to the highest
 elevation in the touch down zone, specified for a glide slope approach,
 at which a missed-approach procedure must be initiated if the required
 visual reference has not been established. See also decision height.

 decision height - (DOD, NATO) A height above the highest elevation  in
 the touch down zone, specified for a glide slope approach, at which  a
 missed-approach procedure must be initiated  if  the  required  visual
 reference has not been established. See also decision altitude.

 deck alert - See ground alert.

 declared speed - (DOD, NATO) The continuous speed which a master
 declares his ship can maintain on a forthcoming voyage under moderate
 weather conditions having due regard to her present condition.

 declared speed - (IADB) The continuous speed which a master declares
 his ship can maintain on a forthcoming voyage under  moderate  weather
 conditions (that is, moderate sea, wind force 4 on the Beaufort scale)
 having due regard to her present  condition  (trim,  draft,  state  of
 bottom, state of machinery, and quality of bunkers). The declared speed
 is used by the naval control of shipping officer to determine  whether
 a ship is qualified for inclusion in an x-knot convoy.

 declassification - (DOD, IADB) The determination that in the
 interests of national  security,  classified  information  no  longer
 requires any degree of  protection  against  unauthorized  disclosure,
 coupled with removal or cancellation of the classification designation.

 declassify(NATO, IADB) To cancel the security classification
 of an item of classified matter. See also downgrade.

 declination - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The angular distance to a body
 on the celestial sphere measured north or south through 90  from  the
 celestial equator along the hour circle of  the  body.  Comparable  to
 latitude on the terrestrial sphere.  See  also  magnetic  declination;
 magnetic variation.

 decompression chamber - See hypobaric chamber.

 decompression sickness - (DOD, IADB) A syndrome, including bends,
 chokes,  neurological  disturbances,  and  collapse,  resulting  from
 exposure to reduced ambient pressure and caused by gas bubbles in  the
 tissues, fluids, and blood vessels.

 decontamination - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The process of making any person,
 object, or area safe by absorbing, destroying,  neutralizing, making
 harmless, or removing, chemical or biological agents, or by removing
 radioactive material clinging to or around it.

 decontamination station - (DOD, NATO) A building or location
 suitably equipped and organized where personnel and materiel are
 cleansed of chemical, biological or radiological contaminants.

 decontamination station - (IADB) A building or location suitably
 equipped and staffed where personnel and their clothing are
 decontaminated from the effects of toxic attack.

 decoy - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An imitation in any sense of a person,
 object or phenomenon which is intended to deceive enemy surveillance
 devices or mislead enemy evaluation. See also chaff.

 decoy ship - (DOD, NATO) A ship camouflaged as a noncombatant ship
 with its armament and other fighting equipment hidden and with
 special provisions for unmasking its weapons quickly. Also called
 Q-ship.

 decoy ship (Q ship) - (IADB) A warship or other ship camouflaged as
 a merchantman or converted commerce raider with its armament and
 other fighting equipment hidden and with special provisions for
 unmasking its weapons quickly.

 decrypt - (DOD, IADB) To convert encrypted text into its equivalent
 plain text by means of a cryptosystem. (This does not include solution
 by cryptanalysis.) Note: The  term  decrypt  covers  the  meanings  of
 decipher and decode. See also cryptosystem.

 deep fording - (DOD, IADB) The ability of a self-propelled gun or
 ground vehicle equipped with built-in waterproofing and/or a special
 waterproofing kit, to negotiate a water obstacle with its wheels or
 tracks in contact with the ground. See also flotation; shallow fording.

 deep fording capability -  (DOD,  NATO)  The  characteristic  of  self
 propelled gun or ground vehicle equipped with built-in  waterproofing
 and/or a special waterproofing kit, to negotiate a water obstacle with
 its wheels or tracks in contact with  the  ground.  See  also  shallow
 fording capability.

 deep minefield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An antisubmarine minefield which
 is safe for surface ships to cross.

 deep supporting fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire directed on   objectives
 not in the immediate vicinity of  our  forces,  for  neutralizing  and
 destroying enemy reserves and  weapons,  and  interfering  with  enemy
 command, supply,  communications  and  observations.  See  also  close
 supporting fire; direct supporting fire; supporting fire.

 de facto boundary - (DOD, NATO)  An  international  or  administrative
 boundary whose existence and legality is not recognized but which  is
 a  practical  division  between  separate  national   and   provincial
 administering authorities.

 DEFCON - See defense readiness conditions.

 defector - (DOD, IADB) National of a country who has escaped
 from  the  control  of  such  country  or  who,  being  outside  such
 jurisdiction and control, is unwilling to return  thereto  and  is  of
 special value to another country.

 defector - (NATO) A person who repudiates  his  or  her  country  when
 beyond its jurisdiction or control.

 defense area - (DOD, NATO) For any particular command, the area
 extending from the forward edge  of  the  battle  area  to  its  rear
 boundary. It is here that the decisive defensive battle is fought.

 defense classification - See security classification.

 defense emergency(DOD) An emergency condition that exists when:
 a. a major attack is made upon US forces overseas, or on allied forces
 in any theater and is confirmed by either the commander of  a  command
 established by the Secretary of Defense or higher authority; or b.  an
 overt attack of any type is made upon the United States and is confirmed
 either by the commander of a command established by the  Secretary  of
 Defense or higher authority.

 defense emergency - (IADB) An emergency condition that exists when:
 a. a major attack is made upon national forces overseas  or on
 allied forces in any theater and is confirmed either by the commander
 of a command established by higher authority; or b. an overt attack of
 any type is made upon the country and is confirmed by the commander of
 a command established by higher authority.

 defense in depth - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The siting of mutually supporting
 defense positions designed to absorb and progressively weaken attack,
 prevent initial observations of the whole position by the enemy, and to
 allow the commander to maneuver his reserve.

 defense readiness condition - (NATO, IADB) A number or code word
 indicating the readiness posture of a unit for actual operations
 or exercises. Also called state of readiness.

 defense readiness conditions - (DOD) A uniform system of   progressive
 alert postures for use between the  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff  and  the
 commanders of unified and  specified  commands  and  for  use  by  the
 Services. Defense Readiness Conditions are graduated to match situations
 of varying military severity  (status  of  alert).  Defense  Readiness
 Conditions are identified by the short title DEFCON (5), (4), (3), (2),
 and (1), as appropriate.

 defense shipping authority - (NATO) The NATO civil wartime agency
 established in time of war responsible for the employment of merchant
 ships assigned to the allied ocean shipping pool to achieve the greatest
 efficiency in support of the common effort.

 defensive coastal area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A part of a coastal area
 and of the air, land, and water area adjacent to the  coast-line
 within which defense operations may involve land, sea, and air forces.

 defensive fire - (NATO) Fire delivered by supporting units to assist
 and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.

 defensive mine countermeasures - (NATO) Countermeasures intended to
 reduce the effect of enemy minelaying.

 defensive minefield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. In naval mine warfare, a
 minefield laid in international waters or international straits with
 the declared intention of  controlling  shipping  in  defense  of  sea
 communications. (DOD, IADB) 2. In land mine warfare, a minefield  laid
 in accordance with an established plan to prevent a penetration between
 positions and to strengthen the defense of the positions themselves. See
 also minefield.

 defensive sea area - (DOD, IADB) A sea area, usually including the
 approaches to and the waters of important ports, harbors, bays, or
 sounds, for the control and protection of shipping; for the safeguarding
 of defense installations bordering on waters of  the  areas;  and  for
 provision of other security measures  required  within  the  specified
 areas. It does not extend seaward beyond the territorial  waters.  See
 also maritime control area.

 defensive zone - (DOD) A belt of terrain, generally parallel to the
 front, which includes two  or  more  organized,  or  partially
 organized, battle positions.

 deferred maintenance - (NATO) Maintenance specifically intended to
 eliminate an existing  fault,  which  did  not  prevent  continued
 successful operation of the device or program.

 defilade - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Protection from  hostile   observation
 and fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2.  A
 vertical  distance  by  which  a  position  is  concealed  from  enemy
 observation. 3. To shield from enemy  fire  or  observation  by  using
 natural or artificial obstacles.

 defoliant operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The employment of  defoliating
 agents on vegetated areas in support of military operations.

 defoliating agent - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A chemical which causes
 trees, shrubs, and other plants to shed their leaves prematurely.

 degaussing - (DOD) The process whereby a ship's magnetic field is
 reduced by the use of electromagnetic coils, permanent magnets, or
 other means.

 degree of nuclear risk - (NATO) As specified by the commander, the
 risk to which friendly forces may be subjected from the effects of
 the detonation of a nuclear weapon used in the attack  of  a  close-in
 enemy target; acceptable degrees  of  risk  under  differing  tactical
 conditions are emergency, moderate, and negligible. See also emergency
 nuclear risk; moderate nuclear risk; negligible nuclear risk.

 degree of risk - (DOD, IADB) As specified by the commander, the risk
 to which friendly forces may be subjected from the effects of the
 detonation of a nuclear weapon used in the attack of a close-in  enemy
 target; acceptable degrees of risk under differing tactical conditions
 are emergency, moderate,  and  negligible.  See  also  emergency  risk
 (nuclear); moderate risk (nuclear); negligible risk (nuclear).

 de jure boundary - (DOD, NATO) An international or administrative
 boundary whose existence and legality is recognized.

 delay - (DOD, NATO) 1. The ground distance from a point directly
 beneath the aircraft to the beginning of the area of radar scan. 2. In
 radar, the electronic delay of the start of the time base used to select
 a particular segment of the total. 3. (DOD, IADB only) A report from the
 firing ship to the observer or the spotter to inform that the ship will
 be unable to provide the requested fire immediately. It will  normally
 be followed by the estimated duration of the delay.

 delaying action - See delaying operation.

 delaying operation - (DOD, NATO) An operation in which a force under
 pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum
 and inflicting  maximum damage on the enemy without, in principle,
 becoming decisively engaged.

 delay release sinker - (DOD, NATO) A sinker which holds a moored
 mine on the sea-bed for a predetermined time after laying.

 delegation of authority - (DOD, NATO) The action by which a  commander
 assigns part of his authority commensurate with the assigned task to a
 subordinate  commander.  While  ultimate  responsibility   cannot   be
 relinquished, delegation of authority carries with it the imposition of
 a measure of responsibility. The extent of the authority delegated must
 be clearly stated.

 deliberate attack - (DOD, NATO) A type of offensive action
 characterized by preplanned coordinated employment of  firepower  and
 maneuver to close with and destroy or capture the enemy.

 deliberate breaching - (DOD, NATO) The creation of a lane through a
 minefield or a clear route through a barrier or fortification, which
 is systematically planned and carried out.

 deliberate crossing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A crossing of a river or
 stream that requires extensive planning and detailed preparations.
 See also hasty crossing.

 deliberate defense - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A defense  normally   organized
 when out of contact with the enemy or when contact with the enemy is not
 imminent and time for organization is available. It normally  includes
 an  extensive  fortified  zone  incorporating  pillboxes,  forts,  and
 communications systems. See also hasty defense.

 delivering ship - (DOD, NATO) The ship in a replenishment unit that
 delivers the rig(s).

 delivery error - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The inaccuracy associated with a
 given weapon system resulting in a dispersion of  shots  about the
 aiming  point.  See  also  circular  error  probable;  deviation;
 dispersion; dispersion error; horizontal error.

 delivery forecasts - (DOD, IADB) 1.  Periodic  estimates  of  contract
 production deliveries used as  a  measure  of  the  effectiveness  of
 production and supply  availability  scheduling  and  as  a  guide  to
 corrective actions to resolve procurement or production bottlenecks. 2.
 Estimates of deliveries  under  obligation  against  procurement  from
 appropriated or other funds.

 delivery requirements(DOD, IADB) The stipulation which requires that
 an item of material must be delivered in the total quantity
 required by the date required and, when appropriate, overpacked as
 required.

 Delta Dagger(DOD, IADB) A single-engine turbojet interceptor employed
 in air defense. Its speed is supersonic and its armament is the AIM-4
 series and AIM-26A (Falcon). It has an all-weather interceptor
 capability. Designated as F-102A.

 Delta Dart - (DOD, IADB) A supersonic, single-engine turbojet
 interceptor aircraft. Its armament consists of Falcon (AIM-4 series)
 missiles with non-nuclear warheads and  Genie  (AIR-2A)  rockets with
 nuclear warheads. The Delta Dart is similar to the  earlier  F-102 in
 appearance. It has an all-weather intercept capability. Designated as
 F-106.

 demilitarized zone - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A defined area in which the
 stationing, or concentrating of military forces, or the retention
 or establishment of military  installations  of  any  description,  is
 prohibited.

 demolition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The destruction of structures,
 facilities or material by use of fire, water, explosives, mechanical,
 or other means.

 demolition belt - (DOD, IADB) A selected land area sown with
 explosive charges, mines and other available obstacles to deny use of
 the land to enemy operations, and as a protection to friendly  troops.
 Primary. A continuous series of  obstacles  across  the  whole  front,
 selected by the division or higher commander. The preparation of  such
 a belt is normally a priority engineer task. Subsidiary. A  supplement
 to the primary belt to give depth in front or behind or to protect the
 flanks.

 demolition chamber - (DOD, NATO) Space intentionally provided
 in a structure for the emplacement of explosive charges.

 demolition firing party - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The party at the
 site which is technically responsible for the  demolition.  See  also
 demolition guard.

 demolition guard - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A local force positioned to
 insure that a target is not captured by an enemy before orders are
 given for its demolition and before the demolition has been successfully
 fired. The commander of the demolition guard is  responsible  for  the
 operational command of all troops at the demolition site, including the
 demolition firing party. He is responsible for transmitting the  order
 to fire to the demolition firing party.

 demolition kit - (DOD, NATO) The demolition tool kit complete with
 explosives. See also demolition tool kit.

 demolition target - See also charged demolition target; reserved
 demolition target; uncharged demolition target.

 demolition tool kit - (DOD, NATO) The tools, materials and  accessories
 of a nonexplosive nature necessary for preparing demolition charges. See
 also demolition kit.

 demonstration - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An attack or show of force on a
 front where a decision is not  sought,  made  with  the  aim  of
 deceiving the enemy. See  also  amphibious  demonstration;  diversion;
 diversionary attack.

 denial measure - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An action to hinder or deny the
 enemy the use of space, personnel, or facilities. It may  include
 destruction, removal, contamination, or erection of obstructions.

 density - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The average number of mines per meter of
 minefield front.

 density altitude - (DOD, NATO) An atmospheric density expressed in
 terms of the altitude which corresponds with that density  in  the
 standard atmosphere.

 departmental intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence that any department  or
 agency of the Federal Government requires to execute its own mission.

 Department of Defense Intelligence Information System - (DOD) The
 aggregation of DOD  personnel,  procedures,  equipment,  computer
 programs, and supporting communications that support  the  timely  and
 comprehensive  preparation  and  presentation  of   intelligence   and
 intelligence information to  military  commanders  and  national-level
 decisionmakers. Also known as DODIIS.

 Department of the Air Force - (DOD) The executive part of the
 Department of the Air Force at the seat of government and  all  field
 headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and
 functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the Air
 Force. See also Military Department.

 Department of the Army - (DOD) The executive part of the  Department of
 the Army at the seat of government and all field headquarters, forces,
 reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the
 control or supervision of the Secretary of the Army. See also Military
 Department.

 Department of the Navy - (DOD) The executive part of the  Department of
 the Navy at the seat of government; the headquarters, US Marine Corps;
 the entire operating forces of the United States Navy, including naval
 aviation, and of the US Marine Corps, including the reserve components
 of such forces; all field  activities,  headquarters,  forces,  bases,
 installations,  activities,  and  functions  under  the   control   or
 supervision of the Secretary of the Navy; and the US Coast Guard  when
 operating as a part of the Navy pursuant to  law.  See  also  Military
 Department.

 departure airfield - (DOD, IADB) An airfield on which troops and/or
 materiel are emplaned for flight. See also airfield.

 departure airfield - (NATO) 1. An airfield from which aircraft depart.
 2. An airfield on which passengers or cargo are emplaned for flights.

 departure end - (DOD, NATO) That end of a runway nearest to the
 direction in which initial departure is made.

 departure point - (DOD, NATO) 1. A navigational check point used by
 aircraft  as  a  marker  for  setting  course.  2.  In  amphibious
 operations, an air control point at the seaward end of the  helicopter
 approach lane system from which helicopter waves are dispatched  along
 the selected helicopter approach lane to the initial point.

 deployed nuclear weapons - (DOD) 1. When used in connection with the
 transfer of weapons between the Department of Energy and the
 Department of Defense, this term describes those weapons transferred to
 and in the custody of the Department of Defense. 2. Those nuclear
 weapons specifically authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to be
 transferred to the custody of the  storage  facilities, carrying or
 delivery units of the armed forces.

 deployment - (DOD, IADB) 1. Act of extending battalions  and   smaller
 units in width, in depth, or in  both  width  and  depth  to  increase
 readiness for contemplated action. 2. In naval usage, the change  from
 a cruising approach or contact disposition to a disposition for battle.
 3. In a strategic sense, the relocation of forces to desired areas  of
 operation. 4. Designated location of troops and troop units as indicated
 in a troop schedule. 5. The series of functions that transpire from the
 time a packed parachute is placed in operation until it is fully opened
 and is supporting its load.

 deployment - (NATO) 1. The extension or widening of the front of a
 military unit, extending from a close order to a battle formation.
 2. In naval usage, the change from a  cruising  approach,  or  contact
 disposition to a disposition for battle. 3. In a strategic sense,  the
 relocation of forces to desired areas of operation.

 deployment data base - (DOD) The joint deployment system data base
 containing the necessary information on  forces,  materiel,  and
 filler and replacement  personnel  movement  requirements  to  support
 execution. The data base reflects information contained in the refined
 time-phased force and deployment data, or data  developed  during  the
 various phases of the crisis action system, and the movement schedules
 or tables developed by the transportation operating agencies to support
 the deployment of required forces, personnel, and materiel.

 deployment diagram - (DOD, IADB) In the assault phase of an  amphibious
 operation, a diagram showing the formation in  which  the  boat  group
 proceeds from the rendezvous area to the line  of  departure  and  the
 method of deployment into the landing formation.

 deployment operating base - (NATO) A base, other than the peace time
 base, having minimum essential operational and support facilities,
 to which a unit or part of a unit will deploy to operate from in  time
 of tension or war. See also base; emergency fleet operating base.

 depot  -  (DOD,  IADB)  1.  supply-An  activity   for   the   receipt,
 classification, storage, accounting, issue, maintenance, procurement,
 manufacture, assembly, research, salvage or disposal of  material.  2.
 personnel-An  activity  for  the  reception,   processing,   training,
 assignment, and forwarding of personnel replacements.

 depot maintenance - (DOD, IADB) That maintenance performed on
 materiel requiring major overhaul or a  complete  rebuild  of  parts,
 assemblies, subassemblies, and end-items, including the manufacture of
 parts, modifications, testing,  and  reclamation  as  required.  Depot
 maintenance serves to  support  lower  categories  of  maintenance  by
 providing technical assistance and performing that maintenance  beyond
 their responsibility.  Depot maintenance provides stocks of serviceable
 equipment by using more  extensive  facilities  for  repair  than  are
 available in lower level maintenance activities.

 depression angle - See angle of depression.

 depth - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The vertical distance from the plane of
 the hydrographic datum to the bed of the sea, lake, or river.

 depth contour - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line connecting points of equal
 depth below the hydrographic  datum.  Also  called  bathymetric
 contour or depth curve.

 depth curve - See depth contour.

 derived information  -  (NATO)  A  parameter  such  as  angle,  range,
 position, velocity, etc. is said to be derived in the first  receiver
 or other sensor in which that parameter exists or is capable of
 existing without reference to further information.

 description of target - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In artillery and naval
 gunfire support, an element in the call for fire in which the observer
 or spotter describes the installation, personnel, equipment or activity
 to be taken under fire.

 descriptive name - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Written indication on maps and
 charts, used to specify the  nature  of  a  feature  (natural  or
 artificial) shown by a general symbol.

 designation of days and hours - (NATO) The following designations
 have the meaning shown: D-day: The day on which an operation commences
 or is due to commence. This may be the commencement of hostilities or
 any other operation; E-day: The day on which a NATO exercise commences;
 K-day: The day on which a convoy system is introduced or is due to be
 introduced on any particular convoy lane; M-day: The day on which
 mobilization commences or is due to commence; H-hour: The specific time
 at which an operation or exercise commences, or is due to commence.
 These term are also used as a reference for the designation of days/
 hours before or after the event. (DOD): See also C-day; D-day; S-day;
 day; wartime manpower planning system.)

 desired appreciation - (DOD) See appreciations.

 desired effects - (DOD, IADB) The damage or casualties to the enemy
 or material which a commander desires to achieve from a nuclear
 weapon detonation. Damage effects on material are classified as light,
 moderate or severe. Casualty effects on personnel  may  be  immediate,
 prompt, or delayed.

 desired ground zero - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point on the surface of
 the earth at, or vertically below or above, the center of a planned
 nuclear detonation. Also known as DGZ. See also  actual  ground  zero;
 ground zero.

 despatch route - See dispatch route.

 destroy (beam) - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "The
 interceptor will be vectored to a standard beam attack for interception
 and destruction of the target."

 destroy (cutoff) - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning,  "Intercept
 and destroy. Command vectors will produce a cutoff attack."

 destroyed - (DOD) A condition of a target so damaged that it cannot
 function as intended nor be restored to a usable condition. In the
 case of a building, all vertical supports and spanning members are
 damaged to such an extent that nothing is salvageable. In the case
 of bridges, all spans must have dropped and all piers must require
 replacement.

 destroyer - (DOD, IADB) A high-speed warship designed to operate
 offensively with strike forces, with  hunter-killer  groups,  and  in
 support of amphibious  assault  operations.  Destroyers  also  operate
 defensively to screen support forces and convoys against submarine, air,
 and surface threats. Normal armament consists of 3-inch and 5-inch dual-
 purpose guns and various antisubmarine warfare weapons. Designated  as
 DD.

 destroy (frontal) - (DOD) In air intercept, a command meaning, "The
 interceptor will be vectored to a standard frontal attack for
 interception and destruction of the target."

 destroy (stern) - (DOD) In air intercept a command meaning, "The
 interceptor  will  be  vectored  to  a  standard  stern  attack   for
 interception and destruction of the target."

 destruction - (DOD) A type of adjustment for destroying a given target.

 destruction area - (DOD, IADB) An area in which it is planned to
 destroy or defeat the enemy airborne threat. The area may be further
 subdivided into air intercept,  missile  (long-,  medium-, and short-
 range), or antiaircraft gun zones.

 destruction fire - (DOD, IADB) Fire delivered for the sole purpose of
 destroying material objects. See also fire.

 destruction radius - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, the maximum
 distance from an exploding charge of stated size and type at which  a
 mine will be destroyed by sympathetic detonation of the  main  charge,
 with a stated probability of destruction, regardless of orientation.

 destructive fire mission - (DOD, NATO) In artillery, fire delivered
 for the purpose of destroying a point target. See also fire.

 destruct (missile) - (IADB) Intentional destruction of a missile or
 similar vehicle for safety or other reasons.

 destruct system (missile) - (IADB) A system which, when operated by
 external command or preset internal means, destroys the missile or
 similar vehicle.

 detachment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A part of a unit separated from its
 main organization for duty elsewhere. 2. A temporary military or
 naval unit formed from other units or parts of units.
 detail - (NATO) The basic graphic representation of features.

 detailed photographic report - (DOD, NATO) A comprehensive,  analytical,
 intelligence report written as  a  result  of  the  interpretation  of
 photography usually covering a single subject, a target, target complex,
 and of a detailed nature.

 detailed report (photographic interpretation) - (IADB) A  comprehensive,
 analytical,  intelligence  report  written  as   a   result   of   the
 interpretation of photography usually covering  a  single  subject,  a
 target, target complex, and of a detailed nature.

 detainee - (DOD) A term used to refer to any person captured or
 otherwise detained by an armed force.

 detainee collecting point - (DOD) A facility or other location where
 detainees are assembled for subsequent movement to a detainee
 processing station.

 detainee processing station - (DOD) A facility or other location
 where detainees are administratively processed, and provided custodial
 care, pending disposition and subsequent release, transfer, or movement
 to a prisoner-of-war or civilian internee camp.

 detecting circuit - (DOD, NATO) The part of a mine firing circuit
 which responds to the influence of a target.

 detection - (DOD) 1. In tactical operations, the perception of an
 object of possible military interest but unconfirmed by recognition.
 2. In surveillance, the determination and transmission by a surveillance
 system that an event has occurred. (DOD, IADB) 3. In arms control, the
 first step in the process of ascertaining the occurrence of a violation
 of an arms-control agreement.

 detection - (NATO) The discovery by any means of the presence
 of a person, object, or phenomenon of potential military significance.
 See also identification; identification Friend or Foe; recognition.

 deterioration limit - (DOD, NATO) A limit placed on a particular
 product characteristic  to  define  the  minimum  acceptable  quality
 requirement for the product to retain its NATO code number.

 deterrence - (DOD, IADB) The prevention from action by fear of the
 consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the
 existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction.

 detonating cord - (DOD, NATO) A flexible fabric tube containing a
 high explosive designed to transmit the detonation wave.

 detonating cord amplifier - (NATO) A device attached to a   detonating
 cord which allows for the ignition of a charge  and  the  simultaneous
 transmission of a detonating wave to another charge.

 detonator - (DOD, NATO) A device containing a sensitive explosive
 intended to produce a detonation wave.

 detour - (DOD, NATO) Deviation from those parts of a route, where
 movement has become difficult or impossible, to insure continuity  of
 movement to the destination. The modified part of the route is known as
 a "detour."

 deviation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The distance by which a point of
 impact or burst misses the target. See also circular error probable;
 delivery error; dispersion error; horizontal error. 2. The angular
 difference between magnetic and compass headings.

 diaphragm - (NATO, IADB) The physical element of an optical system
 which regulates the quantity of light traversing  the  system. The
 quantity of light determines the brightness of the image without
 affecting the size of the image.

 diapositive - (DOD, NATO) A positive photo graph on a transparent
 medium. See also transparency.

 died of wounds received in action - (DOD, NATO) A battle casualty
 who dies of wounds or other injuries received in action, after having
 reached a medical treatment facility. See also killed in action.

 differential ballistic wind - (DOD, NATO) In bombing, a   hypothetical
 wind equal to the difference in velocity between the ballistic wind and
 the actual wind at a release altitude.

 diffraction loading - (DOD, NATO) The force (or loading) on the
 structure during the envelopment process.

 dip - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the amount by which a
 moored mine is carried beneath its set depth by a current or tidal
 stream acting on the mine casing and mooring.

 diplomatic authorization - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Authority for  overflight
 or landing obtained at government-to-government level through
 diplomatic channels.

 dip needle circuit - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare,  a   mechanism
 which responds to a change in the magnitude of the vertical  component
 of the total magnetic field.

 direct action fuze - See impact action fuze; proximity fuze;
 self-destroying fuse; time fuze.

 direct action mission - (DOD) In special operations, a specified act
 involving operations of an  overt,  covert,  clandestine  or  low
 visibility nature conducted primarily by a sponsoring power's  special
 operations forces in hostile or denied areas.

 direct air support center - (DOD, IADB)  A  sub  ordinate  operational
 component of a tactical air control system designed for  control  and
 direction  of  close  air  support  and  other  tactical  air  support
 operations, and normally  collocated  with  fire-support  coordination
 elements. See also direct air support center (airborne).

 direct air support center (airborne) - (DOD, IADB) An airborne
 aircraft equipped with the necessary staff personnel, communications,
 and operations facilities to function as a direct air support  center.
 See also direct air support center.

 direct damage assessment - (NATO, IADB) A direct examination of an
 actual strike area by air observation, air photography, or by direct
 observation.

 directed exercise - See JCS-directed exercise.

 direct exchange - (DOD) A supply method of is suing serviceable
 materiel in exchange for unserviceable materiel on an item-for-item
 basis.

 direct fire - (DOD, IADB) Gunfire delivered on a target, using the
 target itself as a point of aim for either the gun or the director.

 direct fire - (NATO) Fire directed at a target which is visible to
 the aimer. See also fire.

 direct illumination - (DOD, NATO) Illumination provided by direct
  light from pyrotechnics or searchlights.

 directing staff - See exercise directing staff.

 direction - (DOD, NATO) 1. In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 term used by a spotter/observer in a call for fire to indicate the
 bearing of the spotting line. 2. See intelligence cycle.

 directional gyro indicator - (DOD, NATO) An azimuth gyro with a
 direct display and means for setting the datum to a specified compass
 heading.

 directional radar prediction - (NATO) A prediction made for a
 particular heading.

 direction finding - (DOD, IADB) A procedure for obtaining bearings of
 radio frequency emitters by using a highly directional antenna and a
 display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary equipment.

 direction of attack - (DOD, IADB) A specific direction or route that
 the main attack or center of mass of the unit will  follow. The unit
 is restricted, required to attack as indicated, and is not normally
 allowed to bypass the enemy. The direction of attack is used primarily
 in counterattacks or to insure that supporting  attacks  make  maximal
 contribution to the main attack.

 directive - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A military communication in which
 policy is established or a specific action is ordered. 2. A plan issued
 with a view to putting it into effect when so directed, or in the event
 that a stated  contingency  arises.  3. Broadly speaking, any
 communication which initiates or governs action, conduct, or procedure.

 direct laying - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Laying in which the sights of weapons
 are aligned directly on the target.

 direct support - (DOD, IADB) A mission requiring a force to support
 another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the
 supported force's request for assistance.

 direct support - (NATO) 1. The support provided by a unit or
 formation not attached or under command  of  the  supported  unit  or
 formation, but required to give priority to the support required by that
 unit or formation. See also at priority call. 2.  In  maritime  usage,
 operations related to the protection of a specific force by other units.
 See also support.

 direct support artillery - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Artillery whose primary
 task is to provide fire requested by the supported unit.

 direct supporting fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire delivered in
 support of part of a force, as opposed to general supporting fire which
 is delivered in support of the  force  as  a  whole.  See  also  close
 supporting fire; deep supporting fire; supporting fire.

 disaffected person - (DOD, IADB) A person who is alienated or
 estranged from those in authority or lacks loyalty to the government;
 a state of mind.

 disarmament - (DOD, IADB) The reduction of a military  establishment to
 some level set by international agreement. See also arms control; arms
 control agreement; arms control measure.

 disarmed mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine for which the arming procedure has
 been reversed, rendering the mine inoperative. It is safe to handle
 and transport and can be rearmed by simple action.

 disaster control - (DOD, IADB) Measures taken before, during, or
 after hostile action or natural or man-made disasters to reduce the
 probability of damage, minimize its effects, and initiate recovery. See
 also area damage control; damage control.

 discriminating circuit - (DOD, NATO) That part of the operating
 circuit of a sea mine which distinguishes between the response of the
 detecting circuit to the passage of a ship and the response  to  other
 disturbances (e.g., influence sweep, countermining, etc.)

 disembarkation schedule - See debarkation schedule.

 disengagement - (DOD, IADB) In arms control, a general term for
 proposals that would result in the geographic separation of  opposing
 non-indigenous forces without directly  affecting  indigenous  military
 forces.

 dispatch route - (DOD, NATO) In road traffic, a roadway over which
 full control, both as to priorities of use and the regulation of
 movement  of  traffic  in  time  and  space  is  exercised.   Movement
 authorization is required for its use, even by a single  vehicle.  See
 also route.

 dispensary - See clinic.

 dispenser - (DOD, NATO) In air armament, a container or device which
 is used to carry and release submunitions. See also cluster bomb unit.

 dispersal - (DOD) Relocation of forces for the purpose  of  increasing
 survivability. See also dispersion.

 dispersal airfield - (DOD, IADB) An airfield, military or civil,
 to which aircraft might move before H-hour on either a temporary duty
 or permanent change of station basis and be able to conduct operations.
 See also airfield.

 dispersed movement pattern - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A pattern for
 ship-to-shore movement which provides additional separation of landing
 craft both laterally and in depth. This pattern is used  when  nuclear
 weapon threat is a factor.

 dispersion - (DOD, NATO) 1. A scattered pattern of hits around the
 mean point of impact of bombs and projectiles  dropped  or  fired
 under identical conditions. 2. In antiaircraft gunnery, the scattering
 of shots in range and deflection about the mean point of explosion. 3.
 The spreading or separating of  troops,  materiel,  establishment,  or
 activities which are usually concentrated in limited areas  to  reduce
 vulnerability.  4.  In  chemical  and  bib  logical  operations,   the
 dissemination of agents in liquid  or  aerosol  form.  5.  In  airdrop
 operations, the scatter of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone. 6.
 In naval control of shipping, the reberthing of a ship in the periphery
 of the port area or in the vicinity of the port for its own protection
 in order to minimize the risk of damage from attack. See  also  convoy
 dispersal point. See also circular  error  probable;  delivery  error;
 deviation; dispersion error; horizontal error.

 dispersion error - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The distance from the point
 of impact or burst of a round to the mean point of impact or burst.

 dispersion pattern - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The distribution of a
 series of rounds fired from one weapon  or  group  of  weapons  under
 conditions as nearly identical as possible the  points  of  bursts  or
 impact being dispersed about a point called the mean point of impact.

 displaced person - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A civilian who is   involuntarily
 outside the national boundaries of  his  country.  See  also  evacuee;
 evacuees; refugee; refugees.

 displacement - (DOD) In air intercept, separation between target
 and interceptor tracks established to position the interceptor in such
 a manner as to provide sufficient maneuvering and acquisition space.

 disposition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Distribution of the elements
 of a command within an area, usually the exact location of each  unit
 headquarters and the deployment of the forces subordinate to it. 2.  A
 prescribed arrangement of the stations to be occupied by  the  several
 formations and single ships of a fleet, or  major  subdivisions  of  a
 fleet, for any purpose, such as cruising, approach, maintaining contact,
 or battle. 3. A prescribed  arrangement  of  all  the  tactical  units
 composing  a  flight  or  group  of  aircraft.  See  also  deployment;
 dispersion. (DOD) 4. The removal of a patient from a medical treatment
 facility by reason of return to duty, transfer  to  another  treatment
 facility, death or other termination of medical case.

 disruptive pattern - (DOD, NATO) In surveillance, an arrangement
 of suitably colored irregular shapes which, when applied to the surface
 of an object, is intended to enhance its camouflage.

 dissemination - See intelligence cycle.

 distance - (DOD, IADB) 1. The space between adjacent individual
 ships or boats measured in any direction between  foremasts.  2.  The
 space between adjacent men, animals, vehicles, or units in a formation
 measured from front to rear. 3. The space between known reference points
 or a ground observer and a target, measured in meters (artillery),  in
 yards (naval gunfire), or in units specified by the observer. See also
 interval.

 distributed fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire so dispersed as to
 engage most effectively an area target. See also fire.

 distribution - (DOD, IADB) 1. The arrangement of troops for any
 purpose, such as a battle, march, or maneuver. 2. A planned pattern of
 projectiles about a point. 3. A planned spread  of  fire  to  cover  a
 desired frontage or depth. 4. An official delivery of anything, such as
 orders or supplies. 5. That functional phase of military logistics that
 embraces the act of dispensing materiel, facilities, and services.  6.
 The process of assigning military personnel to activities,  units,  or
 billets.

 distribution point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A point at which supplies
 and/or ammunition, obtained from supporting supply points by a division
 or other unit, are broken down for distribution to subordinate  units.
 Distribution points usually carry no stocks; items  drawn  are  issued
 completely as soon as possible.

 distribution system - (DOD, IADB) That complex of facilities,
 installations, methods, and procedures designed  to  receive,  store,
 maintain, distribute, and control the flow of military materiel between
 the point of receipt into the military system and the point of issue to
 using activities and units.

 ditching - (DOD, IADB) Controlled landing of a distressed aircraft on
 water.

 diversion - (DOD) 1. The act of drawing the attention and forces
 of an enemy from the point of the  principal  operation;  an  attack,
 alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A change made in a prescribed
 route for operational or tactical reasons. A diversion order will  not
 constitute a change  of  destination.  3.  A  rerouting  of  cargo  or
 passengers to a new transshipment point or destination or on a different
 mode of transportation prior to arrival at ultimate destination. 4. In
 naval mine warfare, a route or channel bypassing a dangerous  area.  A
 diversion may connect one channel to another or it may branch  from  a
 channel and rejoin it on the  other  side  of  the  danger.  See  also
 demonstration.

 diversion - (NATO) 1. The act of drawing the attention and forces
 of an enemy from the point of the  principal  operation;  an  attack,
 alarm, or feint which diverts attention. See also demonstration. 2. A
 change made in a prescribed route for operational or tactical reasons.
 Except in the case of aircraft, a diversion order will not  constitute
 a change of destination. 3. In naval mine warfare, a route or  channel
 bypassing a dangerous area. A diversion may  connect  one  channel  to
 another or it may branch from a channel and rejoin it on the other side
 of the danger. 4. In air traffic control, the act of proceeding to  an
 airfield other than one at which a  landing  was  intended.  See  also
 alternate airfield.

 diversionary attack - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An attack wherein a force
 attacks, or threatens to attack, a target other than the main  target
 for the purpose of drawing enemy defenses away from the main effort. See
 also demonstration.

 diversionary landing - (DOD, IADB) An operation in which troops
 are actually landed for the purpose of diverting enemy reaction  away
 from the main landing.

 divert - (DOD) 1. "Proceed to divert field or carrier as   specified."
 2. To change the target, mission, or destination of an airborne flight.

 diving chamber - See hyperbaric chamber.

 division - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A tactical unit/formation as follows:
 a. A major administrative and tactical unit/formation  which combines
 in itself the necessary arms and services required for sustained
 combat, larger than a regiment/brigade and  smaller  than  a corps
 b. A number of naval vessels of similar type grouped together for
 operational and administrative command, or a tactical unit of a  naval
 aircraft squadron, consisting of two  or  more  sections.  c.  An  air
 division is an air combat organization normally consisting of  two  or
 more wings with appropriate service units. The combat wings of an  air
 division will normally contain similar type units. 2. An organizational
 part of a headquarters that handles military matters of  a  particular
 nature, such as personnel, intelligence, plans, and training, or supply
 and evacuation. 3. A number of personnel of a ship's complement grouped
 together for operational and administrative command.

 division artillery - (DOD, IADB) Artillery that is permanently
 an integral part of a division. For tactical purposes, all  artillery
 placed under the command of a division commander is considered division
 artillery.

 division slice - See slice.

 dock landing ship - (DOD, IADB) A naval ship designed to transport and
 launch loaded amphibious craft  and  vehicles  with  their  crews  and
 embarked personnel in amphibious assault, and to render limited docking
 and repair service to small ships and craft; and one that is capable of
 acting as a control ship in an amphibious assault. Designated LSD.

 doctrine - (DOD, IADB) Fundamental principles by which  the   military
 forces or elements thereof guide their actions in support of  national
 objectives. It is authoritative but requires judgment in  application.
 See also combined doctrine; joint doctrine; multi-service doctrine.

 doctrine - (NATO) Fundamental principles by which the military
 forces  guide  their  actions  in  support  of  objectives.   It   is
 authoritative but requires judgment in application.

 dolly - (DOD) Airborne data link equipment.

 dome - See spray dome.

 domestic air traffic - (DOD) Air traffic within the continental
 United States.

 domestic air traffic - (IADB) Air traffic within a country.

 domestic emergencies - (DOD) Emergencies affecting the public
 welfare and occurring within the  50  states,  District  of  Columbia
 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US possessions and  territories,  or  any
 political  subdivision  thereof,  as  a  result   of   enemy   attack,
 insurrection, civil disturbance, earthquake,  fire,  flood,  or  other
 public disasters or equivalent  emergencies  that  endanger  life  and
 property or disrupt the usual process of government. The term domestic
 emergency includes any or all of the emergency conditions defined below:
 a. civil defense emergency - A domestic  emergency disaster situation
 resulting from devastation created by an enemy  attack  and  requiring
 emergency operations during and  following  that  attack.  It  may  be
 proclaimed by appropriate authority in anticipation of an attack.
 b. civil disturbances - Riots, acts of violence, insurrections,
 unlawful obstructions or assemblages, or other disorders prejudicial
 to public law and order.  The  term  civil  disturbance  includes  all
 domestic conditions requiring or likely to require the use of  Federal
 Armed Forces pursuant to the pro visions of Chapter 15  of  Title  10,
 United States Code. c. major disaster - Any flood, fire, hurricane,
 tornado, earthquake or other catastrophe which, in the determination of
 the President, is  or threatens to be of sufficient severity and
 magnitude to warrant disaster assistance by the Federal Government
 under Public Law 606, 91st Congress (42 United States Code 58) to
 supplement  the  efforts  and  available resources of State and local
 governments in  alleviating  the  damage, hardship, or suffering
 caused thereby. d. natural disaster - All domestic emergencies except
 those created as a result of enemy attack or civil disturbance.

 domestic intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Intelligence relating to
 activities or conditions  within  the  United  States  that  threaten
 internal security and that might require the employment of troops; and
 intelligence  relating  to  activities  of  individuals  or   agencies
 potentially or actually dangerous to the security of the Department of
 Defense.

 dominant user concept - (DOD, IADB) The concept that the Service
 which is the principal consumer  will  have  the  responsibility  for
 performance of a support workload for all using Services.

 door bundle - (NATO, IADB) A bundle for manual ejection in flight
 normally followed by parachutists.

 doppler effect - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The phenomenon evidenced by the
 change in the observed frequency of a sound or radio wave caused
 by a time rate of change in the effective length of the path of travel
 between the source and the point of observation.

 doppler radar - (DOD, IADB) A radar system that differentiates
 between fixed and moving targets by detecting the apparent change  in
 frequency of the reflected wave due to motion of target or the observer.

 doppler radar - (NATO) Any form of radar which detects motion
 relative to a reflecting surface by measuring the frequency shift  of
 reflected radio energy due to the motion of the  observer  or  of  the
 reflecting surface.

 dormant - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, the state of a mine during
 which a time delay feature in a mine prevents it from being actuated.

 dose rate contour line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line on a map, diagram,
 or overlay joining all points at which the radiation dose  rate  at  a
 given time is the same.

 dosimetry - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The measurement of radiation doses. It
 applies to both the devices used (dosimeters) and to the techniques.

 double agent - (DOD, IADB) Agent in contact with two opposing
 intelligence services, only one of which is aware of the double contact
 or quasi-intelligence services.

 double flow route - (DOD, NATO) A route of at least two lanes
 allowing two columns of vehicles to proceed simultaneously, either in
 the same direction or in opposite directions. See also limited  access
 route; single flow route.

 doubtful - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 term used by an observer or spotter to indicate that he was  unable
 to determine the difference in range between the target and a round or
 rounds.

 down - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support: 1. A term
 used in a call for fire to indicate that the target is at a lower
 altitude than the reference point used in identifying the target.
 2. A correction used by an observer/spotter in time fire  to  indicate
 that a decrease in height of burst is desired.

 downgrade - (DOD) To determine that classified information   requires,
 in the interests of national security, a lower  degree  of  protection
 against unauthorized disclosure than currently provided, coupled  with
 a changing of the classification designation  to  reflect  such  lower
 degree.

 downgrade - (NATO, IADB) To reduce the security classification of
 a classified document or an item of classified matter or material.
 See also declassify.

 down lock - (DOD, NATO) A device for locking retractable landing
 gear in the down or extended position.

 draftee - See transient.

 drafter - (DOD, IADB) A person who actually composes the message for
 release by the originator or  the  releasing  officer.  See  also
 originator.

 draft plan - (DOD, NATO) A plan for which a draft plan has been
 coordinated and agreed with the other military  headquarters  and  is
 ready for coordination with the nations involved, that is those nations
 who would be required to take national actions to support the plan. It
 may be used for future planning and exercises and may form the basis for
 an operation order to be implemented in time of  emergency.  See  also
 initial draft plan; coordinated draft plan; final plan; operation plan.

 drag - (DOD) Force of aerodynamic resistance caused by the violent
 currents behind the shock front.

 drag loading - (DOD, NATO) The force on an object or structure due
 to transient winds accompanying the passage of a blast wave. The drag
 pressure is the product of the  dynamic  pressure  and  the drag
 coefficient which is dependent upon the shape (or geometry) of the
 structure or object. See also dynamic pressure.

 Dragon - (DOD) A manportable medium antitank weapon, consisting of
 a round  (missile  and  launcher)  and  a  tracker  that  provides
 antitank/assault fire of infantry platoon level for employment against
 tanks and hard point targets such as emplaced weapons or fortifications.

 drainage system - (NATO, IADB) Rivers, streams, and other inland
 water features.

 drawing key - (NATO) An image or preliminary drawing used as a
 guide for scribing or drawing. See also blue key.

 drift - (DOD, NATO) In ballistics, a shift in projectile direction due
 to  gyroscopic   action   which   results   from   gravitational   and
 atmospherically induced torques on the spinning projectile.

 drift angle - (DOD, NATO) The angle measured in degrees between the
 heading of an aircraft or ship and the track made good.

 drifting mine - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A buoyant or neutrally buoyant mine,
 free to move under the influence of waves, wind, current or tide.

 drill mine - (DOD, NATO) An inert filled mine or mine-like body, used
 in loading, laying or discharge practice and trials. See also mine.

 drone - (DOD, IADB) A land, sea, or air vehicle that is remotely
 or automatically controlled. See also remotely piloted vehicle.

 drone - (NATO) A land, sea, or air vehicle, normally unmanned,
 which is remotely or automatically controlled.

 droop stop - (DOD, NATO) A device to limit downward vertical
 motion of helicopter rotor blades upon rotor shutdown.

 drop - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 correction used by an observer/ spotter to indicate that a decrease in
 range along a spotting line is desired.

 drop altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The altitude above mean sea level
 at which airdrop is executed. See also altitude; drop height.

 drop height - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The vertical distance between the
 drop zone and the aircraft. See also altitude; drop altitude.

 dropmaster - (DOD, IADB) 1. An individual qualified to prepare,
 perform acceptance inspection, load, lash,  and  eject  material  for
 airdrop. 2. An aircrew member who, during parachute  operations,  will
 relay any required information between pilot and jumpmaster. See  also
 air dispatcher (cargo).

 drop message - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A message dropped from an  aircraft to
 a ground or surface unit.

 drop track - (DOD) In air intercept, the unit having reporting
 responsibility for a particular track is dropping that track and will
 no longer report it. Other units holding an interest in that track may
 continue to report it.

 drop zone - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A specific area upon which airborne
 troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped.

 dry gap bridge - (NATO, IADB) A bridge, fixed or portable, which
 is used to span a gap that does not  normally  contain  water,  e.g.,
 antitank ditches, road craters, etc.

 D-to-P assets required on D-day - (DOD, IADB) As applied to the
 D-to-P concept, this asset requirement represents those  stocks  that
 must be physically  available  on  D-day  to  meet  initial  allowance
 requirements, to fill the wartime pipeline between the  producers  and
 users (even if P-day and D-day occur simultaneously), and to provide any
 required D-to-P consumption/production differential stockage. The D-to-
 P assets required on D-day are  also  represented  as  the  difference
 between the D-to-P  Materiel  Readiness  Gross  Requirements  and  the
 cumulative sum of all production deliveries during the D-to-P  period.
 See also D-to-P concept.

 D-to-P concept - (DOD, IADB) A logistic planning concept by which
 the gross materiel readiness requirement in support of approved forces
 at planned wartime rates for conflicts of indefinite duration will  be
 satisfied by a balanced mix of assets on hand on D-day and assets to be
 gained from production through P-day when the planned rate of production
 deliveries to the users equals the planned wartime rate of expenditure
 (consumption).  See  also  D-day  consumption/production  differential
 assets; D-day pipeline assets; D-to-P assets required on D-day; D-to-P
 materiel readiness gross requirement.

 D-to-P materiel readiness gross requirement - (DOD, IADB) As
 applied to the D-to-P concept, the gross requirement for all supplies/
 materiel needed to meet all initial pipeline and anticipated expenditure
 (consumption) requirements between D-day and P-day.  Includes  initial
 allowances, CONUS and overseas operating and safety levels,  intransit
 levels of supply,  and  the  cumulative  sum  of  all  items  expended
 (consumed) during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-P concept.

 dual agent - (DOD, IADB) One who is simultaneously and   independently
 employed by two or more intelligence agencies covering targets for both.

 dual-capable forces - (DOD, IADB) Forces capable of employing
 dual-capable weapons.

 dual capable unit - (DOD, NATO) A nuclear certified delivery
 unit capable of executing both conventional and nuclear missions.

 dual-firing circuit - (DOD, NATO) An assembly comprising two
 independent firing systems, both electric or both non-electric, so that
 the firing of either  system  will  detonate  all  charges.  See  also
 combination firing circuit.

 dual (multi)-capable weapons - (DOD, IADB) 1. Weapons, weapon
 systems, or vehicles capable of selective equipage with different types
 or mixes of armament or firepower. 2. Sometimes restricted to weapons
 capable of handling either nuclear or non-nuclear munitions.

 dual (multi)-purpose weapons - (DOD, IADB) Weapons which possess
 the capability for effective application in  two  or  more  basically
 different military functions and/or levels of conflict.

 dual-purpose weapon - (DOD, IADB) A  weapon  designed  for  delivering
 effective fire against air or surface targets.

 dual warning phenomenology - (DOD) Deriving warning information
 from  two  systems  observing  separate  physical  phenomena   (e.g.,
 radar/infrared or visible light/X-ray) associated with the same events
 to attain high credibility while being less susceptible to false reports
 or spoofing.

 duck - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Trouble headed
 your way" (usually followed by "bogey, salvos," etc.).

 dud - (DOD, NATO) Explosive munition which has not been armed as
 intended or which has failed to explode after being armed. See also
 absolute dud; dwarf dud; flare dud; nuclear dud.

 dud probability - (DOD, IADB) The expected percentage of failures
 in a given number of firings.

 due in - (DOD) Quantities of materiel scheduled to be received
 from  vendors,  repair  facilities,  assembly  operation,  interdepot
 transfers, and other sources.

 dummy - See decoy.

 dummy message - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A message sent for some purpose
 other than its content, which may consist of dummy groups or may have
 a meaningless text.

 dummy minefield - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a minefield
 containing no live mines and presenting only a psychological threat.

 dummy run - (DOD, IADB) Any simulated firing practice,  particularly a
 dive bombing approach made without release of a bomb. Same as "dry run."

 dump - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A temporary storage area, usually in
 the open, for bombs, ammunition, equipment, or supplies.

 duplicate negative - (DOD, NATO) A negative reproduced from   negative
 or diapositive.

 durable materiel - See non-expendable supplies and materiel.

 Duster (antiaircraft weapon) - (DOD, IADB) A self-propelled,
 twin 40-mm antiaircraft weapon for use against  low-flying  aircraft.
 Designated as M-42.

 dwarf dud - (DOD) A nuclear weapon that, when launched at or
 emplaced on a target, fails to provide a yield  within  a  reasonable
 range of that which could be anticipated with normal operation of  the
 weapon. This constitutes a dud only in a relative sense.

 dwell at/on - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support,
 this term is used when fire is to continue for an indefinite period at
 specified time or on a particular target or targets.

 dynamic pressure - (DOD, NATO) Pressure resulting from some medium  in
 motion, such as the air following the shock front of a blast wave.

 E-1B - See Tracer.

 E-2 - See Hawkeye.

 EA-6A - See Intruder.

 EA-6B - See Prowler.

 Eagle - (DOD) A twin engine supersonic, turbofan, all-weather
 tactical fighter, capable of  employing  a  variety  of  air-launched
 weapons in the air-to-air role. The Eagle is air refuelable and is also
 capable of long-range air superiority missions. Designated as F-15.

 early resupply - (NATO, IADB) The shipping of supplies during the
 period between D-Day and the beginning of "planned resupply." See
 also element of resupply.

 Early Spring - (DOD, IADB) An anti-reconnaissance satellite weapon
 system.

 early time - See span of detonation (atomic demolition munition
 employment).

 early warning - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Early notification of the launch
 or approach of unknown weapons or weapon  carriers. See also
 attack assessment; tactical warning.

 earmarked for assignment - (NATO) The status of forces which nations
 have agreed to assign to the operational command or operational
 control of a NATO Commander at some future date. In  designating  such
 forces, nations should specify when these forces will be available  in
 terms currently agreed by the Military Committee.

 earmarking of stocks - (DOD, NATO)  The  arrangement  whereby  nations
 agree, normally in peacetime, to identify a  proportion  of  selected
 items of their war reserve stocks to be called for by  specified  NATO
 commanders.

 earthing - (DOD, NATO) The process of making a satisfactory  electrical
 connection between the structure, including  the  metal  skin,  of  an
 object, and the mass of the earth, to insure a common potential with the
 earth.  See also bonding; grounding.

 ease turn - (DOD) Decrease rate of turn.

 east turn - (DOD) Decrease rate of turn.

 easting - (NATO) Eastward (that is from left to right) reading
 of grid values on a map.

 echelon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A subdivision of a headquarters,
 i.e., forward echelon, rear echelon. 2. Separate level of command. As
 compared to a regiment, a division is a higher echelon, a battalion is
 a lower echelon. 3. A fraction of a command in the direction of depth,
 to which a principal combat mission is assigned; i.e., attack echelon,
 support  echelon,  reserve  echelon.  4.  A  formation  in  which  its
 subdivisions are placed one behind another, with a  lateral  and  even
 spacing to the same side.

 echeloned displacement - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Movement of a unit from
 one position to another without discontinuing performance of its
 primary function. (DOD, IADB) Normally,  the  unit  divides  into  two
 functional elements (base and advance); and, while the base  continues
 to operate, the advance element displaces to a new site where, after it
 becomes operational, it is joined by the base element.

 economic action - (DOD, IADB) The planned  use  of  economic  measures
 designed to influence the policies or actions of another state, e.g.,
 to impair the war-making potential of a hostile power or  to  generate
 economic stability within a friendly power.

 economic mobilization - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The process of preparing for
 and carrying out such changes in the organization and functioning of the
 national economy as are necessary to provide for the most effective use
 of resources in a national emergency.

 economic order quantity - (DOD) That quantity derived from a
 mathematical technique used to determine the optimum  (lowest)  total
 variable costs required to order and hold inventory.

 economic potential - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The total capacity of a nation
 to produce goods and services.

 economic potential for war - (DOD, IADB) That share of the total
 economic capacity of a nation that can be used for the purposes of war.

 economic retention stock - (DOD, IADB) That portion of the  quantity of
 an item excess of the approved force retention  level  that  has  been
 determined will be more economical to retain for future peacetime issue
 in lieu of replacement of future issues  by  procurement.  To  warrant
 economic retention, items must have a  reasonably  predictable  demand
 rate.

 economic warfare - (DOD, IADB) Aggressive use of economic means
 to achieve national objectives.

 E-day - See designation of days and hours.

 edition - (NATO) In cartography, a particular issue of a map or
 chart which is different from other issues.

 edition designation - (NATO) The number, letter, date, or symbol
 distinguishing one edition from another.

 EEFI - (DOD) See essential elements of friendly information.

 effective damage - (DOD, IADB) That damage necessary to render a
 target element inoperative, unserviceable, nonproductive, or
 uninhabitable.

 ejection - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Escape from an aircraft by means of
 an independently propelled seat or capsule. 2. In air armament, the
 process of forcefully separating an aircraft store from an aircraft to
 achieve satisfactory separation.

 ejection systems - (DOD, NATO) a. command ejection system - A system
 in which the pilot of an aircraft or the occupant of the other
 ejection seat(s) initiates ejection resulting in the automatic
 ejection of all occupants; b. command select ejection system - A
 system permitting the optional transfer from one crew station to
 another of the control of a command ejection system for automatic
 ejection of all occupants; c. independent ejection system - An
 ejection system which operates independently of other ejection
 systems installed in one aircraft; d. sequenced ejection system -
 A system which ejects the  aircraft crew in sequence to ensure a
 safe minimum total time of escape without collision.

 electrode sweep - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a magnetic
 cable sweep in which the water forms part of the electric circuit.

 electro-explosive device - (DOD, NATO) An explosive or pyrotechnic
 component  that  initiates  an  explosive,  burning, electrical, or
 mechanical train and is activated by the application of electrical
 energy.

 electromagnetic compatibility - (DOD) The ability of  telecommunications
 equipment, subsystems,  and  systems  to  operate  in  their  intended
 operational environments without  suffering  or  causing  unacceptable
 degradation because of electromagnetic radiation or  response.  Design
 compatibility   is   achieved   by   incorporation   ofengineering
 characteristics or  features  in  all  electromagnetic  radiating  and
 receiving equipment in order to eliminate or reject undesired  signals
 and  enhance  operating  capabilities.  Operational  compatibility  is
 achieved by the  equipment  flexibility  to  insure  interference-free
 operation. It involves the application of sound frequency management and
 clear concepts and doctrines to  maximize  operational  effectiveness.
 Also called EMC.

 electromagnetic compatibility - (NATO) The capability  of   electrical
 and electronic systems, equipments, and devices to  operate  in  their
 intended electromagnetic environment within a defined margin of safety,
 and at design levels  of  performance  without  suffering  or  causing
 unacceptable degradation as a result of electromagnetic interference.

 electromagnetic environment - (DOD) The resulting product of the
 power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the
 radiated or conducted electromagnetic  emission  levels that may be
 encountered by a military force, system, or platform when performing its
 assigned mission in its intended operational environment. It is the sum
 of electromagnetic interference;  electromagnetic  pulse;  hazards  of
 electromagnetic  radiation  to  personnel,  ordnance,   and   volatile
 materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and p-static. Also
 called EME.

 electromagnetic environmental effects - (DOD) The impact of the
 electromagnetic environment upon the operational capability of military
 forces, equipment, systems, and platforms. It encompasses all
 electromagnetic disciplines, including electromagnetic compatibility/
 electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic vulnerability;
 electromagnetic pulse; electronic counter-countermeasures, hazards of
 electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile
 materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and -static.
 Also called E3.

 electromagnetic interference - (DOD) Any electromagnetic   disturbance
 that interrupts,  obstructs,  or  otherwise  degrades  or  limits  the
 effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment. It  can  be
 induced intentionally, as in some  forms  of  electronic  warfare,  or
 unintentionally, as a result  of  spurious  emissions  and  responses,
 intermodulation products, and the like. Also called EMI.

 electromagnetic intrusion - (DOD) The intentional insertion of
 electromagnetic energy into transmission paths in any manner, with the
 objective of deceiving operators or of  causing  confusion.  See  also
 electronic warfare.

 electromagnetic pulse - (DOD) The electromagnetic radiation from
 a  nuclear  explosion  caused by Compton-recoil electrons and
 photoelectrons from photons scattered in the materials of the  nuclear
 device or in a surrounding medium. The resulting electric and magnetic
 fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging
 current and voltage surges. May also be caused by  non-nuclear  means.
 Also called EMP.

 electromagnetic radiation - (DOD, IADB) Radiation made up of
 oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagated with the speed
 of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible,  and
 infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.
 electromagnetic radiation hazards - (DOD) Hazards caused by a
 transmitter/antenna  installation  that   generates   electromagnetic
 radiation in the vicinity of ordnance, personnel, or fueling operations
 in excess of established safe levels or increases the existing  levels
 to a hazardous level; or a personnel, fueling, or ordnance installation
 located in an area that is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation at
 a level that is hazardous to the planned operations or occupancy. These
 hazards will exist when an electromagnetic field of sufficient intensity
 is generated to: a. Induce or otherwise couple currents and/or voltages
 of magnitudes large enough to initiate  electro-explosive  devices  or
 other sensitive explosive components of weapon systems,  ordnance,  or
 explosive devices. b. Cause harmful or injurious effects to humans and
 wildlife. c. Create  sparks  having  sufficient  magnitude  to  ignite
 flammable mixtures of materials that must be handled in  the  affected
 area. Also called EMR Hazards, RADHAZ, HERO.

 electromagnetic spectrum - (DOD) The range of frequencies of
 electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26
 alphabetically designated bands. See also electronic warfare.

 electromagnetic spectrum - (IADB) The frequencies (or wave lengths)
 present in a given electromagnetic radiation.  A  particular  spectrum
 could include a single frequency or a wide range of frequencies.

 electromagnetic vulnerability - (DOD) The characteristics of a
 system that cause it to suffer a definite degradation (incapability
 to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected
 to a certain level of electromagnetic environmental effects. Also called
 EMV.

 electronic counter-countermeasures - See electronic warfare.

 electronic countermeasures - See electronic warfare.

 electronic deception - See electronic warfare.

 electronic deception - (NATO) Deliberate activity designed to
 mislead an enemy in the interpretation or use of information received
 by his electronic systems. See also  electronic  imitative  deception;
 electronic manipulative deception; electronic simulative deception.

 electronic imitative deception - (NATO) The introduction into
 the enemy electronic systems of radiations imitating the enemy's  own
 emissions.

 electronic jamming - See electronic warfare; jamming.

 electronic line of sight - (DOD, IADB) The path traversed by
 electromagnetic waves that is not subject to reflection or refraction
 by the atmosphere.

 electronic manipulative deception - (NATO) The alteration of
 friendly  electromagnetic  emission  characteristics,  patterns,   or
 procedures to eliminate revealing,  or  convey  misleading,  tell-tale
 indicators that may be used by hostile forces.

 electronic reconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) The detection,  identification,
 evaluation, and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations emanating
 from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.

 electronics intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Technical and intelligence
 information derived from foreign  non-communications  electromagnetic
 radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive
 sources. Also called ELINT. See also intelligence; signals intelligence;
 telemetry intelligence.

 electronics security - (DOD, IADB) The protection resulting from all
 measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value
 that  might  be  derived  from  their  interception and study of
 non-communications electromagnetic radiations, e.g., radar.

 electronic simulative deception - (NATO)  The  creation of
 electromagnetic emissions to red resent friendly notional or actual
 capabilities to mislead hostile forces.

 electronic warfare - (DOD) Military action involving the use
 of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit,  reduce  or  prevent
 hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action  which  retains
 friendly use of electromagnetic spectrum. Also called  EW.  There  are
 three divisions within electronic warfare: a. electronic
 countermeasures - That  division  of  electronic  warfare involving
 actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the
 electromagnetic spectrum. Also called ECM. Electronic countermeasures
 include: (1)  electronic  jamming - The  deliberate  radiation,
 reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of
 disrupting enemy use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems. See
 also jamming. (2)  electronic deception - The deliberate radiation,
 reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement,
 or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey
 misleading information and to deny valid information to an enemy or to
 enemy electronics-dependent weapons. Among the types of electronic
 deception are: (a) manipulative electronic deception - Actions to
 eliminate revealing, or convey misleading, telltale indicators that may
 be used by hostile forces. (b) simulative electronic deception -
 Actions to  represent  friendly notional or actual capabilities to
 mislead hostile forces. (c) imitative electronic deception - The
 introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates
 enemy emissions. b. electronic  counter-countermeasures - That division
 of electronic warfare involving actions taken to insure friendly
 effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use
 of electronic warfare. Also called ECCM. c. electronic warfare support
 measures - That  division  of  electronic warfare involving actions
 taken under direct control of an operational commander to search for,
 intercept, identify, and locate sources of radiated electromagnetic
 energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. Thus,
 electronic warfare support measures (ESM) provide a source of
 information  required  for  immediate  decisions  involving electronic
 countermeasures (ECM), electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM),
 avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employment of forces. Also
 called ESM. Electronic warfare support measures data can be used to
 produce signals intelligence (SIGINT), both communications
 intelligence (COMINT) and electronics intelligence (ELINT).

 electronic warfare - (NATO)  Military  action  involving  the  use  of
 electromagnetic energy to  determine,  exploit,  reduce,  or  prevent
 hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action to  retain  its
 effective  use  by  friendly  forces.  See  also  electronic   counter
 countermeasures; electronic countermeasures; electronic warfare support
 measures.

 electronic warfare - (IADB) Military action involving the use of
 electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit,  reduce  or  prevent
 hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and  action  that  retains
 friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

 electronic warfare support measures - (NATO) That division of
 electronic warfare involving action taken to search  for,  intercept,
 identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of
 immediate threat recognition. It  provides  a  source  of  information
 required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures,
 electronic counter-countermeasures and other tactical actions such  as
 avoidance, targeting and homing.

 electronic warfare support measures - See electronic warfare.

 electro-optical intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence information
 other than signals intelligence derived from the optical monitoring of
 the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet (0.01 micrometers) through
 far infrared (1,000 micrometers).Also called ELECTRO-OPTINT.

 electro-optics - (DOD, NATO) The technology associated with those
 components, devices and systems which are designed to interact between
 the electromagnetic (optical) and the electric (electronic) state.

 ELECTRO-OPTINT - See electro-optical intelligence.

 element of resupply - See early resupply; improvised (early)
 resupply; initial (early) resupply;  planned  resupply;  resupply  of
 Europe.

 elements of national power - (DOD, IADB) All the means that are
 available for employment in the pursuit of national objectives.

 elevation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The vertical distance of a point or
 level, on, or affixed to, the surface of the earth  measured  from
 mean sea level. See also altitude; height.

 elevation guidance - (DOD, NATO) Information which will enable the
 pilot or autopilot of an aircraft to follow the required glide path.

 elevation of security - (NATO) Minimum elevation permissible for
 firing above friendly troops without endangering their safety. This
 concept can only  be  applied  to  certain  equipment  having  a  flat
 trajectory.

 elevation tint - See hypesometric tinting.

 elevator - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Take altitude
 indicated" (in thousands of feet, calling off each 5,000-foot increment
 passed through).

 elicitation (intelligence) - (DOD, IADB) Acquisition  of   information
 from a person or group in a manner that does not disclose the intent of
 the interview or conversation. A technique of human source intelligence
 collection, generally overt, unless the collector  is  other  than  he
 purports to be.

 eligible traffic - (DOD) Traffic for which movement requirements
 are submitted and space is assigned or allocated. Such  traffic  must
 meet eligibility requirements specified in Joint Travel Regulations for
 the Uniformed Services and publications of the Department of Defense and
 military departments governing eligibility  for  land,  sea,  and  air
 transportation, and be in accordance with the guidance  of  the  Joint
 Chiefs of Staff.

 embarkation - (DOD, IADB) The loading of troops with  their   supplies
 and equipment into ships and/or aircraft.

 embarkation - (NATO) The loading of troops with their supplies and
 equipment into a ship.

 embarkation and tonnage table - (DOD, IADB) A consolidated table
 showing personnel and cargo, by troop or naval units, loaded aboard a
 combat-loaded ship.

 embarkation area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area ashore, including a
 group of  embarkation  points,  in  which  final  preparations  for
 embarkation are completed and through which assigned personnel and
 loads for craft and ships are called forward to embark. See also
 mounting area.

 embarkation element (unit) (group) - (DOD, IADB) A temporary
 administrative formation of personnel  with  supplies  and  equipment
 embarking or to be embarked (combat loaded) aboard the  ships  of  one
 transport element (unit) (group). It is dissolved upon completion of the
 embarkation. An embarkation element normally consists of two  or  more
 embarkation teams: a unit, of two or more elements; and a group, of two
 or more units. See also embarkation organization; embarkation team.

 embarkation officer - (DOD, IADB) An officer on the staff of units
 of the landing force who advises the commander thereof on matters
 pertaining to embarkation planning and loading ships. See also  combat
 cargo officer.

 embarkation order - (DOD, NATO) An order specifying dates, times,
 routes, loading diagrams and methods of movement to shipside or
 aircraft for troops and their equipment. See also movement table.

 embarkation organization - (DOD, IADB) A temporary administrative
 formation of personnel with supplies and equipment embarking or to be
 embarked  (combat  loaded)  aboard  amphibious  shipping.   See   also
 embarkation element (unit) (group); embarkation team.

 embarkation team - (DOD, IADB) A temporary administrative  formation of
 all personnel with supplies and equipment embarking or to be  embarked
 (combat load) aboard one ship. See  also  embarkation  element  (unit)
 (group); embarkation organization.

 EMCON - See emission control.

 emergency anchorage - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An anchorage, which may have
 a limited defense organization, for naval vessels, mobile support
 units, auxiliaries, or merchant ships. See  also  assembly  anchorage;
 holding anchorage; working anchorage.

 emergency burial - (DOD, NATO) A burial, usually on the battlefield,
 when conditions do not permit either evacuation for interment in a
 cemetery or burial according to national or international legal
 regulations. See also burial.

 emergency complement - See emergency establishment.

 emergency destruction of nuclear weapons - (NATO) The destruction of
 nuclear munitions, components, and associated classified material,
 without significant nuclear yield, to  render  the  weapon  tactically
 useless, to prevent the disclosure of classified design information,
 and to prevent salvage of the weapon for reprocessing.

 emergency establishment - (NATO) A table setting out  the   authorized
 redistribution of manpower for a unit, formation or headquarters under
 emergency conditions.  Also called emergency complement.

 emergency fleet operating base - (NATO, IADB) A base providing
 logistic support for fleet units operating in  an  area  for  limited
 periods of time. See also base.

 emergency in war - (NATO, IADB) An operational contingency in a
 limited area caused by a critical aggravation of combat  operations
 and requiring special and immediate  action  by  National  and  Allied
 Commanders. The existence of such an emergency shall be determined  by
 the Allied Commander responsible for the  limited  area  involved,  in
 consultation with the National Commander concerned.

 emergency nuclear risk - (NATO) A degree of nuclear risk where
 anticipated effects may cause some temporary shock, casualties, or both
 and may significantly reduce the unit's combat  efficiency.  See  also
 degree of nuclear risk.

 emergency priority - (DOD, IADB) A category of immediate mission
 request that takes precedence over all other priorities, e.g., an enemy
 breakthrough. See also immediate mission request; priority of immediate
 mission requests.

 emergency relocation site - (DOD, IADB) A site located where
 practicable outside a prime target area to which all or portions of a
 civilian or military headquarters may be moved. As a  minimum,  it  is
 manned to provide for the maintenance of the facility, communications,
 and data base. It should be capable of rapid activation, of supporting
 the  initial  requirements  of  the  relocated  headquarters   for   a
 predetermined period, and of expansion to meet wartime requirements of
 the relocated headquarters.

 emergency risk (nuclear) - (DOD, IADB) A degree of risk where
 anticipated effects may cause some temporary shock, casualties and may
 significantly reduce the unit's combat efficiency. See also degree  of
 risk; moderate risk (nuclear); negligible risk (nuclear).

 emergency scramble - (DOD, IADB) In air  intercept,  a  code  meaning,
 "Carrier(s) addressed immediately launch all available fighter aircraft
 as combat air patrol." If all available  are  not  required,  numerals
 and/or type may be added.

 emergency substitute - (NATO, DOD, IADB) A product which may be
 used, in an emergency only, in place of another product, but  only
 on the advice of technically qualified personnel of the nation using the
 product, who will specify the limitations. See also acceptable product;
 standardized product.

 emission control - (DOD) The selective and controlled use of
 electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command  and
 control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security (OPSEC),
 detection by enemy sensors;  to  minimize  mutual  interference  among
 friendly systems; and/or to execute a military  deception  plan.  Also
 called EMCON. See also electronic warfare.

 emission control - (NATO) Selective control of emitted  electromagnetic
 or acoustic energy. The aim can be  twofold-to  minimize  the  enemy's
 detection of emissions and exploitation of the information so  gained,
 or-to improve the performance of friendly sensors.

 emission control orders - (DOD, IADB) Orders, referred to as EMCON
 orders, used to authorize, control, or prohibit the use of
 electronic emission equipment. See  also  control  of  electromagnetic
 radiation.

 emission control policy - (NATO) The policy which states what
 electromagnetic and acoustic emission may be allowed.

 emplacement - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A pro pared position for one or
 more weapons or pieces of equipment, for protection against hostile
 fire or bombardment, and from which they can execute their tasks. 2. The
 act of fixing a gun in a prepared position from which it may be fired.

 encipher - (DOD, IADB) To convert plain text into unintelligible
 form by means of a cipher system.

 encrypt - (DOD, IADB) To convert plain text into unintelligible
 forms by means of a crypt-system. (Note: The term encrypt covers  the
 meanings of encipher and encode.) See also cryptosystem.

 end item - (DOD, IADB) A final combination of end-products,  component
 parts, and/or materials that is ready for its intended use; e.g., ship,
 tank, mobile machine shop, aircraft.

 end of mission - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire   support,
 an order given to terminate firing on a specific target.

 endurance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The time an aircraft can continue
 flying, or a ground vehicle or ship  can  continue  operating,  under
 specified conditions, e.g.,  without  refueling.  See  also  endurance
 distance.

 endurance distance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Total distance that a ground
 vehicle or ship can be self-propelled at any specified endurance
 speed.

 endurance loading - (DOD, IADB) The stocking aboard ship for a
 period of time, normally covering  the  number of months between
 overhauls, of items with all of the following characteristics: a. low
 price; b. low weight and cube; c. a predictable usage rate; and d.
 nondeteriorative. See also loading.

 endurance speed - (NATO, IADB) The nautical miles per hour a ship
 will travel through the water under average conditions of hull, sea
 in temperate weather, and wartime readiness. Endurance speeds in
 each case will correspond with specific engine speeds.

 endurance time - (NATO, IADB) The total time for which  any  specified
 endurance speed of a ship can be maintained. If this value is dependent
 on factors other than fuel, it shall be so indicated.

 enemy capabilities - (DOD, IADB) Those courses of action of which
 the enemy is physically capable, and that, if  adopted,  will  affect
 accomplishment of our mission. The term "capabilities" includes not only
 the general courses of action open  to  the  enemy,  such  as  attack,
 defense, or withdrawal, but also all the particular courses of  action
 possible under each general course of action. "Enemy capabilities" are
 considered in the  light  of  all  known  factors  affecting  military
 operations, including time, space, weather, terrain, and the  strength
 and disposition of enemy forces. In strategic thinking, the capabilities
 of a nation represent the courses of action within the  power  of  the
 nation for accomplishing its national objectives in peace or war.

 engage - (DOD, NATO) In air defense, a fire control order used to
 direct or authorize units and/or  weapon systems to fire on a
 designated target. See also cease engagement; hold file.

 engagement - (DOD) In air defense, an attack with guns  or  air-to-air
 missiles by an interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an  air  defense
 missile by air defense artillery and the missile's subsequent travel to
 intercept.

 engagement control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air defense, that degree  of
 control exercised over the operational functions of an air defense unit
 that  are  related  to  detection,  identification,  engagement,   and
 destruction of hostile targets.

 envelopment - (DOD, NATO) An offensive maneuver in which the
 main attacking force passes around  or  over  the  enemy's  principal
 defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy's rear. See also
 turning movement.

 environmental services - (DOD, IADB) The various combinations of
 scientific, technical, and advisory activities (including
 modification processes, i.e., the influence of  man-made  and  natural
 factors) required to acquire, produce, and supply information  on  the
 past, present, and future states of space, atmospheric, oceanographic,
 and terrestrial surroundings for use in military planning and decision-
 making processes, or to modify those surroundings to enhance  military
 operations.

 ephemeris - (DOD, IADB) A publication giving the computed places of
 the celestial bodies for each day of the year or for other regular
 intervals.

 equal area projection - (NATO) One in which equal areas on the
 ground are represented by equal areas on the map.

 equipment - (DOD, NATO) All non-expendable items needed to  outfit/equip
 an individual or organization. See also supplies.

 equipment - (IADB) All articles needed to outfit an individual or
 organization.  The  term  refers  to  clothing,  tools,  utensils,
 vehicles, weapons, and other similar items. As to type of authorization,
 equipment may be divided into special (or project) equipment, equipment
 prescribed by tables of allowances, and equipment proscribed by tables
 of organization and equipment. See also individual equipment; materiel;
 organizational equipment; special (or project) equipment.

 equipment operationally ready - (DOD) The status of an item of
 equipment in the possession of an operating unit that indicates it is
 capable of fulfilling its intended mission and in a system configuration
 that offers a high assurance  of  an  effective,  reliable,  and  safe
 performance.

 equivalent focal length- - (DOD, NATO) The distance measured along the
 optical axis of the lens from the rear nodal point to the plane of best
 average definition over the entire field used in a  camera.  See  also
 focal length.

 escalation - (DOD, IADB) An increase in scope or violence of a
 conflict, deliberate or unpremeditated.

 escape - (DOD, IADB) Any person who has been physically captured
 by the enemy and succeeds in getting free. See also evasion and escape.

 escape line - (DOD) A planned route to allow personnel engaged in
 clandestine activity to depart from a site or area when possibility
 of compromise or apprehension exists.

 escape route - See evasion and escape route.

 escort - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A combatant unit(s) assigned to
 accompany and protect another force or convoy. 2. Aircraft assigned to
 protect other aircraft during  a  mission.  3.  An  armed  guard  that
 accompanies a convoy, a train,  prisoners,  etc.  4.  An  armed  guard
 accompanying persons as a mark of honor. (DOD, IADB) 5. To convoy.  6.
 A member of the Armed Forces assigned to accompany, assist, or guide an
 individual or group, e.g., an escort officer.

 escort forces - (DOD, IADB) Combat forces of various types  provided to
 protect other forces against enemy attack.

 espionage - (DOD, IADB) Actions directed toward the acquisition
 of information through clandestine operations.

 espionage against the United States - (DOD) Overt, covert, or
 clandestine activity designed to obtain information relating  to  the
 national defense with intent or reason to believe that it will be used
 to the injury of the United States or to the advantage  of  a  foreign
 nation. For espionage crimes see Chapter 37 of Title 18, United States
 Code.

 essential cargo - See essential supply. See also cargo.

 essential communications traffic - (DOD) Transmissions  (record/voice)
 of any precedence which must be sent electrically  in  order  for  the
 command or activity concerned to avoid a  serious  impact  on  mission
 accomplishment or safety or life.

 essential elements of friendly information - (DOD) Key questions
 about friendly intentions and military capabilities likely to be asked
 by opposing planners and decisionmakers in competitive  circumstances.
 Also called EEFI.

 essential elements of information - (DOD, IADB) The critical items
 of information regarding the enemy and the environment needed by the
 commander by a particular time  to  relate  with  other  available
 information and intelligence in order to assist in reaching a  logical
 decision.

 essential industry - (DOD, IADB) Any industry necessary to the needs
 of a civilian or war  economy.  The  term  includes  the  basic
 industries as well as the necessary portions of those other industries
 that transform the crude basic raw materials into useful  intermediate
 or end products, e.g., the iron and steel industry, the food industry,
 and the chemical industry.

 essential secrecy - (DOD) See appreciations.

 essential supply - (NATO, IADB) A commodity which is essential
 for the prosecution of the war in the survival period, or for national
 survival in that period, and which should be  discharged  as  soon  as
 circumstances permit. This will comprise such things as food,  refined
 petroleum, oils, and lubricants, and medical stores. See also cargo.

 establishment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. An installation, together
 with its personnel and equipment, organized as an  operating  entity.
 (NATO) 2. The table setting out the authorized numbers of men and major
 equipment in a unit/formations; sometimes called "table of organization"
 or "table of organization and equipment."  See  also  activity;  base;
 equipment.

 estimate - (DOD, IADB) 1. An analysis of a foreign situation,
 development, or trend that identifies its major elements,  interprets
 the significance, and  appraises  the  future  possibilities  and  the
 prospective results of the various actions that might be taken. 2.  An
 appraisal of the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and potential  courses
 of action of a foreign nation or combination of nations in consequence
 of a specific national plan, policy, decision, or contemplated  course
 of action. 3. An analysis of an  actual  or  contemplated  clandestine
 operation in relation to the situation in which  it  is  or  would  be
 conducted in order to identify and appraise such factors as  available
 and  needed  assets  and  potential  obstacles,  accomplishments,  and
 consequences. See also intelligence estimate. 4. In air  intercept,  a
 code meaning, "Provide a quick estimate of the height/depth/range/size
 of designated contact,"  or  "I  estimate  height/depth/range/size  of
 designated contact is _____________."

 estimate of the situation - (NATO, IADB) A logical process of
 reasoning by  which  a  commander  considers  all  the  circumstances
 affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as  to  the
 course of action to be taken in order to accomplish his mission.  Also
 called appreciation of  the  situation.  (DOD:  See  also  commander's
 estimate of the situation; logistic estimate of the situation.)

 evacuation - (DOD, IADB) 1. The process of moving any person who
 is wounded, injured, or ill to and/or between  medical  treatment
 facilities. 2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or materiel from a
 given locality. 3. The controlled process of collecting,  classifying,
 and shipping unserviceable or abandoned materiel,  United  States  and
 foreign,  to  appropriate  reclamation,  maintenance,  technical
 intelligence, or disposal facilities.

 evacuation control ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In an amphibious
 operation, a ship designated as a control point  for  landing  craft,
 amphibious vehicles, and helicopters evacuating  casualties  from  the
 beaches. Medical personnel embarked in  the  evacuation  control  ship
 effect distribution of  casualties  throughout  the  attack  force  in
 accordance with ship's casualty  capacities  and  specialized  medical
 facilities available, and also perform emergency surgery.

 evacuation convoy - (DOD, NATO) A convoy which is used for  evacuation
 of dangerously exposed waters.  See  also  evacuation  of  dangerously
 exposed waters.

 evacuation of dangerously exposed waters - (DOD, NATO) The  movement of
 merchant ships under naval control from severely threatened coastlines
 and dangerously exposed waters to safer localities.

 evacuation policy - (DOD, IADB) 1. Command decision, indicating
 the length in days of the maximum period  of  non-effectiveness  that
 patients may be held within the command for treatment. Patients who, in
 the opinion of responsible medical officers, cannot be returned to duty
 status within the period prescribed are evacuated by the first available
 means,  provided  the  travel  involved  will  not   aggravate   their
 disabilities. 2. A command decision concerning the movement of civilians
 from the proximity of military  operations  for  security  and  safety
 reasons and involving the need to arrange for movement, reception, care,
 and control of such individuals.  3.  Command  policy  concerning  the
 evacuation  of  unserviceable  or  abandoned  materiel  and  including
 designation of channels and destinations for evacuated  materiel,  the
 establishment of controls and procedures,  and  the  dissemination  of
 condition standards and disposition instructions.

 evacuee - (DOD) A civilian removed from a place of residence by
 military  direction  for  reasons  of  personal  security  or  the
 requirements of the military situation.  See  also  displaced  person;
 expellee; refugee.

 evacuees - (NATO) Resident or transient persons who have been
 ordered or authorized to move by  competent  authorities,  and  whose
 movement and accommodation are planned, organized and controlled by such
 authorities.

 evader - (DOD, IADB) Any person isolated in hostile or unfriendly
 territory who eludes capture.

 evaluation - (DOD) In intelligence usage, appraisal of an item
 of information in terms of credibility, reliability, pertinency,  and
 accuracy.  Appraisal is accomplished  at  several  stages  within  the
 intelligence cycle  with  progressively  different  contexts.  Initial
 evaluations, made by case officers and report officers, are focused upon
 the reliability of the source and the accuracy of the  information  as
 judged by data available at or close to their operational levels. Later evaluations, by intelligence analysts, are  primarily  concerned  with
 verifying  accuracy  of  information  and  may,  in  effect,   convert
 information into intelligence. Appraisal or  evaluation  of  items  of
 information or intelligence is indicated by a  standard  letter-number
 system. The evaluation of the reliability of sources is designated  by
 a letter from A through F, and the  accuracy  of  the  information  is
 designated by numeral 1 through 6. These are two entirely  independent
 appraisals, and these separate appraisals are indicated in  accordance
 with the system indicated below.  Thus,  information  adjudged  to  be
 "probably true" received from a "usually reliable source" is designated
 "B-2" or "B2,' while information of which the "truth cannot be judged"
 received from a "usually reliable source" is designated "B-6" or "B6."
 Reliability of source   Accuracy of Information
 A - completely reliable 1 - Confirmed by other sources
 B - Usually reliable2 - Probably true
 C - Fairly reliable 3 - Possibly true
 D - Not usually reliable4 - Doubtful
 E - Unreliable  5 - Improbable
 F - reliability cannot be judged6 - Truth cannot be judged
 See  also  intelligence  cycle;  operational  evaluation; technical
 evaluation.

 evaluation - (NATO) See intelligence cycle.

 evaluation of information (intelligence) - See evaluation
 (intelligence).

 evasion and escape - (DOD, I, NATO, IADB) The procedures and
 operations whereby military personnel and other selected  individuals
 are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to areas under
 friendly control.

 evasion and escape intelligence - (DOD, IADB)  Processed   information
 prepared to assist personnel to escape if captured by the enemy or  to
 evade capture if lost in enemy-dominated territory.

 evasion and escape net - (DOD, IADB) The organization within
 enemy-held or hostile areas  that  operates  to  receive,  move,  and
 exfiltrate military personnel  or  selected  individuals  to  friendly
 control.  See also unconventional warfare.

 evasion and escape route - (DOD, IADB) A course of travel,  preplanned
 or not, that an escapee or evader uses in an attempt to  depart  enemy
 territory in order to return to friendly lines.

 exaggerated stereoscopy - See hyperstereoscopy.

 exceptional transport - (DOD, NATO) In railway terminology, a load
 whose size, weight, or preparation entail  special  difficulties
 vis-a-vis the facilities or equipment of even one of the railway systems
 to be used.

 excess property - (DOD) The quantity of property in possession of any
 component of the Department of Defense that exceeds the quantity
 required or authorized for retention by that component.

 excess property - (IADB) The quantity of property in possession of any
 component of the Armed Forces that exceeds the quantity required or
 authorized for retention by that component.

 executing commander - (NATO) In nuclear warfare, a commander
 to whom nuclear weapons are released for  delivery  against  specific
 targets or in accordance with approved plans. See  also  commander(s);
 releasing commander.

 executing commander (nuclear weapons) - (DOD, IADB) A commander to
 whom nuclear weapons are released for  delivery  against  specific
 targets or in accordance with approved plans. See  also  commander(s);
 releasing commander (nuclear weapons).

 execution planning - (DOD) The phase of the crisis action system
 planning in which an a-proved operation plan or other National Command
 Authority-designated  course  of  action  is  adjusted,  refined,  and
 translated into an operation order. Execution planning can proceed  on
 the basis of prior deliberate planning, or it can take place under a no
 plan situation.

 Executive Agent for the Joint Chiefs of Staff - (DOD) A member of the
 Joint Chiefs of Staff to whom they have assigned responsibility and
 delegated authority, which would otherwise be  exercised  by  them
 collectively, to carry out for them certain of their duties.

 exercise - (DOD, NATO) A military maneuver or simulated wartime
 operation involving planning, preparation, and execution. It is carried
 out for the purpose of training and evaluation. It may be a  combined,
 joint,  or  single  service  exercise,  depending   on   participating
 organizations. See also command post exercise; field exercise; maneuver.

 exercise commander - (NATO, IADB) A commander taking part in the
 exercise who will issue appropriate operation  orders to forces
 placed under his control. He may be allocated responsibilities regarding
 controlling, conducting, and/or directing the exercise in addition  to
 that of command. See also commander(s).

 exercise directing staff - (DOD, NATO) A group of officers who by
 virtue of experience, qualifications, and a thorough knowledge  of
 the exercise instructions,  are  selected  to direct or control an
 exercise.

 exercise filled mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine
 containing an inert  filling  and  an  indicating  device.  See  also
 explosive filled mine; fitted mine; mine.

 exercise incident - (DOD, NATO) An occurrence injected  by   directing
 staffs into the exercise which will have an effect on the forces being
 exercised, or their facilities, and which will require action  by  the
 appropriate commander and/or staff being exercised.

 exercise mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine suitable for
 use in mine warfare exercises, fitted with visible or audible indicating
 devices to show where and when it would normally fire. See also  drill
 mine; mine; practice mine.

 exercise planning directive - (NATO) The exercise specification as
 developed by the officer  scheduling  the  exercise,  designed  to
 provide further guidance to the planners of a particular exercise.

 exercise program - (NATO) The specifications of the exercises
 programmed by a NATO commander for a particular calendar year.

 exercise specification - (DOD, NATO) The fundamental requirements
 for an exercise, providing in advance an outline of the concept, form,
 scope,  setting,  aim,  objectives,  force   requirements,   political
 implications, analysis arrangements and costs.

 exercise sponsor - (DOD, NATO) The commander who conceives a
 particular exercise and orders that it be planned and executed either
 by his staff or by a subordinate headquarters.

 exercise study - (DOD, NATO) An activity which may take form of a
 map exercise, a war game, a series of lectures, a discussion group,
 or an operational analysis.

 exercise  term  -  (DOD)  A  combination  of   two   words,   normally
 unclassified, used exclusively to designate a test, drill, or exercise.
 An exercise term is employed to preclude the possibility of  confusing
 exercise directives with actual operations directives.

 exfiltration - (DOD) The removal of personnel or units from areas
 under enemy control.

 existence load - (DOD, IADB) Consists of items other than those in
 the fighting load that are required to sustain or protect the combat
 soldier, that may be necessary for increased personal and environmental
 protection, and that are not normally carried by the  individual.  See
 also fighting load.

 exoatmosphere - See nuclear exoatmospheric burst.

 expeditionary force - (DOD) An armed force organized to  accomplish  a
 specific objective in a foreign country.

 expellee - (DOD, IADB) A civilian outside the boundaries of the
 country of his or her nationality  or  ethnic  origin  who  is  being
 forcibly repatriated to that country or to a third country for political
 or other purposes. See also displaced person; evacuee; refugee.

 expendable property - (DOD, IADB) Property that may be consumed in
 use or loses its identity in use and may  be  dropped  from  stock
 record accounts when it is issued or used.

 expendable supplies and material - (DOD, IADB) Supplies that are
 consumed in use, such as ammunition, paint,  fuel,  cleaning  and
 preserving materials, surgical dressing, drugs, medicines, etc., or that
 lose their identity, such as spare parts, etc. Sometimes referred to as
 consumable supplies and material.

 expendable supplies and materials - (NATO) Items which are  consumed in
 use, such as ammunition, or which lose their identity, such as certain
 repair parts, or which are of low intrinsic value,  unworthy  of  full
 accounting procedures.

 exploder - (DOD, NATO) A device designed to generate an electric
 current in a firing circuit after deliberate action by  the  user  in
 order to initiate an explosive charge or charges.

 exploitation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Taking full advantage of success
 in battle and following up  initial  gains.  2.  Taking  full
 advantage of any information that has come to  hand  for  tactical  or
 strategic purposes. 3. An offensive operation that usually  follows  a
 successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth.

 exploratory hunting - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare,  a   parallel
 operation to search sweeping, in which a sample of the route or area is
 subjected to minehunting procedures to determine the presence or absence
 of mines.

 explosive filled mine - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a mine  containing
 an explosive charge but not necessarily the  firing  train  needed  to
 detonate it. See also exercise filled mine; fitted mine.

 explosive ordnance - (DOD, NATO) All munitions containing  explosives,
 nuclear fission or fusion materials and biological and chemical agents.
 This includes bombs  and  warheads;  guided  and  ballistic  missiles;
 artillery, mortar,  rocket  and  small  arms  ammunition;  all  mines,
 torpedoes, and depth charges; demolition charges; pyrotechnics; clusters
 and dispensers; cartridge and  propellant  actuated  devices;  electro
 explosive devices; clandestine and improvised explosive  devices;  and
 all similar or related items or components explosive in nature.

 explosive ordnance disposal - (DOD, NATO) The detection, identification,
 field evaluation, rendering-safe, recovery and final disposal of
 unexploded explosive ordnance. It may also include the rendering safe
 and/or disposal of explosive ordnance which have become hazardous by
 damage or deterioration when the disposal of such explosive ordnance
 is beyond the capabilities of personnel normally assigned the
 responsibility for routine disposal.

 explosive ordnance disposal incident - (DOD, NATO) The suspected or
 detected presence of unexploded  explosive  ordnance,  or  damaged
 explosive  ordnance,  which  constitutes  a  hazard   to   operations,
 installations, personnel or material. Not included in this  definition
 are the accidental arming or other conditions that develop during  the
 manufacture of high explosive  material,  technical  service  assembly
 operations or the laying of mines and demolition charges.

 explosive ordnance disposal procedures - (DOD, NATO) Those  particular
 courses or modes  of  action  taken  by  explosive  ordnance  disposal
 personnel for access to, diagnosis, rendering safe, recovery, and final
 disposal of explosive ordnance or any hazardous material associated with
 an explosive ordnance disposal incident. a. access procedures. Those
 actions taken to locate exactly and to gain access to unexploded
 explosive ordnance. b. diagnostic procedures. Those actions taken to
 identify and evaluate unexploded explosive ordnance. c. render safe
 procedures. The portion of the explosive ordnance disposal procedures
 involving the application of special explosive ordnance disposal
 methods and tools to provide for the interruption of functions or
 separation of essential components of unexploded explosive ordnance to
 prevent an unacceptable detonation. d. recovery procedures. Those
 actions taken to recover unexploded explosive ordnance. e. final
 disposal procedures. The final disposal of explosive ordnance which
 may include demolition or burning in place, removal to a disposal area
 or other appropriate means.

 explosive ordnance disposal unit - (DOD, IADB) Personnel with
 special training and equipment who render explosive ordnance safe (such
 as bombs, mines, projectiles,  and  booby  traps),  make  intelligence
 reports on such ordnance, and supervise the safe removal thereof.

 explosive ordnance reconnaissance - (NATO)  Reconnaissance involving
 the investigation, detection, location, marking, initial identification
 and reporting of suspected unexploded explosive ordnance, by explosive
 ordnance reconnaissance agents, in order to determine further action.

 explosive train - (DOD, NATO) A succession of initiating and
 igniting elements arranged to cause a charge to function.

 exposure dose - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The exposure dose at a given
 point is a measurement of radiation in relation  to  its  ability  to
 produce ionization. The unit of measurement of the exposure dose is the
 roentgen.

 exposure station - See air station (photogrammetry).

 extended communications search - (DOD) In search and rescue  operations,
 consists of contacting all possible  sources  of  information  on  the
 missing craft, including physically checking possible locations such as
 harbors, marinas, and airport ramps. An extended communications search
 is normally conducted after a preliminary  communications  search  has
 yielded no results and when the mission is upgraded to the alert phase.
 Also called EXCOM. See also preliminary communications search;  search
 and rescue incident classification, Subpart b.

 extent of a military exercise - (DOD, NATO) The scope of an   exercise
 in relation to the involvement of NATO and/or national commands.   See
 also inter-command exercise; intra-command exercise; NATO-wide exercise;
 scale of an exercise.

 extent of damage - (DOD, IADB) The visible plan area of damage to a
 target element, usually expressed in units of 1,000 square feet, in
 detailed damage analysis and in approximate percentages in immediate-
 type damage assessment reports; e.g., 50 percent structural damage.

 external reinforcing force - (DOD, NATO) A reinforcing force which
 is principally stationed in peacetime outside its intended Major
 NATO Command area of operations.

 extraction parachute - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An auxiliary parachute
 designed to release and extract and deploy cargo from aircraft in flight
 and deploy cargo parachutes. See also gravity extraction.

 extraction zone - (DOD, NATO) A specified drop zone used for the
 delivery of supplies and/or equipment by means  of  an  extraction
 technique from an aircraft flying very close to the ground.
 F-4 - See Phantom II.

 F-5A/B - See Freedom Fighter.

 F-14 - See Tomcat.

 F-15 - See Eagle.

 F-16 - See Air Combat Fighter.

 F-100 - See Super Sabre.

 F-101 - See Voodoo.

 F-102A - See Delta Dagger.

 F-104 - See Starfighter.

 F-105 - See Thunderchief.

 F-106 - See Delta Dart.

 F-111 - (DOD) A twin-engine, supersonic, turbofan, all-weather
 tactical fighter. It is capable of employing  nuclear  and  nonnuclear
 weapons. It also has the capability for  operating  from  very  short,
 relatively unprepared air  strips.  FB-111  is  the  strategic  bomber
 version.

 F-111 - (IADB) A twin-engine-turbojet-powered tactical fighter
 for delivering nuclear and nonnuclear weapons and for  operating  from
 very short, relatively unprepared air strips with a minimum of  ground
 support. The aircraft will have an all-weather attack capability. Other
 versions are: an all-weather interceptor version having  a  long-range
 pulse doppler fire control system and nuclear air-to-air  missiles;  a
 reconnaissance version having all-weather reconnaissance  and  bombing
 capabilities with both nuclear and nonnuclear weapons.

 fabricator - (DOD) Individuals or groups who, without genuine
 resources, invent information or inflate or embroider  over  news  for
 personal gain or for political purposes.

 face of a map or chart - (NATO) The side on which the printed
 image of the map or chart appears.

 facility - (DOD, IADB) A real property entity consisting of one
 or more of the following: a building, a structure, a  utility  system,
 pavement, and underlying land.

 facility - (NATO) An activity which provides a specific kind
 of operating assistance  to  naval,  ground,  or  air  forces  thereby
 facilitating any action or operation. See also base; search and rescue.

 facsimile - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system of telecommunication
 for the transmission of fixed images with a view to their reception in
 a permanent form.

 faded - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Contact has
 disappeared from reporting station's scope, and any position information
 given is estimated."

 fair drawing - (NATO) A drawing complete in all respects in the
 style and form specified for reproduction.

 faker - (DOD) A friendly aircraft simulating a hostile in an
 air defense exercise.

 Falcon - (DOD, IADB) An air-to-air guided missile. The Falcon
 family (AIM-4 series, AIM-26A, and  AIM-47A)  can  be  carried  either
 internally or externally on interceptor aircraft. The Falcon can be used
 on the F-101B, F-102, F-104, and F-106. Some of the Falcon  family  of
 missiles are equipped with nuclear warheads.

 fallout - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The precipitation to earth of  radioactive
 particulate matter from a nuclear cloud; also applied to the particulate
 matter itself.

 fallout contours - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Lines joining points which
 have the same radiation  intensity  that  define  a  fallout  pattern,
 represented in terms of roentgens per hour.

 fallout pattern - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The distribution of fallout
 as portrayed by fallout contours.

 fallout prediction - (DOD, IADB) An estimate, made before and
 immediately after a nuclear detonation, of the location and  intensity
 of militarily significant quantities of radioactive fallout.

 fallout safe height of burst - (DOD, IADB) The height of burst
 at or above which no militarily significant fallout will be reproduced
 as a result of a nuclear weapon detonation. See also types of burst.

 fallout wind vector plot - (IADB) A wind vector diagram based
 on the wind structure from the earth's surface to the highest altitude
 affecting fallout pattern.

 fallout wind vector plot - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A wind vector diagram based
 on the wind structure from the surface of the  earth  to  the  highest
 altitude of interest.

 false color film - (NATO) A color film with at least one emulsion
 layer sensitive to radiation outside the visible region of the spectrum
 (e.g., infra red), in which the representation of colors is deliberately
 altered. See also camouflage detection photography.

 false origin - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A fixed point to the south
 and west of a grid zone from which grid distances are measured eastward
 and northward.

 false parallax - (NATO, IADB) The apparent vertical displacement
 of an object from its true position, when viewed stereoscopically, due
 to movement of the object itself as well as to change in the point  of
 observation.

 famished - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Have you
 any instructions for me?"

 fan camera photography - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Photography taken
 simultaneously by an assembly of three or more cameras, systematically
 installed at fixed angles relative to each other so as to provide wide
 lateral  coverage  with  overlapping  images.  See   also   tri-camera
 photography.

 fan cameras - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An assembly of three or more
 cameras systematically disposed at fixed angles relative to each other
 so as to provide wide lateral coverage with overlapping images. See also
 split cameras.

 fan marker beacon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of radio beacon,
 the emissions of which radiate in a vertical, fan-shaped pattern.  The
 signal can be keyed for identification purposes. See also radio beacon;
 Z marker beacon.

 farm gate type operations - (DOD, I) Operational assistance and
 specialized tactical training provided a friendly foreign air force by
 the United States Armed Forces to  include,  under  certain  specified
 conditions, the flying of operational missions in combat  by  combined
 United States/foreign aircrews as a part of the training  being  given
 when such missions are beyond the capability of the foreign air force.

 feasibility test - (DOD, IADB) A test to determine whether or
 not a plan is within the capacity of the resources that  can  be  made
 available. See also logistic implications test.

 feature - (DOD, NATO) In cartography, any object or configuration
 of ground or water represented on the face of the map or chart.

 feature line overlap - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A series of overlapping
 air photographs which follow the line of a ground feature, e.g., river,
 road, railway, etc.

 Federal Stock Number - (DOD) The Federal Stock Number of an item
 of supply consists of the applicable 4-digit class code number from the
 Federal Supply Classification plus  a  sequentially  assigned  7-digit
 Federal Item Identification Number. The number shall  be  arranged  as
 follows: 4210-196-5439. See also National Stock Number. Note:  Federal
 Stock Numbers were replaced by National  Stock  Numbers  effective  30
 September 1974.

 federal supply class management - (DOD) Those  functions  of  materiel
 management  that  can  best  be   accomplished   by   Federal   Supply
 Classification,  such   as   cataloging,   characteristic   screening,
 standardization, interchangeability and substitution  grouping,  multi
 item specification management, and engineering support of the foregoing.

 feet dry - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept, close air support, and
 air interdiction, a code meaning, "I am, or contact designated is, over
 land."

 feet wet - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept, close air support, and
 air interdiction, a code meaning, "I am, or contact designated is, over
 water."

 ferret - (DOD, IADB) An aircraft, ship, or vehicle especially
 equipped for the detection,  location,  recording,  and  analyzing  of
 electromagnetic radiation.

 few (raid size) - (DOD, IADB) In air intercept usage, seven or
 fewer aircraft. See also many (raid size).

 FF - See frigate. FFG - See guided missile frigate.

 fiducial mark - See collimating mark.

 field army - (DOD, IADB) Administrative and tactical organization
 composed of a headquarters, certain organic Army troops, service support
 troops, a variable number of corps, and a variable number of divisions.

 field artillery - (DOD, IADB) Equipment, sub plies, ammunition,
 and personnel involved in the use of cannon, rocket, or surface-to-
 surface missile launchers. Field artillery cannons are classified
 according to caliber as: light - 120mm and less; medium - 121 - 160mm;
 heavy - 161 - 2lOmm; very heavy - greater than 2lOmm; See also direct
 support artillery; general support artillery.

 field artillery observer - (DOD, IADB) A person who watches the
 effects of artillery fire, adjusts the center of impact of  that  fire
 onto a target, and reports the results to the firing agency. See  also
 naval gunfire spotting team; spotter.

 field control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A series of  points  whose  relative
 positions and elevations are known. These positions are used in  basic
 data in mapping and charting. Normally, these positions are established
 by survey methods, and are sometimes referred to as "trig control"  or
 "trigonometrical net(work)."  See  also  common  control  (artillery);
 control point; ground control.

 field exercise - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An exercise conducted in
 the field under simulated war conditions in which troops and  armament
 of one side are actually present, while those of the other side may be
 imaginary or in outline. See also command post exercise.

 field fortifications - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An emplacement or shelter  of
 a temporary nature which can be constructed with reason-able  facility
 by units requiring no more than minor engineer supervisory and equipment
 participation.

 field headquarters - See command post.

 field of fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The area which a weapon or
 a group of weapons may  cover  effectively  with  fire  from  a  given
 position.

 field of view - (DOD, NATO) I. In photography, the angle between
 two rays passing through the perspective center (rear nodal point)  of
 a camera lens to the two opposite sides  of  the  format.  Not  to  be
 confused with "angle of view." See also angle of view.  2.  The  total
 solid angle available to the gunner when looking through the gunsight.

 field of vision - (DOD, NATO) The total solid angle available
 to the gunner from his normal position. See also field of view.

 field press censorship - (DOD, IADB) The security review of news
 material subject to the jurisdiction of the Armed Forces of the United
 States, including all information or material intended for dissemination
 to the public. See also censorship.

 fighter controller - See air controller.

 fighter cover - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The maintenance of a number
 of fighter aircraft over a specified area or force for the purpose  of
 repelling hostile air activities. See also airborne alert.

 fighter direction aircraft - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An aircraft equipped and
 manned for directing fighter  aircraft  operations.  See  also  combat
 information ship.

 fighter direction ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A ship equipped and
 manned for directing fighter  aircraft  operations.  See  also  combat
 information ship.

 fighter engagement zone - See weapon engagement zone.

 fighter interceptor - See interceptor.

 fighter sweep - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An offensive mission by fighter
 aircraft to  seek  out  and  destroy  enemy  aircraft  or  targets  of
 opportunity in an allotted area of operations.

 fighting load - (DOD, IADB) Consists of items of individual  clothing,
 equipment, weapons, and  ammunition  that  are  carried  by,  and  are
 essential  to,  the  effectiveness  of  the  combat  soldier  and  the
 accomplishment of the immediate mission of the unit when the soldier is
 on foot. See also existence load.

 fighting patrol - See combat patrol.

 filler - (DOD) A substance carried in an ammunition container
 such as a projectile, mine, bomb, or  grenade.  A  filler  may  be  an
 explosive, chemical, or inert substance.

 filler personnel - (DOD) Individuals of suitable grade and skill
 initially required to bring a unit or organization to  its  authorized
 strength.

 filler point - See charging point.

 film badge - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A photo graphic film packet to
 be carried by personnel, in the form of a  badge,  for  measuring  and
 permanently recording (usually) gamma-ray dosage.

 filter - (DOD, NATO) In electronics, a device which transmits
 only part of the incident energy and may thereby change  the  spectral
 distribution of energy:
 a. High pass filters transmit energy above a certain frequency;
 b. Low pass filters transmit energy below a certain frequency;
 c. Band pass filters transmit energy of a certain bandwidth;
 d. Band stop filters transmit energy outside a specific frequency band.

 filter center - (DOD, IADB) The location in an aircraft control
 and warning system at which  information  from  observation  posts  is
 filtered for further dissemination to air defense control centers  and
 air defense direction centers.

 filtering - (NATO, IADB) The process of interpreting reported
 information on movements of aircraft, ships, and submarines in order to
 determine their probable true tracks and, where applicable, heights or
 depths.

 FIM-43 - See Redeye.

 final approach - (DOD, NATO) That part of an instrument approach
 procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.
 a. In a non-precision approach it normally begins at the final
 approach fix or point and ends at the missed approach point or fix.
 b. In a precision approach the final approach is deemed to
 commence at the glide path intercept point and ends  at  the  decision
 height/altitude.

 final destination--DOD, NATO) In naval control of shipping,
 the final destination of a convoy or of an individual ship (whether in
 convoy  or  independent)  irrespective  of  whether  or  not   routing
 instructions have been issued.

 final destination (merchant shipping) - (IADB) The final destination of
 a convoy or of an individual ship (whether in convoy  or  independent)
 irrespective of whether or not routing instructions have been  issued.
 See also destination (merchant shipping).

 final disposal procedures - See explosive ordnance disposal procedures.

 final plan - (DOD, NATO) A plan for which drafts have been coordinated
 and approved and which has been signed by or on behalf of a  competent
 authority. See also operation plan.

 final protective fire - (DOD, NATO,  IADB)  An  immediately  available
 prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy  movement  across
 defensive lines or areas.

 financial property accounting - (DOD) The establishment and maintenance
 of property accounts in monetary  terms;  the  rendition  of  property
 reports in monetary terms.

 fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The command given to discharge a
 weapon(s). 2. To detonate the main explosive charge by means of a firing
 system. 3. See also barrage fire; call fire;  close  supporting  fire;
 concentrated fire; counterfire; counter-preparation fire; covering fire;
 deep supporting fire; destruction fire; direct fire; direct supporting
 fire; distributed fire; grazing fire; harassing fire;  indirect  fire;
 interdiction fire; neutralization fire; observed fire; preparation fire;
 radar  fire;  registration  fire;  scheduled  fire;  searching   fire;
 supporting fire; suppressive fire; unobserved fire; zone fire.

 fireball - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The luminous sphere of hot gases
 which forms a few millionths of a second after detonation of a nuclear
 weapon and immediately starts expanding and cooling.

 fire barrage (specify) - (DOD, IADB) An order to deliver a prearranged
 barrier of fire. Specification of the particular barrage may be by code
 name, numbering system, unit assignment, or other designated means.

 Firebee - (DOD) A remotely controlled target drone powered by
 a turbojet engine. It achieves high subsonic speeds and is designed to
 be ground launched or air launched. It is used  to  test,  train,  and
 evaluate  weapon  systems  employing  surface-to-air  and   air-to-air
 missiles. Designated as BQM-34.

 fire capabilities chart - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A chart, usually
 in the form of an overlay, showing the areas which can be reached by the
 fire of the bulk of the weapons of a unit.

 fire control - (DOD, NATO) The control of all operations in
 connection with the application of fire on a target.

 fire control radar - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Radar used to provide
 target information inputs to a weapon fire control system.

 fire control system - (DOD, NATO) A group of interrelated fire
 control equipments and/or instruments designed for use with a weapon or
 group of weapons.

 fire coordination - See fire support coordination.

 fire coordination area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area with specified
 restraints into which fires in excess of those restraints will not  be
 delivered without approval of the authority establishing the restraints.

 fire direction center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That element of a
 command post, consisting of gunnery and  communication  personnel  and
 equipment, by means of which the commander  exercises  fire  direction
 and/or  fire  control.  The  fire  direction  center  receives  target
 intelligence and requests for fire, and translates them into appropriate
 fire direction.

 fire for effect - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Fire which is delivered
 after the mean point of impact or burst is within the desired distance
 of the target or adjusting/ranging point. 2. Term in a call for fire
 to indicate the adjustment/ranging is satisfactory and fire for effect
 is desired.

 fire message - See call for fire.

 fire mission - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Specific assignment given
 to a fire unit as part of a definite plan. 2. Order used to alert  the
 weapon/battery area and indicate that the message following is a  call
 for fire.

 fire plan - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A tactical plan for using the
 weapons of a unit or formation so that their fire will be coordinated.

 firepower - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The amount of fire which may
 be delivered by a position, unit, or  weapon  system.  2.  Ability  to
 deliver fire.

 firepower umbrella - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area of specified
 dimensions defining the boundaries of the airspace over a naval  force
 at sea within which the fire of ships' antiaircraft weapons can endanger
 aircraft, and within which special procedures have been established for
 the identification and operation of friendly aircraft.  See  also  air
 defense operations area.

 fire storm - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Stationary mass fire, generally
 in built-up urban areas, generating strong, inrushing winds  from  all
 sides; the winds keep the fires from spreading while adding fresh oxygen
 to increase their intensity.

 fire support area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An appropriate maneuver
 area assigned to fire support ships  from  which  to  deliver  gunfire
 support of an amphibious operation. See also naval support area.

 fire support coordination - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The planning and
 executing of fire so that targets are adequately covered by a suitable
 weapon or group of weapons.

 fire support coordination center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A single
 location  in  which  are  centralized  communications  facilities  and
 personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. See
 also supporting arms coordination center.

 fire support coordination line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A line  established
 by the appropriate ground commander to insure coordination of fire not
 under his control but which may affect current tactical operations. The
 fire support coordination line is used to  coordinate  fires  of  air,
 ground or sea weapons systems using any  type  of  ammunition  against
 surface targets. The fire support coordination line should follow well
 defined terrain  features.  The  establishment  of  the  fire  support
 coordination line must be coordinated with the appropriate tactical air
 commander and other supporting elements. Supporting elements may attack
 targets forward of the fire support coordination line,  without  prior
 coordination with the ground force commander, provided the attack will
 not produce adverse surface effects on, or to the rear of,  the  line.
 Attacks against surface targets behind this line must  be  coordinated
 with the appropriate ground force commander. Also known as FSCL.

 fire support group - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A temporary grouping of
 ships under a single commander charged with supporting troop operations
 ashore by naval gunfire. A fire sub port group may be further subdivided
 into fire support units and fire support elements.

 fire support station - (DOD, IADB) An exact location at sea
 within a fire support area from which a fire support ship delivers fire.

 fire task - See fire mission.

 fire time - See span of detonation (atomic demolition munition
 employment).

 firing area - (DOD, NATO) In a sweeper-sweep combination it
 is the horizontal area at the depth of a particular mine in which  the
 mine will detonate. The firing area has exactly the same dimensions as
 the interception area but will  lie  astern  of  it  unless  the  mine
 detonates immediately when actuated.

 firing chart - (DOD, IADB) Map, photo map, or grid sheet showing
 the relative horizontal and  vertical  positions  of  batteries,  base
 points, base point lines, check points,  targets,  and  other  details
 needed in preparing firing data.

 firing circuit - (DOD, NATO) 1. In land operations, an electrical
 circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop designed to detonate connected charges
 from a firing point. 2. In naval mine warfare, that  part  of  a  mine
 circuit which either completes the detonator circuit or operates a ship
 counter.

 firing mechanism - See firing circuit.

 firing point - (DOD, NATO) That point in the firing circuit where
 the device employed to initiate  the  detonation  of  the  charges  is
 located.

 firing system - (DOD, NATO) In demolition, a system composed of
 elements designed to fire the main charge or charges.

 first generation negative - See generation (photography).

 first generation positive - See generation (photography).

 first light - (DOD, IADB) The beginning of morning nautical  twilight;
 i.e., when the center of the morning sun is 12 below the horizon.

 first salvo at - (DOD) In naval gunfire support, a portion of
 a ship's message to an observer or spotter to indicate that because of
 proximity to troops, the ship will not fire at the target but offset the
 first salvo a specific distance from the target.

 first strike - (DOD, IADB) The first offensive move of a war.
 (Generally associated with nuclear operations.)

 FISINT - See foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.

 fission - (DOD, NATO) The process whereby the nucleus of a heavy
 element splits into (generally) two nuclei of lighter elements, with the
 release of substantial amounts of energy.

 fission products - (DOD, NATO) A general term for the complex
 mixture of substances produced as a result of nuclear fission.

 fission to yield ratio - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The ratio of the yield
 derived from nuclear fission to the total yield; it is frequently
 expressed in percent.

 fitted mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine containing  an
 explosive charge, a primer, detonator, and  firing  system.  See  also
 exercise filled mine; explosive filled mine.

 fix - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A position determined from terrestrial,
 electronic, or astronomical data.

 fixed ammunition - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Ammunition in which the
 cartridge case is permanently attached to  the  projectile.  See  also
 ammunition.

 fixed capital property - (DOD) I. Assets of a permanent character
 having continuing value. 2. As used in military establishments, includes
 real estate and equipment installed or in use,  either  in  productive
 plants or in field operations.  Synonymous with fixed assets.

 fixed medical treatment facility - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A medical
 treatment facility which is designed to operate for an extended period
 of time at a specific site.

 fixed price incentive contract - (DOD, IADB) A fixed price type
 of contract with provision for the adjustment of profit and price by a
 formula based on the relationship that final negotiated total cost bears
 to negotiated target cost as adjusted by approved changes.

 fixed price type contract - (DOD, IADB) A type of contract that
 generally provides for a firm price or, under appropriate circumstances,
 may provide for an adjustable price for the supplies or services being
 procured. Fixed price contracts are of several types so designed as to
 facilitate proper pricing under varying circumstances.

 fixed station patrol - (DOD, NATO, IADB) One in which each scout
 maintains station relative to an assigned point on a barrier line while
 searching the surrounding area. Scouts are not stationary  but  remain
 underway and patrol near the center of their assigned stations. A scout
 is a surface ship, submarine, or aircraft.

 fixer network - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A combination of radio or
 radar direction-finding installations which, operating in conjunction,
 are capable of plotting the position relative  to  the  ground  of  an
 aircraft in flight.

 fixer system - See fixer network.

 flag days (red or green) - (DOD) Red flag days are those during
 which movement requirements cannot be met; green flag days  are  those
 during which the requisite  amount  or  a  surplus  of  transportation
 capability exists.

 flag officer - (DOD) A term applied to an officer holding the
 rank of general, lieutenant general, major general, or brigadier general
 in the US Army, Air Force or Marine Corps or admiral, vice admiral, rear
 admiral or commodore in the US Navy or Coast Guard.

 flame thrower - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A weapon that projects incendiary fuel
 and has provision for ignition of this fuel.

 flammable cargo - See inflammable cargo.

 flank guard - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A security element operating
 to the flank of a moving or stationary force to protect it from  enemy
 ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack.

 flanking attack - (DOD, NATO) An offensive maneuver directed
 at the flank of an enemy. See also frontal attack.

 flare - (DOD, NATO) The change in the flight path of an aircraft
 so as to reduce the rate of descent for touchdown.

 flare dud - (DOD) A nuclear weapon that when  launched  at  a  target,
 detonates with anticipated yield but at an altitude appreciably greater
 than intended. This is not a dud insofar as yield is concerned, but it
 is a dud with respect to the effects on  the  target  and  the  normal
 operation of the weapon.

 flash blindness - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Impairment of vision resulting from
 an intense flash of light. It includes temporary or permanent loss  of
 visual functions and may be associated with retinal  burns.  See  also
 dazzle.

 flash burn - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A burn caused by excessive exposure (of
 bare skin) to thermal radiation.

 flash message - (DOD, IADB) A category of precedence reserved
 for initial enemy contact messages or operational combat  messages  of
 extreme urgency. Brevity is mandatory. See also precedence.

 flash ranging - (DOD, IADB) Finding the position of the burst of a
 projectile or of an enemy gun by observing its flash.

 flash report - (DOD) Not to be used. See inflight report.

 flash suppressor - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Device attached to the
 muzzle of the weapon which reduces the amount of visible light or flash
 created by burning propellant gases.

 flat - (DOD, NATO) In photography, lacking in contrast.

 flatted cargo - (DOD, IADB) Cargo placed in the bottom of the
 holds, covered with planks and dunnage, and held for future use. Flatted
 cargo usually has room left above it for the loading of vehicles  that
 may be moved without interfering with the flatted  cargo.  Frequently,
 flatted cargo serves in lieu of ballast. Sometimes called  understowed
 cargo. See also cargo.

 fleet - (DOD, IADB) An organization of ships, aircraft, marine
 forces, and shore-based fleet activities all under the  command  of  a
 commander or commander in chief who may exercise operational as well as
 administrative control. See also major fleet; numbered fleet.

 fleet ballistic missile submarine - (DOD, IADB) A nuclear-powered
 submarine designed to deliver ballistic missile attacks against assigned
 targets from either a submerged or surfaced condition.  Designated  as
 SSBN.

 fleet in being - (DOD, IADB) A fleet (force) that avoids decisive
 action,  but,  because  of  its  strength  and  location,  causes   or
 necessitates counter-concentrations  and  so  reduces  the  number  of
 opposing units available for operations elsewhere.

 Fleet Marine Force - (DOD) A balanced force of combined arms
 comprising land, air, and service elements of the US Marine  Corps.  A
 Fleet Marine Force is an integral part of a US Fleet and has the status
 of a type command.

 flexible response - (DOD, IADB) The capability of military forces
 for effective reaction to any enemy  threat  or  attack  with  actions
 appropriate and adaptable to the circumstances existing.

 flight - (DOD) 1. In Navy and Marine Corps usage, a specified
 group of aircraft usually engaged in a common mission.  2.  The  basic
 tactical unit in the Air Force, consisting of four or more aircraft in
 two or more elements. 3. A single aircraft airborne on a non-operational
 mission.

 flight - (IADB) 1. A specified group of aircraft usually engaged
 in a common mission. 2. A single aircraft airborne on a non-operational
 mission.

 flight advisory - (DOD, IADB) A message dispatched to aircraft
 in flight or to interested stations to  advise  of  any  deviation  or
 irregularity.

 flight deck - (DOD, IADB) 1. In certain airplanes, an elevated
 compartment occupied by the crew for operating the airplane in flight.
 2. The upper deck of an aircraft carrier that serves as a runway.

 flight following - (DOD, NATO) The task of maintaining contact
 with specified aircraft for the purpose of determining en route progress
 and/or flight termination.

 flight information center - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A unit established
 to provide flight information service and alerting service.

 flight information region - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airspace of
 defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting
 service are provided. See also air traffic control center; area control
 center.

 flight levels - (DOD, NATO, IADB)  Surfaces  of  constant  atmospheric
 pressure which are related to a specific  pressure  datum,  1013.2  mb
 (29.92 in), and are separated by specific pressure intervals.  (Flight
 levels are expressed in three digits that represent hundreds of  feet;
 e.g., flight level 250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of
 25,000 feet and flight level 255 is an indication of 25,500 feet.)

 flight line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In air photo graphic   reconnaissance,
 the prescribed ground path over which an air vehicle moves during  the
 execution of its photo mission.

 flight operations center - (DOD, IADB) The element of the tactical Army
 air traffic regulation  system  which  provides  for  aircraft  flight
 following, separation of aircraft  under  instrument  conditions,  and
 identification of friendly aircraft to friendly air defense agencies.

 flight path - (DOD, NATO) The line connecting the successive
 positions occupied, or to be occupied, by an aircraft, missile or space
 vehicle as it moves through air or space.

 flight plan - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Specified information provided
 to air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight or portion
 of a flight of an aircraft.

 flight plan correlation - (DOD, IADB) A means of identifying
 aircraft by association with known flight plans.

 flight profile - (DOD, NATO) The flight path of an aircraft
 expressed in terms of altitude, speed, range and maneuver.

 flight readiness firing - (DOD) A missile system test of short
 duration conducted with the pro pulsion  system  operating  while  the
 missile is secured to the  launcher.  Such  a  test  is  performed  to
 determine the readiness of the missile system  and  launch  facilities
 prior to flight test.

 flight readiness firing - (NATO) Short duration tests relating
 to a rocket system, carried out with the propulsion device in operation,
 the rocket being fixed on the launcher. Such tests are carried out  in
 order to define the state of preparation of the rocket system and of the
 launching facilities before the flight test.

 flight surgeon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A physician specially trained
 in aviation  medical  practice  whose  primary  duty  is  the  medical
 examination and medical care of aircrew.

 flight test - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Test of an aircraft, rocket,
 missile, or other vehicle by actual flight or launching. Flight  tests
 are planned to achieve specific test objectives and  gain  operational
 information.

 flight visibility - (DOD, IADB) The average forward horizontal
 distance from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight at which  prominent
 unlighted objects may be seen and  identified  by  day  and  prominent
 lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.

 floating base support - (DOD, NATO) A form of logistic support in
 in which supplies, repairs, maintenance and other services are provided
 in harbor or at an anchorage for operating forces from ships.

 floating lines - (NATO) In photogrammetry, lines connecting
 the same two points of detail on each print of a stereo pair, used  to
 determine whether or not the points are intervisible. The lines may be
 drawn directly on to the prints or superimposed by means of strips  of
 transparent material.

 floating mark or dot - (NATO) A mark seen as occupying a position
 in the three dimensional space formed by the stereoscopic fusion of  a
 pair of photographs, used as a reference mark in examining or measuring
 a stereoscopic model.

 floating mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine visible
 on the surface. See also drifting mine; free mine; watching mine; mine.

 floating reserve - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In an amphibious operation,
 reserve troops which remain embarked until needed.  See  also  general
 reserve.

 flooder - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a device fitted
 to a buoyant mine which, on operation after a preset time, floods  the
 mine case and causes it to sink to the bottom.

 flotation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The capability of a vehicle to
 float in water.

 flotilla - (IADB) An administrative or tactical organization
 consisting of two or more squadrons of destroyers  or  smaller  types,
 together with such additional ships as may be assigned as flagships and
 tenders.

 fluxgate - (NATO) A detector which gives an electrical signal
 proportional to the intensity of the external  magnetic  field  acting
 along its axis.

 fluxvalve - See fluxgate.

 fly(ing) at speed - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Fly
 at (mach ___/ ___) indicated air speed," or, "My indicated air
 speed  is (___ knots/mach ___)."

 foam path - (DOD) A path of fire extinguisher foam laid on a
 runway to assist aircraft in an emergency landing.

 focal length - See calibrated focal length; equivalent focal
 length; nominal focal length.

 focal plane - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The plane, perpendicular to
 the optical axis of the lens, in which images of points in the  object
 field of the lens are focused.

 folded optics - (DOD, NATO) Any optical system  containing  reflecting
 components for the purpose of reducing the physical length of the system
 or for the purpose of changing the path of the optical axis.

 follow-on echelon - (DOD, NATO) In amphibious operations, that
 echelon of the assault troops, vehicles, aircraft equipment,  and  sub
 plies which, though not needed to initiate the assault, is required to
 support and sustain the assault. See also assault; follow-up.

 follow-up - (DOD, NATO) In amphibious operations, the landing
 of reinforcements and stores after the assault and follow-on  echelons
 have been landed. See also assault; follow-on-echelon.

 follow-up echelon - (DOD, NATO) In air transport operations,
 elements moved into the objective area after the assault echelon.

 follow-up echelon (air transport) - (IADB) Elements moved into
 the objective area after the assault echelon.

 force - (DOD, IADB) I. An aggregation of military personnel,
 weapon systems, vehicles and necessary support, or combination thereof.
 2. A major subdivision of a fleet.

 force combat air patrol - (DOD, IADB) A patrol of fighters  maintained
 over the task force to destroy enemy aircraft that threaten the force.
 See also combat air patrol.

 force list - (DOD) A total list of forces required by an operation plan,
 including assigned forces, augmentation forces, and other forces to be
 employed in support of the plan.

 force rendezvous - (DOD, NATO) A checkpoint at which formations
 of aircraft or ships join and become part of the main force.

 force requirement number - (DOD) The alphanumeric code used to
 uniquely identify force entries in a given operation plan  time-phased
 force and deployment data. Also called FRN.

 force(s) - See airborne force; air transported  force;  armed  forces,
 balanced collective forces; black forces; blue forces; combined force;
 covering force; forces allocated to  NATO;  garrison  force;  national
 forces for the defense of the NATO area; NATO  assigned  forces;  NATO
 command forces; NATO earmarked forces; orange forces; other forces for
 NATO; purple forces; task force; underway replenishment  force;  white
 forces.

 forces allocated to NATO - (NATO) Those forces made available to NATO
 by a nation under the categories of: a. NATO command forces. b. NATO
 assigned forces. c. NATO earmarked forces. d. Other forces for NATO.
 See also force(s).

 forces in being - (DOD, NATO) Forces classified as being in state
 of readiness "A" or "B" as prescribed in the appropriate Military
 Committee document.

 force sourcing - (DOD) The identification of the actual units,
 their origins, ports of embarkation, and movement  characteristics  to
 satisfy the time-phased force requirements of a sub ported commander.

 force structure - See military capability.

 force tabs - (DOD, IADB) With reference to war plans, the statement of
 time-phased deployments of major combat units by  major  commands  and
 geographical areas.

 fordability - See deep fording; shallow fording.

 foreign instrumentation signals intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence
 information derived from electromagnetic emissions associated with the
 testing and operational deployment of foreign aerospace, surface,  and
 subsurface systems. Also called FISINT.

 foreign intelligence - See intelligence.

 foreign internal defense - (DOD) Participation by civilian and
 military agencies of a government in any of the action programs  taken
 by another government to free and protect its society from subversion,
 lawlessness, and insurgency. See also internal defense.

 foreign military sales - (DOD, IADB) That  portion  of  United  States
 security assistance authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of  1961,
 as amended, and the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, as amended.  This
 assistance differs  from  the  Military  Assistance  Program  and  the
 International Military Education and  Training  Program  in  that  the
 recipient provides reimbursement for  defense  articles  and  services
 transferred.

 foreign military sales trainees - (DOD, IADB) Foreign nationals
 receiving training  conducted  by  the  Department  of  Defense  on  a
 reimbursable basis, at the country's request.

 format - (DOD, NATO) 1. In photography, the size and/or shape
 of a negative or of the print therefrom. 2. In cartography, the  shape
 and size of a map or chart.

 formation - (NATO, DOD) 1. An ordered  arrangement  of  troops  and/or
 vehicles for a specific purpose. 2. An ordered arrangement of  two  or
 more ships, units, or aircraft proceeding together under a commander.

 formerly restricted data - (DOD) Information removed from the
 Restricted Data category upon a joint determination by the  Department
 of Energy (or antecedent agencies) and Department of Defense that such
 information relates primarily to the military  utilization  of  atomic
 weapons and that such information can  be  adequately  safeguarded  as
 classified defense information. (Section 142d, Atomic  Energy  Act  of
 1954, as amended.) See also restricted data.

 forming up place - (NATO, IADB) The last position occupied by the
 assault echelon before crossing the start line/line of  departure.
 Also called attack position.

 form lines - (DOD, NATO) Lines resembling contours, but representing no
 actual elevations, which have been sketched from visual observation or
 from inadequate or unreliable map sources, to  show  collectively  the
 configuration of the terrain.

 forward aeromedical evacuation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That phase of
 evacuation which provides airlift for patients between points within
 the battlefield, from the battlefield to the initial point of treatment,
 and to subsequent points of treatment within the combat zone.

 forward air controller - (DOD, IADB) An officer (aviator/pilot) member
 of the tactical air control party who, from a forward ground or
 airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support of ground
 troops.
 forward air controller - (NATO) A qualified individual who, from
 a forward position on the ground or in the air, directs the action
 of combat aircraft engaged in close air support of land forces.

 forward air control post - (DOD) A highly mobile US Air Force
 tactical air control system radar facility subordinate to the  control
 and reporting center and/or post used to  extend  radar  coverage  and
 control in the forward combat area.

 forward area - (DOD, IADB) An area in proximity to combat.

 forward arming and refueling point - (DOD) A temporary facility,
 organized, equipped, and deployed by an aviation commander, and normally
 located in the main battle area closer to the area of operation than the
 aviation unit's combat service area, to provide  fuel  and  ammunition
 necessary for the employment of aviation maneuver units in combat. The
 forward arming and refueling point permits combat aircraft to  rapidly
 refuel and rearm simultaneously. Also called FARP.

 forward edge of the battle area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The foremost
 limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed,
 excluding the areas in which the  covering  or  screening  forces  are
 operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the  positioning  of
 forces, or the maneuver of units.

 forward line of own troops - (NATO) A line which indicates the
 most forward positions of friendly forces  in  any  kind  of  military
 operation at a specific time.

 forward motion compensation - See image motion compensation.

 forward oblique air photograph - (DOD) oblique photography of
 the terrain ahead of the aircraft.

 forward observer - (DOD, IADB) An observer operating with front
 line troops and trained to adjust ground or naval gunfire and pass back
 battlefield information. In the absence of a forward air controller the
 observer may control close air support strikes. See also spotter.

 forward observer - (NATO) An observer with forward troops trained
 to call for and adjust supporting fire and pass battlefield information.

 forward overlap - See overlap.

 forward recovery mission profile - (DOD) A mission profile that
 involves the recovery of an aircraft at a neutral/friendly forward area
 airfield or landing site.

 forward slope - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any slope which descends towards the
 enemy.

 forward tell - (DOD, NATO) The transfer of information to a
 higher level of command. See also track telling.

 found shipment - (NATO) Freight received but not listed or manifested.

 four-round illumination diamond - (DOD, NATO) A method of distributing
 the fire of illumination shells which, by  a  combination  of  lateral
 spread and range spread, provides illumination of a large area.

 fox away - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Missile has
 fired or been released from aircraft."

 fragmentary order - (DOD, IADB) An abbreviated form  of  an  operation
 order, usually issued on a day-to-day basis, that eliminates the  need
 for restating information contained in a basic operation order. It may
 be issued in sections.

 frame - (DOD, NATO) In photography, any single exposure contained
 within a continuous sequence of photographs.

 freak - (DOD) In air intercept usage, a word meaning frequency in
 megacycles.

 freddie - (DOD) In air intercept usage, a controlling unit.

 free air anomaly - (DOD) The difference between observed  gravity  and
 theoretical gravity that has been computed for latitude and  corrected
 for elevation of the station above or below the geoid, by  application
 of the normal rate of change of gravity for change of elevation, as in
 free air.

 free air overpressure - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The unreflected pressure, in
 excess of the ambient atmospheric pressure, created in the air by  the
 blast wave from an explosion. See also overpressure.

 Freedom Fighter - (DOD) A twin-engine supersonic turbojet, multipurpose
 tactical fighter/ bomber. This aircraft is multinational and is employed
 in the air-to-air / close air support roles. Some models are air
 refuelable and some are used for training. Designated F-5AB.

 free drop - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The dropping of equipment or supplies from
 an aircraft without the use  of  parachutes.  See  also  airdrop;  air
 movement; free fall; high velocity drop; low velocity drop.

 free fall - (DOD, IADB) A parachute maneuver in which the parachute is
 manually activated at the discretion of the jumper or automatically at
 a preset altitude. See also airdrop; air  movement;  free  drop;  high
 velocity drop; low velocity drop.

 free fall - (NATO) A parachute maneuver in which the parachute
 is opened,  either  manually  or  automatically,  at  a  predetermined
 altitude.

 free field overpressure - See free air overpressure.

 free issue - (DOD) Materiel provided for use  or  consumption  without
 charge to the fund or fund subdivision that finances the  activity  to
 which issued.

 free lance - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Self-control
 of aircraft is being employed."

 free mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a moored mine
 whose mooring has parted or been cut.

 free play exercise - (DOD, NATO) An exercise to test the  capabilities
 of forces under simulated contingency and/or wartime conditions, limited
 only by those artificialities or restrictions  required  by  peacetime
 safety regulations. See also controlled exercise.

 free rocket - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A rocket not subject to guidance
 or control in flight.

 freight consolidating activity - (DOD) A transportation activity
 that receives less than carload/truckload shipments of materiel for the
 purpose of assembling them into carload/  truckload  lots  for  onward
 movement to the ultimate consignee or to a freight distributing activity
 or other break bulk point. See also freight distributing activity.

 freight distributing activity - (DOD) A transportation activity that
 receives and unloads consolidated carloads/truckloads of less than
 carload/truckload shipments of material and  forwards  the  individual
 shipments to the ultimate consignee. See  also  freight  consolidating
 activity.

 fresh target - (DOD) A request or command sent by the observer or
 spotter to the firing ship to indicate that fire will be shifted from
 the original target to a new target by spots (corrections) applied  to
 the computer solution being generated.

 friendly - (DOD, IADB) A contact positively  identified  as  friendly.
 See also bogey; hostile.

 frigate - (DOD, IADB) A warship designed to operate independently,  or
 with strike,  antisubmarine  warfare,  or  amphibious  forces  against
 submarine, air, and surface threats. (Normal armament consists of 3-inch
 and 5  inch  dual-purpose  guns  and  advanced  antisubmarine  warfare
 weapons.) Designated as FF. See also guided missile frigate.

 front - (DOD, NATO, IADB) I. The lateral space occupied by an element
 measured from the extremity of one flank to the extremity of the other
 flank. 2. The direction of the enemy. 3. The line of contact of two
 opposing forces. 4. When a combat situation does not exist or is not
 assumed, the direction toward which the command is faced.

 frontal attack - (DOD, NATO) 1. An offensive maneuver in which the
 main action is directed against the front of the enemy forces. (DOD,
 IADB) 2. In air intercept, an attack by an interceptor  aircraft  that
 terminates with a heading crossing angle greater than 135.

 frustrated cargo - (DOD) Any shipment of supplies and/or equipment which
 while en route to destination is stopped prior to receipt and for which
 further disposition instructions must be obtained.

 full beam spread - See indirect illumination.

 full charge - (DOD) The larger of the two propelling charges
 available for naval guns.

 full command - (NATO, IADB) The military authority and  responsibility
 of a superior officer to issue orders to subordinates. It covers every
 aspect of military operations and administration and exists only within
 national services. The term command, as used internationally,  implies
 a lesser degree of authority than when it is used in a purely national
 sense. (NATO) It follows that no NATO commander has full command  over
 the forces that are assigned to  him.  This  is  because  nations,  in
 assigning forces to NATO, assign only operational command or operational
 control. See also command.

 full mobilization - See mobilization.

 functions  -  (DOD,  IADB)  The  appropriate   or   assigned   duties,
 responsibilities, missions, or tasks  of  an  individual,  office,  or
 organization. (DOD) As defined in the National Security Act of 1947, as
 amended, the term "function" includes functions, powers, and duties, (5
 United States Code 171n (a).)

 fusion - (DOD, NATO) The process whereby the nuclei of light
 elements combine to form the nucleus of a heavier  element,  with  the
 release of tremendous amounts of energy.

 fuze - See base fuze; boresafe fuze; impact action fuze; proximity fuze;
 self-destroying fuze; shuttered fuze; time fuze.

 fuze cavity - (DOD, NATO) A recess in a charge for receiving a fuze.

 fuze (specify) - (DOD) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 command or request to indicate the type of fuze action desired; i.e.,
 delay, quick, time, proximity.

 gadget - (DOD, IADB) Radar equipment. (Type of equipment may be
 indicated by a letter as listed in operation orders.) May be followed
 by a color to indicate state of jamming. Colors will be used as follows:
 a. green - Clear of jamming; b. amber - Sector partially jammed;
 c. red - Sector completely jammed; d. blue - Completely jammed.

 Galaxy - (DOD, IADB) A large cargo transport aircraft powered by
 by four turbofan engines, capable of carrying  a  very  large  payload
 (including outsize cargo and personnel) into forward area air  fields.
 It further is capable of refueling in flight. Designated C-5.

 gamma rays - (DOD, IADB) High energy electromagnetic radiation
 emitted from atomic nuclei during a nuclear reaction. Gamma  rays  and
 very high energy X-rays differ only in origin. X-rays do not originate
 from atomic nuclei but are produced in other ways.

 gap - (DOD, NATO) An area within a minefield or obstacle belt,
 free of live mines or obstacles, whose width and direction will  allow
 a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. See also phoney
 minefield.

 gap filler radar - (DOD, NATO) A radar used to supplement the
 coverage of the principal radar in areas where coverage is inadequate.

 gap (imagery) - (DOD) Any space where imagery fails  to  meet  minimum
 coverage requirements. This might be a space not covered by imagery or
 a space where the minimum specified overlap was not obtained. See also
 holiday.

 gap marker - (DOD, NATO) In landmine warfare, markers used to
 indicate a minefield gap. Gap markers at the entrance to, and exit from,
 the gap will be referenced to a landmark or intermediate  marker.  See
 also marker.

 garble - (DOD, IADB) An error in transmission, reception,  encryption,
 or decryption that changes the text of a message or any portion thereof
 in such a manner that it is incorrect or undecryptable.

 garnishing - (DOD, NATO) In surveillance, natural or artificial
 material applied to an object to achieve or assist camouflage.

 garrison force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) All units assigned to a base
 or area  for  defense,  development,  operation,  and  maintenance  of
 facilities. See also force(s).

 gate - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Fly at maximum
 possible speed (or power)." (To be maintained for a limited time only,
 depending on type of aircraft. Use of afterburners, rockets, etc.,  in
 accordance with local doctrine.)

 general and complete disarmament - (DOD, IADB) Reductions of armed
 forces and armaments by all states to levels required for internal
 security and for an international peace force. Connotation  is  "total
 disarmament" by all states.

 general cargo - (DOD, IADB) Cargo which is susceptible for loading  in
 general, nonspecialized stowage areas; e.g.,  boxes,  barrels,  bales,
 crates, packages, bundles, and pallets.

 general map - (DOD, IADB) A map of small scale used for general
 planning purposes. See also map.

 general orders - (DOD, IADB) 1. Permanent instructions, issued
 in order form, that apply to all members of a command, as compared with
 special orders, which affect only individuals or small groups. General
 orders are usually concerned with matters of policy or administration.
 2. A series of permanent guard orders that govern the duties of a sentry
 on post.

 general purchasing agents - (DOD) Agents who have been appointed
 in the principal overseas areas of operations to  supervise,  control,
 coordinate, negotiate, and develop the local procurement of  supplies,
 services, and facilities by United States Armed Forces, in order  that
 the most effective utilization may be  made  of  local  resources  and
 production.

 general purchasing agents - (IADB) Agents who have been appointed
 to supervise, control, coordinate, negotiate, and  develop  the  local
 procurement of supplies, services, and facilities in order that the most
 effective utilization may be made of local resources and production.

 general quarters - (DOD, IADB) A condition of readiness when
 naval action is imminent. All battle stations  are  fully  manned  and
 alert; ammunition is ready for instant loading; guns and guided missile
 launchers may be loaded.

 general reserve - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Reserve of troops under
 the control of the overall commander. See also floating reserve.

 general staff - (DOD) A group of officers in the headquarters
 of Army or Marine divisions, Marine brigades and  aircraft  wings,  or
 similar or larger units that  assist  their  commanders  in  planning,
 coordinating, and supervising operations. A general staff may  consist
 of four or more principal functional sections: personnel (G-1), military
 intelligence (G-2), operations and training (G-3), logistics (G-4), and
 (in Army organizations) civil affairs/military  government  (G-5).  (A
 particular section may  be  added  or  eliminated  by  the  commander,
 dependent upon the need that has been demonstrated.) The comparable Air
 Force staff is found in the  wing  and  larger  units,  with  sections
 designated Personnel, Operations, etc.
 G-2 Air and G-3 Air are Army  officers  assigned  to  G-2  or  G-3  at
 division, corps, and Army headquarters level who assist in planning and
 coordinating joint operations of ground and air  units.  Naval  staffs
 ordinarily are not organized on these lines, but when they are, they are
 designated N-1, N-2, etc.
 Similarly, a joint staff may be designated  J-1,  J-2,  etc.  In  Army
 brigades and smaller units and in Marine Corps units  smaller  than  a
 brigade or aircraft wing, staff sections are designated 5-1, $2, etc.,
 with corresponding duties; referred to as a unit staff in the Army and
 as an executive staff in the Marine Corps. See also staff.

 general staff - (IADB) A group of officers in the headquarters
 of divisions or similar larger units that assist their  commanders  in
 planning, coordinating, and supervising operations. A general staff may
 consist of four or more principal functional sections: personnel (G-1),
 military intelligence (G-2), operations and training (G-3),  logistics
 (G-4), and civil  affairs/military  government  (G-5).  (A  particular
 section may be added or eliminated by the commander, dependent upon the
 need that has been demonstrated.) In brigades and smaller units, staff
 sections are designated S-1, S-2, etc., with corresponding duties. See
 also staff.

 general stopping power - (DOD, NATO) The percentage of a group
 of vehicles in battle formation likely to be  stopped  by  mines  when
 attempting to cross a minefield.

 general support - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That support which is given
 to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision
 thereof.

 general support artillery - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Artillery which
 executes the fire directed by the commander of the unit  to  which  it
 organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation
 as a whole rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit.

 general support-reinforcing - (DOD, IADB) A tactical artillery
 mission. General support-reinforcing  artillery  has  the  mission  of
 supporting the force as a whole and of providing reinforcing fires for
 another artillery unit.

 general support rocket system - (DOD) A multiple rocket launcher
 system that supplements cannon artillery by delivery of large quantities
 of firepower in a short time against critical, time-sensitive targets.

 general unloading period - (DOD, NATO) In amphibious operations,
 that part of the ship-to-shore movement in which unloading is primarily
 logistic in character, and emphasizes speed and  volume  of  unloading
 operations. It encompasses the unloading of units and cargo  from  the
 ships as rapidly as facilities on the beach permit. It proceeds without
 regard to class, type, or priority of cargo,  as  permitted  by  cargo
 handling facilities ashore. See also initial unloading period.

 general war - (DOD, IADB) Armed conflict between major powers
 in which the total resources of the belligerents are employed, and the
 national survival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy.

 generation (photography) - (DOD) The preparation of successive
 positive/negative reproductions  from  an  original  negative/positive
 (first-generation). For example, the first positive produced  from  an
 original negative is a second-generation product; the negative made from
 this positive is a third-generation product; and the next positive  or
 print from that negative is a fourth-generation product.

 Genie - (DOD, IADB) An air-to-air, unguided rocket equipped with
 nuclear warhead. Designed to  be  carried  by  the  F-101  and  F-106.
 Designated as AIR--2.

 geodetic datum - See datum (geodetic).

 geographic coordinates - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The quantities of
 latitude and longitude which define the position of  a  point  on  the
 surface of the earth with respect to the reference spheroid. See  also
 coordinates.

 geographic reference points - (DOD, IADB) A means of indicating
 position, usually expressed either as double letters or as code  words
 that are established in operation orders or by other means.

 georef - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A worldwide position reference system
 that may be applied to any map or  chart  graduated  in  latitude  and
 longitude regardless of projection.  It  is  a  method  of  expressing
 latitude arid longitude in a form suitable  for  rapid  reporting  and
 plotting. (This term is derived from the words "The  World  Geographic
 Reference System.")

 glide bomb - (DOD, IADB) A bomb fitted with airfoils to provide
 lift, carried and released in the direction of a target by an airplane.

 glide mode - (DOD) In a flight control system, a control mode
 in which an aircraft is automatically positioned to the center of  the
 glide slope course.

 go around - See overshoot.

 go around mode - (DOD) In an automatic flight control system,
 a control mode which terminates an aircraft approach  and  programs  a
 climb. See also overshoot.

 goldie - (DOD) The term, peculiar to air support radar team operations,
 indicating that the aircraft automatic flight control system and ground
 control bombing system are  engaged  and  awaiting  electronic  ground
 control commands.

 goldie lock - (DOD) The term, peculiar to air support radar team
 operations, indicating ground controller has electronic control of the
 aircraft.

 go no-go - (DOD, NATO) The condition or state of operability of a
 component or system: "go," functioning properly; or "no-go,"  not
 functioning properly.

 gradient circuit - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a circuit which
 is actuated when the rate of change, with time, of the magnitude of the
 influence is within predetermined limits.

 grand slam - (DOD) All enemy aircraft originally sighted are
 shot down.

 graphic - (DOD, NATO) Any and all products of the cartographic
 and photogrammetric art. A graphic may be a map, chart, or  mosaic  or
 even a film strip that was produced using cartographic' techniques.

 graphic scale - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A graduated line by means
 of which distances on the map, chart, or photograph may be measured in
 terms of ground distance. See also scale.

 grapnel - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a device fitted
 to a mine mooring designed to grapple the sweep wire when the  mooring
 is cut.

 graticule - (DOD, NATO) 1. In cartography, a network of lines
 representing the  earth's  parallels  of  latitude  and  meridians  of
 longitude. 2. In imagery interpretation, see reticle.

 graticule ticks - (DOD, NATO) In cartography  short  lines  indicating
 where selected meridians and parallels intersect.

 graves registration - (DOD, IADB) Supervision and execution of
 matters pertaining to the identification, removal, and burial  of  the
 dead, and collection and processing of their effects. See also burial.

 gravity extraction - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The extraction of cargoes
 from the aircraft by influence of their own weight. See also extraction
 parachute.

 graze - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support,
 a spotting, or an observation, by a spotter or an observer to indicate
 that all bursts occurred on impact.

 grazing fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire approximately parallel
 to the ground where the center of the cone of fire does not rise above
 one meter from the ground. See also fire.

 great circle - (IADB) A circle on the surface of the earth, the
 plane of which passes through the center of the earth.

 great circle route - (NATO, IADB) The route which follows the
 shortest arc of a great circle between two points.

 Greenwich Mean Time - (DOD, IADB) Mean solar time at the meridian
 of Greenwich, England, used as a basis for standard time throughout the
 world. Normally expressed in four numerals  0001  through  2400.  Also
 called zulu time.

 grey propaganda - (DOD, I, IADB) Propaganda that does not specifically
 identify any source. See also propaganda.

 grid - (DOD, IADB) 1. To sets of parallel lines intersecting
 at right angles and forming squares; the grid is superimposed on maps,
 charts, and other similar representations of the earth's surface in an
 accurate and consistent manner  to  permit  identification  of  ground
 locations with respect to  other  locations  and  the  computation  of
 direction and distance to other points. 2. A term used in  giving  the
 location of a geographic point by grid coordinates. See also  military
 grid; military grid reference system.

 grid - (NATO) See military grid.

 grid bearing - (DOD, IADB) Bearing measured from grid north.

 grid bearing - (NATO) The direction of an object from a point,
 expressed as a horizontal angle, measured clockwise with reference  to
 grid north. See also bearing.

 grid convergence - (DOD, IADB) The horizontal angle at a place
 between true north and grid north. It is proportional to the longitude
 difference between the  place  and  the  central  meridian.  See  also
 convergence.

 grid convergence - (NATO) The horizontal angle at a point between
 true north and grid north. See also convergence.

 grid convergence factor - (DOD, NATO) The ratio of the grid
 convergence angle to the longitude difference. In the Lambert  Conical
 Orthomorphic projection this ratio is constant for all charts based on
 the same two standard  parallels.  See  also  constant  of  the  cone;
 convergence; grid convergence.

 grid convergence factor - (IADB) The ratio of the grid convergence
 angle to the longitude difference. In the Lambert Conical Orthomorphic
 projection this is constant and is sometimes called the constant of the
 cone. See also convergence; grid convergence.

 grid coordinates - (DOD, NATO) Coordinates of a grid coordinate
 system to which numbers and letters are assigned for use in designating
 a point on a gridded map, photograph, or chart. See also coordinates.

 grid coordinate system - (DOD, NATO)  A  plane-rectangular  coordinate
 system usually  based  on,  and  mathematically  adjusted  to,  a  map
 projection in order that geographic positions (latitudes and longitudes)
 may be readily transformed into plane coordinates and the computations
 relating to them may be made by the ordinary method of plane surveying.
 See also coordinates.

 grid interval - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The distance represented between the
 lines of a grid.

 grid magnetic angle - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Angular difference in
 direction between grid north and magnetic north. It is measured east or
 west from grid north. Grid magnetic angle is sometimes called grivation
 and/or grid variation.

 grid navigation - (DOD, NATO) A method of navigation using a
 grid overlay for direction reference. See also navigational grid.

 grid north - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The northerly or zero direction
 indicated by the grid datum of directional reference.

 grid ticks - (DOD, NATO) Small marks on the neatline of a map
 or chart indicating additional grid reference systems included on that
 sheet. Grid ticks are sometimes shown on the interior grid lines of some
 maps for ease of referencing.

 grid variation - See grid magnetic angle.

 gripper edge - (NATO) The edge by which paper or other printing
 material is drawn into the printing machine.

 grivation - See grid magnetic angle.

 gross error - (DOD) A nuclear weapon detonation at such a distance from
 the desired ground zero as to cause no nuclear damage to the target.

 gross weight - (DOD, NATO) 1. Weight of a vehicle, fully equipped
 and  serviced  for  operation,  including  the  weight  of  the  fuel,
 lubricants, coolant, vehicle tools and spares, crew, personal equipment
 and load. 2. Weight of a container or  pallet  including  freight  and
 binding. See also net weight.

 ground alert - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That status in which aircraft
 on the ground/deck are fully serviced and armed, with combat crews  in
 readiness to take off within a specified short period of time (usually
 15 minutes) after receipt of a mission order. See also alert.

 ground control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system of  accurate  measurements
 used to determine the  distances  and  directions  or  differences  in
 elevation between  points  on  the  earth.  See  also  common  control
 (artillery); control point; field control; traverse.

 ground control (geodetic) - See ground control.

 ground controlled approach procedure - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The
 technique for talking down, through the use of both  surveillance  and
 precision approach radar, an aircraft during its approach so as to place
 it in a position for landing; optical landing system. See also automatic
 approach and landing; optical landing system.

 ground controlled interception - (DOD, NATO) A technique which
 permits control of friendly aircraft or guided missiles for the purpose
 of effecting interception. See also air interception.

 ground effect machine - (NATO) A machine which normally flies
 within the zone of the ground effect or ground cushion.

 ground fire - (DOD, IADB) Small arms ground-to-air fire directed
 against aircraft.

 grounding - (DOD, NATO) The bonding of an equipment case, frame
 or chassis, to an object or  vehicle  structure  to  insure  a  common
 potential. See also bonding; earthing.

 ground liaison officer - (DOD, IADB) An officer trained  in  offensive
 air support activities. Ground liaison officers are normally organized
 into parties under the control of the appropriate  Army  commander  to
 provide liaison to Air Force and naval units engaged in  training  and
 combat operations.

 ground liaison officer - (NATO) An officer especially trained
 in air reconnaissance and/or offensive air support  activities.  These
 officers are normally organized into teams under the  control  of  the
 appropriate ground force commander to provide liaison to air force and
 navy units engaged in training and combat  operations.  See  also  air
 liaison officer.

 ground liaison party - (DOD, IADB) An army unit consisting of
 a variable number of personnel responsible for liaison with a tactical
 air support agency.

 ground liaison section - (DOD, IADB) An army unit consisting
 of a variable number of  army  officers,  other  ranks,  and  vehicles
 responsible for army/air liaison, under control of army headquarters.

 ground liaison section - (NATO) A ground unit responsible for
 ground-air liaison under control of the ground headquarters.

 ground mine - See bottom mine.

 ground nadir - (DOD, NATO) The point on the ground vertically
 beneath the perspective center of the camera lens. On a true  vertical
 photograph this coincides with the principal point.

 ground observer center - (DOD, IADB) A center to which ground
 observer teams report and which in turn will pass information  to  the
 appropriate control and/or reporting agency.

 ground observer organization - (NATO, IADB) A corps of ground
 watchers deployed at suitable points throughout an air defense  system
 to provide visual and aural information of aircraft movements.

 ground observer team - (DOD, IADB) Small units or detachments
 deployed to provide information of aircraft movements over a  defended
 area, obtained either by aural or visual means.

 ground position - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The position on the earth
 vertically below an aircraft.

 ground position indicator - (NATO) An instrument which determines
 and displays automatically the ground position of an aircraft.

 ground readiness - (DOD, IADB) That status wherein aircraft can
 be armed and serviced and personnel  alerted  to  take  off  within  a
 specified length of time after receiving orders.

 ground return - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The reflection from the terrain
 as displayed and/or recorded as an image.

 ground signals - (DOD, NATO) A visual signal displayed on an
 airfield to give local air traffic rules information to flight crews in
 the air. See also signal area.

 ground speed - (DOD, NATO) The horizontal component of the speed
 of an aircraft relative to the earth's surface.

 ground speed mode - (DOD) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which  the  ground  speed  of  an  aircraft  is  automatically
 controlled to a computed value.

 ground visibility - (DOD, IADB) Prevailing horizontal visibility
 near the earth's surface as reported by an accredited observer.

 ground zero - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point on the surface of
 the earth at, or vertically below or above, the center of a planned or
 actual nuclear detonation. See also actual ground zero; desired ground
 zero.

 group - (DOD, IADB) 1. A flexible administrative and tactical
 unit composed of either two or more battalions or two or more squadrons.
 The term also applies to combat support and service support units.  2.
 A number of ships and/or aircraft, normally a subdivision of a  force,
 assigned for a specific purpose.

 group burial - (DOD, IADB) A burial in a common grave of two
 or more individually unidentified remains. See also burial.

 group of targets - (DOD, NATO) To or more targets on which fire
 is desired simultaneously. A group  of  targets  is  designated  by  a
 letter/number combination or a nickname.

 group rendezvous - (DOD, IADB) A check point at which formations
 of the same type will join before proceeding. See also force rendezvous.

 group rendezvous - (NATO) See force rendezvous.

 guard - (DOD, NATO) A security element whose primary task is
 to protect the main force by fighting to gain time, while also observing
 and reporting information. See also flank guard; screen.

 guardship - (NATO, IADB) A ship detailed for a specific duty
 for the purpose of enabling other ships in company to assume  a  lower
 degree of readiness.

 guerrilla - (DOD, IADB) A combat participant in guerrilla warfare.
 See also unconventional warfare.

 guerrilla warfare - (DOD, I, NATO,  IADB)  Military  and  paramilitary
 operations conducted in enemy held or hostile territory by  irregular,
 predominantly indigenous forces. See also unconventional warfare.

 guidance - (DOD, IADB) 1. Policy, direction, decision, or  instruction
 having the effect of an order when promulgated by a higher echelon.  2.
 The entire process by which target intelligence information received by
 the guided missile is used to effect proper flight  control  to  cause
 timely direction changes for effective target interception.  See  also
 active homing guidance; celestial guidance; command  guidance;  homing
 guidance;  inertial  guidance;  midcourse  guidance;  passive   homing
 guidance; preset guidance; semiactive homing guidance; stellar guidance;
 terminal guidance; terrestrial reference guidance.

 guidance coverage - (DOD, NATO) That volume of space in which
 guidance information (azimuth and/or  elevation  and/or  distance)  is
 provided to aircraft to the specified performance and accuracy. This may
 be specified either with relation to airfield/airstrip geometry, making
 assumptions about deployment of ground equipment, or with relation  to
 the coverage provided by individual ground units.

 guidance station equipment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The ground-based
 portion of the missile guidance system necessary to  provide  guidance
 during missile flight.

 guidance system (missile) - (IADB) A system which evaluates flight
 information, correlates it with target data,  determines  the  desired
 flight path of the missile and communicates the necessary commands  to
 the missile flight control system. See also control system (missile).

 guided missile - (DOD, IADB) An unmanned vehicle moving above
 the surface of the earth whose trajectory or flight path is capable of
 being altered by an external or internal mechanism. See also aerodynamic
 missile; ballistic missile.

 guided missile - (NATO) An unmanned self-propelled vehicle whose
 trajectory or course, while in flight, is controlled.

 guided missile (air-to-air) - (IADB) An air-launched guided missile for
 use against air targets.

 guided missile cruiser - (DOD, IADB) A warship designed to operate with
 strike and amphibious forces against air,  surface,  and  sub  surface
 threats. Normal armaments consist of 3-inch or 5-inch guns, an advanced
 area-defense antiair-warfare missile system, and antisubmarine-warfare
 weapons.  Designed as CGN.

 guided missile destroyer - (DOD, IADB) For mission, see destroyer. This
 destroyer type is equipped with Terrier/Tartar guided missiles, improved
 naval gun battery, long-range sonar, and antisubmarine warfare weapons,
 including ASROC. Designated as DDG.

 guided missile equipment carrier - (DOD) A self-propelled, full-tracked,
 amphibious, air-transportable, unarmored  carrier  for  various  guided
 missile systems and their equipment.

 guided missile frigate - (DOD, IADB) Equipped with Tartar or
 SM-1 missile launchers. 5"/54 or 70-mm gun battery. Designated as FFG.
 See also Frigate.

 guided missile submarine - (DOD, IADB) A sub marine designed
 to have an additional capability to  launch  guided  missile  attacks.
 Designated as SSG and SSGN. The SSGN is nuclear-powered.

 guided missile (surface-to-air) -  (IADB)  A  surface-launched  guided
 missile for use against air targets.

 guide signs - (NATO, IADB) Signs used to indicate locations,
 distances, directions, routes, and similar information. (Note: IADB term
 is guide signs (road transport).)

 guide specification - (DOD, NATO) Minimum requirements to be
 used as a basis for the evaluation of a national specification covering
 a fuel, lubricant or associated product proposed  for  standardization
 action.

 guinea-pig - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a ship used
 to determine whether an area can be considered safe from influence mines
 under certain conditions, or, specifically, to detonate pressure mines.

 gull - (DOD, NATO) In electronic warfare, a floating  radar  reflector
 used to simulate a surface target at sea for deceptive purposes.

 gun - (DOD, IADB) 1. A cannon with relatively long  barrel,  operating
 with relatively low angle of fire, and having a high muzzle  velocity.
 2. A cannon with tube length 30 calibers or more. See  also  howitzer;
 mortar.

 gun carriage - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A mobile or fixed support for
 a gun. It sometimes includes the elevating and traversing  mechanisms.
 Sometimes called carriage.

 gun direction - (NATO, IADB) The distribution and direction
 of the gunfire of a ship.

 guns/weapons free - (DOD) In air intercept, means fire may be
 opened on all aircraft not recognized as friendly.

 guns/weapons tight - (DOD) In air intercept, means do not open
 fire, or cease firing on any aircraft (or on bogey  specified,  or  in
 section indicated) unless target(s) known to be hostile.

 gun-target line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An imaginary straight line
 from the gun(s) to the target. See also spotting line.

 gun-type weapon - (DOD, IADB) A device in which two or more pieces  of
 fissionable material, each less than  a  critical  mass,  are  brought
 together very rapidly so as to form  a  supercritical  mass  that  can
 explode as the result of a rapidly expanding fission chain.

 gyro-magnetic compass - (DOD) A directional  gyroscope  whose  azimuth
 scale is maintained in alignment  with  the  magnetic  meridian  by  a
 magnetic detector unit.

 H-2 - See Sea Sprite.

 H-3 - See Sea King.

 H-46 - See Sea Knight.

 hachuring - (DOD, NATO) A method of representing relief upon
 a map or chart by shading in short disconnected  lines  drawn  in  the
 direction of the slopes.

 half-life - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The time required for the activity
 of a given radioactive species to decrease to half of its initial value
 due to radioactive decay. The half-life is a characteristic property of
 each radioactive species and is independent of its amount or condition.
 The effective half-life of a given isotope is the time  in  which  the
 quantity in the body will  decrease  to  half  as  a  result  of  both
 radioactive decay and biological elimination.

 half-residence time - (DOD, NATO, IADB) As applied to delayed
 fallout, it is the time required  for  the  amount  of  weapon  debris
 deposited in a particular part of the atmosphere to decrease to half of
 its initial value.

 half thickness - (DOD, NATO, IADB)  Thickness  of  absorbing  material
 necessary to reduce by one-half the intensity of radiation which passes
 through it.

 halftone - (DOD, NATO) Any photomechanical printing surface
 or the impression therefrom  in  which  detail  and  tone  values  are
 represented by a series of evenly spaced dots in varying size and shape,
 varying in direct proportion  to  the  intensity  of  the  tones  they
 represent. See also halftone screen.

 halftone screen - (DOD, NATO) A series of regular spaced opaque
 lines on  glass,  crossing  at  right  angles,  producing  transparent
 apertures between intersections. Used in a process camera to break  up
 a solid or continuous tone image into a pattern of small dots. See also
 halftone.

 handover - (DOD, IADB) The passing of control authority of an
 aircraft from one control agency to another control  agency.  Handover
 action may be accomplished between control agencies of separate Services
 when conducting joint operations or between control agencies within  a
 single command and control system. Handover action is complete when the
 receiving controller acknowledges assumption of control authority.

 handover line - (DOD, NATO) A control  feature,  preferably  following
 easily defined terrain features, at which responsibility for the conduct
 of combat operations is passed from one force to another.

 hang fire - (DOD, NATO) An undesired delay in the functioning
 of a firing system.

 harassing (air) - (DOD, IADB) The attack of any target within
 the area of land battle not connected with interdiction or close air sub
 port. It is designed to reduce the enemy's combat effectiveness.

 harassing fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire designed to disturb
 the rest of the enemy troops, to curtail movement and,  by  threat  of
 losses, to lower morale. See also fire.

 harassment - (DOD, IADB) An incident in which the primary objective is
 to disrupt the activities of a unit, installation, or ship, rather than
 to inflict serious casualties or damage.

 harbor - (DOD, IADB) A restricted body of water, an anchorage,
 or other limited coastal water area and its mineable water approaches,
 from which shipping operations are projected or supported.  Generally,
 a harbor is part of a base, in which case the harbor defense force forms
 a component element of the base defense force established for the local
 defense of the base and its included harbor.

 harbor defense - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The defense of a harbor or
 anchorage and its water approaches against external threats such as: a.
 submarine, submarine-borne, or small surface craft  attack;  b.  enemy
 minelaying operations; and c. sabotage. The defense of a  harbor  from
 guided or  dropped  missiles  while  such  missiles  are  airborne  is
 considered to be a part of air defense. See also port security.

 hard beach - (DOD, IADB) A portion of a beach especially prepared
 with a hard surface extending into the water, employed for the purpose
 of loading or unloading directly into or from landing ships or landing
 craft.

 hardened site - (DOD, NATO) A site constructed to  provide  protection
 against the effects of conventional and nuclear explosions. It may also
 be equipped to provide protection against  a  chemical  or  biological
 attack.

 hard missile base - (DOD, NATO) A launching  base  that  is  protected
 against a nuclear explosion.

 hard port - (DOD) After heading to magnetic heading indicated, turning
 to the port in a tight turn (three digit group), or alter heading
 indicated number of degrees to the port in a tight turn (one or two
 digit group with word "degrees".)

 hardstand - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A paved or stabilized area where
 vehicles are parked. 2. Open ground area having a prepared surface
 and used for the storage of materiel.
 hard starboard - (DOD) Alter heading to  magnetic  heading  indicated,
 turning to the starboard in a tight turn (three digit group), or alter
 heading indicated number of degrees to the starboard in a  tight  turn
 (one or two digit group with word "degrees").

 hardware - (DOD) 1. The generic term dealing with physical items
 as distinguished from its capability or function  such  as  equipment,
 tools, implements, instruments, devices,  sets,  fittings,  trimmings,
 assemblies, subassemblies, components, and parts. The term is often used
 in regard to the stage of development, as in the passage of a device or
 component from the design stage into the hardware stage as the finished
 object. 2. In data automation, the physical equipment or devices forming
 a computer and peripheral components. See also software.

 harmful appreciations - (DOD) See appreciations.

 harmonization - (DOD) The process and/or results of adjusting
 differences or inconsistencies  to  bring  significant  features  into
 agreement.

 Harpoon - (DOD) An all-weather, anti-ship cruise missile capable
 of being employed from surface ships (RGM-84), aircraft  (AGM-84A)  or
 submarines (UGM-84). The missile is turbojet powered and employs a low
 level cruise trajectory. Terminal guidance is active radar. A 500-pound
 conventional warhead is employed.

 Harrier - (DOD) A single-engine, vectored thrust, turbojet, vertical
 and/or short take-off-and-landing (V/STOL) light attack aircraft,
 designed to operate from land bases and naval vessels in a close air
 support role. Capable of carrying a variety of conventional and/or
 nuclear weapons. Designated as AV-8B.

 hasty attack - (DOD, NATO) In land operations, an attack in which
 preparation time is traded for speed in order to exploit an
 opportunity. See also deliberate attack.

 hasty breaching - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The rapid creation of a route
 through a minefield, barrier or fortification by any expedient
 method.

 hasty breaching (land mine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) The creation
 of lanes through enemy minefields by expedient methods such as blasting
 with demolitions, pushing rollers or  disabled  vehicles  through  the
 minefields when the time factor does not permit detailed reconnaissance,
 deliberate breaching, or bypassing the obstacle. See also breaching.

 hasty crossing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A crossing of a river or stream
 using crossing means at  hand  or  readily  available,  without
 pausing to make elaborate preparations. See also deliberate crossing.

 hasty defense - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A defense normally organized
 while in contact with the enemy or when contact is imminent  and  time
 available for the organization is  limited.  It  is  characterized  by
 improvement of the  natural  defensive  strength  of  the  terrain  by
 utilization  of  foxholes,  emplacements,  and  obstacles.  See   also
 deliberate defense.

 hatch list - (DOD, IADB) A list showing, for each hold section
 of a cargo ship, a description of the items stowed, their  volume  and
 weight, the consignee of each, and the  total  volume  and  weight  of
 materiel in the hold.

 havens (moving) - See moving havens.

 Hawk - (DOD, IADB) A mobile air defense artillery, surface-to-air
 missile system that provides non-nuclear, low to medium  altitude  air
 defense coverage for ground forces. Designated as MIM-23.

 Hawkeye - (DOD) A twin turboprop, multicrew airborne early warning and
 interceptor control aircraft designed to operate from aircraft carriers.
 It carries a long range radar and integrated computer system  for  the
 detection and tracking of airborne targets at all altitudes. Designated
 as E-2.

 hazard sign (road transport) - (IADB) A sign used to indicate
 traffic  hazards.  Military  hazard  signs  should  be   used   in   a
 communications zone area only in accordance with  existing  agreements
 with national authorities.

 HC-130 - See Hercules.

 heading - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "My, or bogey's,
 magnetic course is ____________."

 heading - (NATO) The direction in which the longitudinal axis
 of an aircraft or  ship  is  pointed,  usually  expressed  in  degrees
 clockwise from north (true, magnetic, compass, or grid).

 heading crossing angle - (DOD, IADB) In  air  intercept,  the  angular
 difference between interceptor heading and target heading at the  time
 of intercept.

 heading hold mode - (DOD) In a flight control system, a control
 mode which automatically maintains an aircraft heading that exists  at
 the instant of completion of a maneuver.

 heading indicator - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which displays
 heading transmitted electrically from a remote compass system.

 heading select feature - (DOD) A flight control system feature
 which permits  selection  or  preselection  of  desired  automatically
 controlled heading or headings of an aircraft.

 heads up - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Enemy got
 through (part or all)," or, "I am not in position to engage target."

 head-up display - (DOD, NATO) A display of flight, navigation,
 attack, or other information superimposed upon the pilot's forward field
 of view. See also horizontal situation display.

 heavy artillery - See field artillery.

 heavy antitank weapon - (DOD, IADB) A weapon capable of operating
 from ground or vehicle, used to defeat armor and other material targets.

 heavy drop - (DOD) A system of delivery of heavy supplies and
 equipment by parachute.

 heavy-lift cargo - (DOD, IADB) I. Any single cargo lift, weighing over
 5 long tons, and to be handled aboard ship. (DOD) 2. In  Marine  Corps
 usage, individual units of cargo that exceed 800 pounds in weight or 100
 cubic feet in volume. See also cargo.

 heavy-lift ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A ship specially designed and
 capable of loading and unloading heavy and bulky items. It has booms
 of sufficient capacity to accommodate a single lift of 100 tons.

 height - (DOD, IADB) The vertical distance of an object, point, or
 level above the ground or other established reference plane. Height
 may be indicated as follows: very low - less than 500 feet; low - 500
 to 2,000 feet (above ground level); medium - 2,000 to 25,000 feet;
 high - 25,000 to 50,000 feet; very high - More than 50,000 feet.

 height - (NATO) 1. The vertical distance of a level, a point, or
 an object considered as a point, measured from a  specified  datum.
 2. The vertical dimension of an object. See also altitude; elevation.

 height datum - See altitude datum. height delay - See altitude.

 height hole - See altitude hole.

 height of burst - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The vertical distance from the
 earth's surface or target to the point of burst. See also optimum
 height of burst; safe burst height; types of burst.

 helicopter approach route - (DOD, NATO) The track or series of
 tracks along which helicopters move to a specific landing site or
 landing zone. See also helicopter lane; helicopter retirement route.

 helicopter assault force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A task organization
 combining helicopters, supporting units, and helicopter-borne troop
 units for use in helicopter-borne assault operations.

 helicopter break-up point - (DOD, IADB) A control point at which
 helicopters returning from a landing zone break formation and are
 released to return to base or are dispatched for other employment.

 helicopter departure point - See departure point.

 helicopter direction center - (DOD, NATO) In amphibious operations, the
 primary direct control agency for the helicopter group/unit  commander
 operating under the overall control of the tactical air control center.

 helicopter drop point - (DOD, IADB) A designated point within
 a landing zone where helicopters are unable to  land  because  of  the
 terrain, but in which they can discharge cargo or troops while hovering.

 helicopter landing site - (DOD, IADB) A designated subdivision
 of a helicopter landing zone in which a single flight or wave of assault
 helicopters land to embark or disembark troops and/or cargo.

 helicopter landing zone - (DOD, IADB) A specified ground area
 for landing assault helicopters to embark or disembark  troops  and/or
 cargo. A landing zone may contain one or more landing sites.

 helicopter lane - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A safety air corridor in
 which helicopters fly to or from their destination  during  helicopter
 operations. See also helicopter approach route; helicopter  retirement
 route.

 helicopter retirement route - (DOD, NATO) The track or series
 of tracks along which helicopters move from a specific landing site or
 landing zone. See also helicopter approach route; helicopter lane.

 helicopter support team - (DOD, NATO) A task organization formed
 and equipped for employment in a landing zone to facilitate the landing
 and movement of helicopter-borne troops, equipment and supplies, and to
 evacuate selected casualties and prisoners of war.

 helicopter team - (DOD, IADB) The combat-equipped troops lifted
 in one helicopter at one time.

 helicopter transport area - (DOD, IADB) Areas to the seaward
 and on the flanks of the outer transport and landing ship  areas,  but
 preferably inside the area  screen,  to  which  helicopter  transports
 proceed for launching or recovering helicopters.  See  also  transport
 area.

 helicopter wave - See wave.

 helipad - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A prepared area designated and used
 for takeoff and landing of helicopters. (Includes touchdown  or  hover
 point.)

 heliport - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A facility designated for operating,
 basing, servicing, and maintaining helicopters.

 herbicide - (DOD, IADB) A chemical compound that will kill or
 damage plants. See also anti-crop agent; antiplant agent.

 Hercules - (DOD, IADB) A medium range troop and cargo transport
 designed for air-drop or air-land delivery into a combat zone as  well
 as conventional airlift. This aircraft is equipped with four turbo-prop
 engines, and integral ramp and cargo door. The D model is ski equipped.
 The E model has additional fuel capacity for extended range. Designated
 as C-130. The inflight tanker configuration is designated HC-130, which
 is also used for the aerial rescue mission.  The  gunship  version  is
 designated AC-130; the drone control version is designated DC-130.

 H-hour - (DOD, IADB) The specific hour on D-day at which a  particular
 operation  commences.  The  operation  may  be  the  commencement   of
 hostilities; the hour at which an operation plan is executed or to  be
 executed (as distinguished from the  hour  the  order  to  execute  is
 issued); the hour that the operations phase is implemented, either  by
 land assault, parachute assault,  amphibious  assault,  air  or  naval
 bombardment. The highest  command  or  headquarters  coordinating  the
 planning  will  specify  the  exact  meaning  of  H-hour  within   the
 aforementioned definition. Normally, the letter "H" will be  the  only
 one used to denote the above. However, when several operations or phases
 of an operation are being conducted in the same  area  on  D-day,  and
 confusion may arise through the use of the same hour designation for two
 or more of them, any letter of the alphabet may be used except A, C, D,
 E, J, M, or others that may be reserved for exclusive use. See also  D
 day.

 H-hour - (NATO) See designation of days and hours.

 high - (DOD, IADB) A height between 25,000 and 50,000 feet.

 high airburst - (DOD, IADB) The fallout safe height of burst
 for a nuclear weapon that increases damage to or  casualties  on  soft
 targets, or reduces induced radiation contamination at  actual  ground
 zero. See also types of burst.

 high altitude - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Conventionally, an altitude
 above 10,000 meters (33,000 feet). See also altitude.

 high altitude bombing - (DOD, IADB) Horizontal bombing with the
 height of release over 15,000 feet.

 high altitude burst - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The  explosion  of  a  nuclear
 weapon which takes place at a height in excess of 100,000 feet (30,000
 meters). See also types of burst.

 high angle - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support,
 an order or request to obtain high angle fire.

 high angle fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire delivered at angles
 of elevation greater than the elevation that corresponds to the maximum
 range of the gun and ammunition concerned; fire, the  range  of  which
 decreases as the angle of elevation is increased.

 high density airspace control zone - (DOD, NATO) Airspace of
 defined dimensions, designated by the airspace control  authority,  in
 which there is  a  concentrated  employment  of  numerous  and  varied
 weapons/airspace users.

 high explosive cargo - (DOD, IADB) Cargo such as artillery ammunition,
 bombs, depth charges, demolition material, rockets, and missiles.  See
 also cargo.

 high oblique - See oblique air photograph.

 high speed submarine - (DOD, IADB) A submarine  capable  of  submerged
 speeds of 20 knots or more.

 high value asset control items - (DOD) Items of supply identified
 for intensive management control under approved  inventory  management
 techniques designed to maintain an optimum  inventory  level  of  high
 investment items. Also known as hi-value asset control items.

 high velocity drop - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A drop procedure in which
 the drop velocity is greater than 30 feet per second (low velocity drop)
 and lower than free drop velocity. See also airdrop.

 hill shading - (DOD, NATO) A method of representing relief on
 a map by depicting the shadows that would be cast by  high  ground  if
 light were shining from a certain direction.

 hoist - (DOD, NATO) In helicopters, the mechanism  by  which  external
 loads may be raised or lowered vertically.

 hold - (DOD, NATO, IADB) I. A cargo stowage compartment aboard
 ship. 2. To maintain or retain possession of by force, as a position or
 an area. 3. In an attack, to  exert  sufficient  pressure  to  prevent
 movement or redisposition of enemy forces. 4. As applied to air traffic,
 to keep an aircraft within a specified  space  or  location  which  is
 identified by visual or other means in  accordance  with  Air  Traffic
 Control instructions.

 holdee - See transient.

 hold fire - (DOD, NATO) In air defense, an emergency order to
 stop firing.  Missiles  already  in  flight  must  be  prevented  from
 intercepting, if technically possible.

 hold fire - (IADB) Do not open fire, or  cease  firing  on  raid/track
 designated. Missiles in flight must not be permitted  to  continue  to
 intercept raid/track designated. (Note: This is an emergency order that
 temporarily terminates the active status of antiair warfare weapons on
 raid/track designated.)

 holding anchorage - (DOD, NATO) An anchorage where ships may
 lie: a. if the assembly or working anchorage, or port, to  which  they
 have been assigned is full; b. when delayed by enemy threats or  other
 factors from proceeding immediately on  their  next  voyage;  c.  when
 dispersed from a port to avoid the effects of a nuclear attack. See also
 assembly anchorage; emergency anchorage; working anchorage.

 holding attack - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An attack designed to hold
 the enemy in position, to deceive him as to where the main  attack  is
 being made, to prevent him from reinforcing the elements opposing  the
 main attack and/or to cause him to commit his reserves prematurely  at
 an indecisive location.

 holding pattern mode - (DOD) Automatic control of an aircraft
 to fly the programmed holding pattern.

 holding point - (DOD, NATO) A geographically or electronically
 defined  location  used  in  stationing  aircraft  in  flight   in   a
 predetermined pattern in accordance with air traffic control clearance.
 See also orbit point.

 holding position - (DOD, NATO) A specified location on the
 airfield, close to the active runway and identified by visual means, at
 which the position of a taxiing aircraft is maintained  in  accordance
 with air traffic control instructions.

 holiday - (DOD) An unintentional omission in imagery coverage
 of an area. See also gap (imagery).

 holiday - (NATO) In naval mine warfare,  a  gap  left  unintentionally
 during sweeping or minehunting  arising  from  errors  in  navigation,
 station-keeping, dan laying, breakdowns or other causes.

 hollow charge - (DOD, NATO) A shaped charge producing a deep
 cylindrical hole of relatively small diameter in the direction of  its
 axis of rotation.

 home recovery mission profile - (DOD) A mission profile that
 involves the recovery of an aircraft at its permanent  or  temporarily
 assigned operating base.

 homing - (DOD, NATO) The technique whereby a mobile station
 directs itself, or is directed, towards a source of primary or reflected
 energy, or to a specified point.

 homing adaptor - (DOD, NATO) A device which when used with an
 aircraft radio receiver, produces aural and/or  visual  signals  which
 indicate the direction of a transmitting radio station with respect to
 the heading of the aircraft.

 homing guidance - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system by which a missile
 steers itself towards a target by means of a  self-contained  mechanism
 which is activated by some distinguishing characteristics of the target.
 See also active homing guidance; guidance;  passive  homing  guidance;
 semi-active homing guidance.

 homing mine - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a mine fitted
 with propulsion equipment that homes on to a target. See also mine.

 homogeneous area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area which has uniform
 radar reflecting power at  all  points.  See  also  inserted  grouping
 (radar).

 hook - (DOD) A procedure used by an air controller  to  electronically
 direct the data processing equipment of a semi-automatic  command  and
 control system to take a specified action on a specific radar blip  or
 symbol.

 horizon - (DOD, IADB) In general, the apparent or visible junction  of
 the earth and sky, as seen from any specific position. Also called the
 apparent, visible, or local horizon. A horizontal plane passing through
 a point of vision or perspective center. The apparent or visible horizon
 approximates the true horizon only when the point of  vision  is  very
 close to sea level.

 horizontal action mine - (DOD, NATO) In land mine warfare, a
 mine designed to produce a destructive effect in a plane approximately
 parallel to the ground.

 horizontal action mine - (IADB) A mine designed to produce a
 destructive effect in a plane approximately parallel to the ground.

 horizontal error - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The error in range, deflection, or
 in radius, which a weapon may be expected to exceed as often  as  not.
 Horizontal error of weapons making a nearly vertical approach  to  the
 target is described in terms of circular  error  probable.  Horizontal
 error of weapons producing elliptical dispersion pattern is  expressed
 in terms of probable error. See also circular error probable; delivery
 error; deviation; dispersion error.

 horizontal loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Loading of items of like
 character in horizontal layers throughout the holds of a ship. See
 also loading.

 horizontal situation display - (DOD, NATO) An electronically
 generated display on which navigation information and stored mission and
 procedural data can be presented.  Radar  information  and  television
 picture can also be displayed either as a map overlay or as a separate
 image. See also head-up display.

 horizontal situation indicator - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which may
 display bearing and distance to a navigation aid, magnetic heading,
 track/course and track/course deviation.

 horn - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a projection from the
 mine shell of some contact mines which, when broken or bent by
 contact, causes the mine to fire.

 horse collar - See rescue strop.

 hospital - (DOD, IADB) A medical treatment facility capable of
 providing inpatient care. It is appropriately staffed and equipped  to
 provide diagnostic and therapeutic services, as well as the  necessary
 supporting services required  to  perform  its  assigned  mission  and
 functions. A hospital may, in addition, discharge the functions  of  a
 clinic.

 hostage - (DOD, IADB) A person held as a pledge that certain terms
 or agreements will be kept. (The taking of hostages is forbidden
 under the Geneva Conventions, 1949.)

 host country - (DOD, IADB) A nation in which representatives or
 organizations of another state are present because of government
 invitation and/or international agreement.

 hostile - (DOD, IADB) A contact positively identified as enemy. See
 also bogey; friendly.

 hostile acts - (DOD, IADB) Basic rules established by higher
 authority for defining  and  recognizing  hostile  acts  by  aircraft,
 submarines, surface units, and ground forces will be promulgated by the
 commanders of unified or specified commands, and by other  appropriate
 commanders when so authorized.

 hostile track - (DOD, NATO) The classification assigned to a
 track which, based upon established criteria, is determined to  be  an
 enemy threat.

 host nation - (DOD, NATO) A nation which receives the forces and/or
 supplies of allied nations  and/or  NATO  organizations to be
 located on, or to operate in, or to transit through its territory.

 host nation assistance - See host nation support.

 host nation post - (NATO) A post which has been agreed by the local
 national authorities and should be permanently filled by them in
 view of its administrative/national nature.

 host nation support - (DOD) Civil and/or military assistance rendered
 by a nation to foreign forces within its territory during peace time,
 times of crisis/emergencies, or war based upon agreements mutually
 concluded between nations.

 host nation support - (NATO) Civil and military assistance rendered in
 peace and war by a host nation to allied forces and NATO organizations
 which are located on or in transit through the host nation's territory.
 The basis of such assistance is  commitments  arising  from  the  NATO
 Alliance or from bilateral or multilateral agreements concluded between
 the host nation, NATO organizations and (the) nation(s) having  forces
 operating on the host nation's territory.

 hot photo interpretation report - (DOD) A preliminary unformatted
 report of significant information from tactical reconnaissance imagery
 dispatched prior to compilation of the  Initial  Photo  Interpretation
 Report. It should pertain to a single objective, event, or activity of
 significant interest  to  justify  immediate  reporting.  Also  called
 HOTPHOTOREP.

 HOTPHOTOREP - See hot photo interpretation report.

 hot report - Not to be used. See Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/
 Surveillance Mission Report.

 hot spot - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Region in a contaminated area in which
 the level of radioactive contamination is considerably greater than
 in neighboring regions in the area.

 Hound Dog - (DOD, IADB) A turbojet-propelled, air-to-surface
 missile designed to be carried externally on the B-52. It is  equipped
 with a nuclear warhead and can be launched  for  either  high  or  low
 altitude attacks against enemy targets, supplementing  the  internally
 carried firepower of the B-52. Designated as AGM-28B.

 hovercraft - See ground effect machine.

 hovering - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A self-sustaining maneuver whereby a
 fixed, or nearly fixed, position is maintained relative to a spot on
 the surface of the earth or underwater.

 hovering ceiling - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The highest altitude at which
 the helicopter is capable of hovering in standard atmosphere. It is
 usually stated in two figures: hovering in ground effect and hovering
 out of ground effect.

 howitzer  -  (DOD,  IADB)  I.  A   cannon   which   combines   certain
 characteristics of guns and mortars. The howitzer delivers projectiles
 with medium velocities, either by low or high trajectories. 2. Normally
 a cannon with a tube length of 20 to 30 calibers;  however,  the  tube
 length can exceed 30 calibers and still be considered a howitzer  when
 the high angle fire zoning  solution  permits  range  overlap  between
 charges. See also gun; mortar.

 human intelligence - (DOD, NATO) A category of intelligence
 derived from information collected and provided by human sources. Also
 called HUMINT.

 human resources intelligence - (DOD) The intelligence information
 derived from the intelligence collection discipline  that  uses  human
 beings as both sources and collectors, and where the human being is the
 primary collection instrument. Also called HUMINT.

 HUMINT - See human resources intelligence.

 hunter-killer group - See antisubmarine carrier group.

 hunter track - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the track
 to be followed by the hunter (or sweeper) to ensure that the hunting (or
 sweeping) gear passes over the lap track.

 hydrofoil patrol craft - (DOD, IADB) A patrol combatant, missile,
 fast surface patrol craft, capable of  quick  reaction  and  offensive
 operations against major enemy surface combatants. Designated as PHM.

 hydrogen bomb - See thermonuclear weapon.

 hydrographic chart - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A nautical chart showing
 depths of water, nature of bottom, contours of bottom and coastline, and
 tides and currents in a given sea or sea and land area.

 hydrographic reconnaissance - (DOD, IADB) Reconnaissance of an
 area of water to determine depths, beach gradients, the nature of  the
 bottom, and the location of coral reefs, rocks, shoals,  and  man-made
 obstacles.

 hydrographic section (beach party) - (DOD, IADB) A section of
 a beach party whose duties are to clear the beach  of  damaged  boats,
 conduct hydrographic reconnaissance,  assist  in  removing  underwater
 obstructions, act as stretcher bearers and furnish relief boat crews.

 hydrography - (DOD, NATO) The science which deals with the measurements
 and description of the physical features of the oceans,  seas,  lakes,
 rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to
 their use for navigational purposes.

 hyperbaric chamber - (DOD, NATO) A chamber used to induce an
 increase in ambient pressure as would occur in  descending  below  sea
 level, in a water or air environment. It is the only type  of  chamber
 suitable for use in the treatment of decompression sickness in  flying
 or  diving.  Also  called   compression   chamber;   diving   chamber;
 recompression chamber.

 hyperbolic navigation system - (DOD, NATO) A radio navigation
 system which enables the position  of  an  aircraft  equipped  with  a
 suitable receiver to be fixed by two or more  intersecting  hyperbolic
 position lines. The system employs either a time difference measurement
 of pulse transmissions or a phase difference measurement of phase-locked
 continuous wave transmissions. See also Decca; loran.

 hyperfocal distance - (DOD, NATO) The distance from the lens
 to the nearest object in focus when the lens is focused at infinity.

 hypergolic fuel - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fuel which will spontaneously
 ignite with an oxidizer, such as aniline with fuming nitric acid. It is
 used as the propulsion agent in certain missile systems.

 hypersonic - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Of or pertaining to speeds equal
 to, or in excess of, five times the speed of sound. See also speed  of
 sound.

 hyperstereoscopy - (DOD, NATO) Stereoscopic viewing in which the
 relief effect is noticeably exaggerated, caused by the extension of
 the camera base. Also called exaggerated stereoscopy.

 hypobaric chamber - (DOD, NATO) A chamber used to induce a decrease in
 ambient pressure as would occur in ascending to altitude. This type of
 chamber is primarily used for training and experimental purposes. Also
 called altitude chamber; decompression chamber.

 hypsometric tinting - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A method of showing relief
 on maps and charts by coloring in different shades those parts which
 lie between selected levels. Sometimes referred to as elevation tint;
 altitude tint; layer tint.
 identification - (DOD, IADB) 1. The process of determining the friendly
 or hostile character of an unknown detected contact. 2. In arms
 control, the process of determining which nation is responsible for the
 detected violations of any arms control measure. 3. In ground combat
 operations, discrimination between recognizable objects as being
 friendly or enemy, or the name that belongs to the object as a member
 of a class.

 identification - (NATO) 1. The indication by any act or means
 of your own friendly character or individuality.  -  See also
 recognition. 2. In imagery interpretation, the discrimination between
 objects within a particular type or class.

 Identification friend or foe - (IADB) A system using radar transmissions
 to which equipment carried by friendly forces automatically responds,
 for example, by emitting pulses, there by distinguishing themselves from
 enemy forces. It is the primary method of determining the friendly or
 unfriendly character of aircraft and ships by other aircraft or ships
 and by ground forces employing radar detection equipment and associated
 identification friend or foe units. See also selective identification
 feature.

 identification, friend or foe (IFF) - (NATO, DOD) A system using
 electromagnetic transmissions to which equipment carried by friendly
 forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses, thereby
 distinguishing themselves from enemy forces.

 Identification Friend or Foe personal identifier - (DOD, IADB)
 The discrete Identification Friend or Foe code assigned to a particular
 aircraft, ship, or other vehicle for identification by electronic means.

 identification maneuver - (DOD, IADB) A maneuver performed for
 identification purposes.

 identify - (DOD) A code meaning, "Identify the contact designated
 by any means at your disposal." - See also identification, recognition.

 identify - (NATO) - See identification; recognition.

 identity - See identification; recognition.

 igloo space - (DOD, IADB) Area in an earthcovered structure of
 concrete and/or steel designed for the storage of ammunition and
 explosives. - See also storage.

 igniter - (DOD, NATO) A device designed to produce a flame or
 flash which is used to initiate an explosive train.

 ignition system - See firing system.

 I go - (DOD) A code meaning, "I am leaving my patrol/mission
 in ____ minutes." - See also I stay.

 illumination by diffusion - See indirect illumination.

 illumination by reflection - See indirect illumination.

 illumination fire - (NATO) Fire designed to illuminate an area.

 image degradation - (NATO) The reduction of the inherent optimum
 potential of individual sensor systems caused by error in sensor
 operations, processing procedures or incorrect film handling. Reduction
 in quality caused by unavoidable factors not associated with the sensor
 system, i.e. atmospherics, snow, cover, etc., is not associated with the
 term.

 image displacement - (NATO) In a photograph, any dimensional or
 positional error.

 image format - (DOD) Actual size of negative, scope, or other
 medium on which image is produced.

 image motion compensation - (DOD, NATO) Movement intentionally
 imparted to film at such a rate as to compensate for the forward motion
 of an air or space vehicle when photographing ground objects.

 imagery - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Collectively, the representations
 of objects reproduced electronically or by optical means on film,
 electronic display devices, or other media.

 imagery collateral - (DOD, NATO) The reference materials which
 support the imagery interpretation function.

 imagery correlation - (DOD, NATO) The mutual relationship between
 the different signatures on imagery from different types of sensors in
 terms of position and the physical characteristics signified.

 imagery data recording - (DOD, NATO) The transposing of information
 relating to the airborne vehicle, and sensor, such as speed, height,
 tilt, position and time, to the matrix block on the sensor record at the
 moment of imagery acquisition.

 imagery exploitation - (DOD, NATO) The cycle of processing and
 printing imagery to the positive or negative state, assembly into
 imagery packs, identification, interpretation, mensuration, information
 extraction, the preparation of reports and the dissemination of
 information.

 imagery intelligence - (DOD) Intelligence information derived
 from the exploitation of collection by visual photography, infrared
 sensors, lasers, electro-optics and radar sensors such as synthetic
 aperture radar wherein images of objects are reproduced optically or
 electronically on film, electronic display devices or other media. Also
 called IMINT. - See also photographic intelligence.

 imagery interpretation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The process of
 location, recognition, identification, and description of objects,
 activities, and terrain represented on imagery. (NATO) 2. The extraction
 of information from photographs or other recorded images.

 imagery interpretation key - (DOD, NATO) Any diagram, chart,
 table, list, or set of examples, etc., which is used to aid imagery
 interpreters in the rapid identification of objects visible on imagery.

 imagery pack - (DOD, NATO) An assembly of the records from different
 imagery sensors covering a common target area.

 imagery sortie - (DOD, NATO) One flight by one aircraft for the
 purpose of recording air imagery.

 IMINT - See imagery intelligence.

 imitative deception - See electronic warfare.

 imitative electronic deception (IED) - See electronic warfare.

 immediate air support - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Air support to meet
 specific requests which arise during the course of a battle and which
 by their nature cannot be planned in advance. - See also air support.

 immediate destination - (DOD, NATO) The next destination of a
 ship or convoy, irrespective of whether or not onward routing
 instructions have been issued to it.

 immediate destination (merchant shipping) - (NATO, IADB) The
 next destination of a ship or convoy, irrespective of whether or not
 onward routing instructions have been issued to it. - See also
 destination (merchant shipping).

 immediately vital cargo - (DOD, NATO) A cargo already loaded
 which the consignee country regards as immediately vital for the
 prosecution of the war or for national survival, notwithstanding the
 risk to the ship. If the cargo is carried in a ship of another nation,
 then that nation must agree to the delivery of the cargo. The use of
 this term is limited to the period of implementation of the shipping
 movement policy. - See also cargo.

 immediately vital cargo - (IADB) A cargo already loaded, which
 the consignee country regards as immediately vital for the prosecution
 of the war or for national survival, and delivery of which may be
 authorized by the national authorities of the flag or ship carrying the
 cargo, notwithstanding the risk to the ship.

 immediate message - (DOD, IADB) A category of precedence reserved
 for messages relating to situations that gravely affect the security of
 national/allied forces or populace and which require immediate delivery
 to the addressee(s). - See also precedence.

 immediate mission request - (DOD, IADB) A request for an air
 strike on a target which, by its nature, could not be identified
 sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and
 planning. - See also preplanned mission request.

 immediate mission request (reconnaissance) - (DOD, IADB) A request for
 a mission on a target which, by its nature, could not be identified
 sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and
 planning.

 immediate nuclear support - (DOD, IADB) Nuclear support to meet
 specific requests which arise during the course of a battle, and which,
 by their nature, cannot be planned in advance. - See also preplanned
 nuclear support; nuclear support.

 immediate operational readiness - (DOD, IADB) Those operations
 directly related to the assumption of an alert or quick-reaction
 posture.  Typical  operations  include  strip  alert,  airborne
 alert/indoctrination, no-notice launch of an alert force, and the
 maintenance of missiles in an alert configuration. - See also nuclear
 weapon exercise; nuclear weapon maneuver.

 immediate operational readiness - (NATO) The state in which
 an armed force is ready in all respects for instant combat.

 impact action fuze - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A fuze that is set in action
 by the striking of a projectile or bomb against an object, e.g.,
 percussion fuze, contact fuze. Synonymous with direct action fuze.  -
 See also fuze.

 impact area - (DOD, IADB) An area having designated boundaries
 within the limits of which all ordnance will detonate or impact.

 impact area - (NATO) An area having designated boundaries within
 the limits of which all ordnance is to make contact with the ground.

 impact point - See point of impact.

 impact pressure - (DOD, NATO) The difference between pitot pressure and
 static pressure.

 implosion weapon - (DOD, IADB) A weapon in which a quantity of
 fissionable material, less than a critical mass at ordinary pressure,
 has its volume suddenly reduced by compression (a step accomplished by
 using chemical explosives) so that it becomes supercritical, producing
 a nuclear explosion.

 implosion weapon - (NATO) A device in which a quantity of fissionable
 material, less than a critical mass, has its volume suddenly decreased
 by compression, so that it becomes supercritical and an explosion can
 take place. The compression is achieved by means of a spherical
 arrangement of specially fabricated shapes of ordinary high explosive
 which produce an inwardly-directed implosion wave, the fissionable
 material being at the center of the sphere.

 imprest fund - (DOD) A cash fund of a fixed amount established
 through an advance of funds, without appropriation change, to an
 authorized imprest fund cashier to effect immediate cash payments of
 relatively small amounts for authorized purchases of supplies and
 nonpersonal services.

 imprint - (DOD, NATO) Brief note in the margin of a map giving
 all or some of the following: date of publication, printing, name of
 publisher, printer, place of publication, number of copies printed, and
 related information.

 improved conventional munitions - (DOD) Munitions characterized
 by the delivery of two or more antipersonnel or antimateriel and/or
 antiarmor submunitions by an artillery warhead or projectile.

 improvised early resupply - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The onward movement
 of commodities which are available on land and which can be readily
 loaded into shin. - See also element of resupply. (Note: IADB puts
 parentheses around "early" in the term.)

 improvised explosive devices - (DOD, NATO) Those devices placed or
 fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal,
 noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy,
 disfigure, distract or harass. They may incorporate military stores,
 but are normally devised from non-military components.

 improvised mine - (DOD) A mine fabricated from available materials at
 or near its point of use.

 inactive aircraft inventory - (DOD) Aircraft in storage, bailment,
 government-furnished equipment on loan or lease outside of the Defense
 establishment or otherwise not available to the Military Services.

 inactive duty training - (DOD) Authorized training performed by
 a member of a Reserve Component not on active duty or active duty for
 training and consisting of regularly scheduled unit training assemblies,
 additional training assemblies, periods of appropriate duty  or
 equivalent training, and any special additional duties authorized for
 Reserve Component personnel by an authority designated by the Secretary
 concerned, and performed by them in connection with the prescribed
 activities of the organization in which they are assigned.

 inbound traffic - (DOD) Traffic originating in an area outside
 continental United States destined for or moving in the general
 direction of continental United States.

 incapacitating agent - (DOD, IADB) An agent that produces temporary
 physiological or mental effects, or both, which will render individuals
 incapable of concerted effort in the performance of their assigned
 duties.

 incapacitating agent - (NATO) A chemical agent which produces
 temporary disabling conditions which (unlike those caused by riot
 control agents) can be physical or mental and persist for hours or days
 after exposure to the agent has ceased. Medical treatment, while not
 usually required, facilitates a more rapid recovery.  - See also
 chemical agent; riot control agent.

 incentive type contract - (DOD, IADB) A contract that may be
 of either a fixed price or cost reimbursement nature, with a special
 provision for adjustment of the fixed price or fee. It provides for a
 tentative target price and a maximum price or maximum fee, with price
 or fee adjustment after completion of the contract for the purpose of
 establishing a final price or fee based on the contractor's actual costs
 plus a sliding scale of profit or fee that varies inversely with the
 cost but which in no event shall permit the final price or fee to exceed
 the maximum price or fee stated in the contract. - See also fixed price
 type contract.

 incident classification - See search and rescue incident classification.

 incident (exercise) - (IADB) An occurrence injected by directing
 staffs into the exercise which will have an effect on the forces being
 exercised or their facilities and which will require action by the
 appropriate commander and/or staff being exercised. - See also exercise
 incident (NATO).

 incidents - (DOD, IADB) Brief clashes or other military disturbances
 generally of a transitory nature and not involving  protracted
 hostilities.

 inclination angle - See pitch angle.

 indefinite call sign - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A call sign which does
 not represent a specific facility, command, authority, activity, or
 unit, but which may represent any one or any group of these. - See also
 call sign.

 indefinite delivery type contract - (DOD, IADB) A type of contract used
 for procurements where the exact time of delivery is not known at time
 of contracting.

 independent - (DOD, NATO) A merchant ship under naval control
 sailed singly and unescorted by a warship.  - See also military
 independent.

 independent ejection system - See ejection systems.

 independent mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine which is not controlled
 by the user after laying. - See also mine.

 index contour line - (NATO) A contour line accentuated by a
 heavier line weight to distinguish it from intermediate contour lines.
 Index contours are usually shown as every fifth contour with their
 assigned values, to facilitate reading elevations.

 index to adjoining sheets - See inter-chart relationship diagram.

 indicated airspeed - See airspeed.

 indicated airspeed hold mode - (DOD) In a flight control system,
 a control mode in which desired indicated airspeed of an aircraft is
 maintained automatically.

 indicating - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Contact
 speed, by plot, is ___."

 indications and warning - (DOD) Those intelligence activities
 intended to detect and report time-sensitive intelligence information
 on foreign developments that could involve a threat to the United States
 or allied military, political, or economic interests or to US citizens
 abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy actions or intentions; the
 imminence of hostilities; insurgency; nuclear/non-nuclear attack on the
 United States, its overseas forces, or allied nations; hostile reactions
 to United States reconnaissance activities; terrorists' attacks; and
 other similar events.

 indications (intelligence) - (DOD) Information in various degrees
 of evaluation, all of which bears on the intention of a potential enemy
 to adopt or reject a course of action.

 indicator - (DOD, NATO) In intelligence usage, an item of information
 which reflects the intention or capability of a potential enemy to adopt
 or reject a course of action.

 indirect air support - (DOD, IADB) All forms of air support provided to
 land or naval forces which do not immediately assist those forces in
 the tactical battle.

 indirect air support - (NATO) Support given to land or sea forces
 by air action against objectives other than enemy forces engaged in
 tactical battle. It includes the gaining and maintaining of air
 superiority interdiction, and harassing. - See also air support.

 indirect damage assessment - See post-strike damage estimation.

 indirect fire - (DOD, IADB) Fire delivered on a target that is
 not itself used as a point of aim for the weapons or the director.

 indirect fire - (NATO) Fire delivered at a target which cannot
 be seen by the aimer. - See also fire.

 indirect illumination - (DOD, NATO) Battlefield illumination
 provided by employing searchlight or pyrotechnic illuminants using
 diffusion or reflection. a. Illumination by diffusion: Illumination of
 an area beneath and to the flanks of a slightly elevated searchlight or
 of pyrotechnic illuminants, by the light scattered from atmospheric
 particles. b. Illumination by reflection: Illumination of an area by
 reflecting light from low cloud. Either or both of these effects are
 present when a searchlight is used in defilade or with its beam spread
 to maximum width.

 indirect laying - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Aiming a gun either by sighting at
 a fixed object, called the aiming point, instead of the target or by
 using a means of pointing other than a sight, such as a gun director,
 when the target cannot be seen from the gun position.

 individual equipment - (DOD, IADB) Referring to method of use,
 signifies personal clothing and equipment, for the personal use of the
 individual. - See also equipment.

 individual nuclear, biological and chemical protection - (NATO)
 Protection provided to the individual in a nuclear, biological and
 chemical environment by protective clothing and/or personal equipment.

 individual ready reservist - (DOD) A member of the Ready Reserve
 not assigned to the Selected Reserve and not on active duty.

 individual reserves - (DOD, IADB) The supplies carried on a soldier,
 animal, or vehicle for individual use in an emergency.  - See also
 reserve supplies.

 individual sponsored dependent - (DOD) A dependent not entitled
 to travel to the overseas command at Government expense or who enters
 the command without endorsement of the appropriate overseas commander.

 induced environment - (DOD, IADB) Any man-made or equipment-made
 environment which directly or indirectly affects the performance of man
 or materiel.

 induced precession - (DOD, NATO) A precession resulting from
 a torque, deliberately applied to a gyro.

 induced radiation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Radiation produced as a
 result of exposure to radioactive materials, particularly the capture
 of neutrons. - See also contamination; initial radiation; residual
 radiation; residual radioactivity.

 induction circuit - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a circuit
 actuated by the rate of change in a magnetic field due to the movement
 of the ship or the changing current in the sweep.

 industrial mobilization - (DOD, IADB) The transformation of industry
 from its peacetime activity to the industrial program necessary to
 support national military objectives. It includes the mobilization of
 materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and contributory items
 and services essential to the industrial program. - See also
 mobilization.

 industrial preparedness - (DOD, IADB) The state of preparedness
 of industry to produce essential materiel to support the national
 military objectives.

 industrial preparedness program - (DOD) Plans, actions, or measures for
 the transformation of the industrial base, both government-owned and
 civilian-owned, from its peacetime activity to the emergency program
 necessary to support the national military objectives. It includes
 industrial preparedness measures such as modernization, expansion, and
 preservation of the production facilities and contributory items and
 services for planning with industry.

 industrial property - (DOD) As distinguished from military property,
 means any contractor-acquired or  government-furnished  property,
 including materials, special tooling, and industrial facilities,
 furnished or acquired in the performance of a contract or subcontract.

 industrial readiness - See industrial preparedness.

 inert filling - (DOD, NATO) A prepared non-explosive filling of
 the same weight as the explosive filling.

 inertial guidance - (DOD, IADB) A guidance system designed to
 project a missile over a predetermined path, wherein the path of the
 missile is adjusted after launching by devices wholly within the missile
 and independent of outside information. The system measures and converts
 accelerations experienced to distance traveled in a certain direction.
 - See also guidance.

 inertial navigation system - (DOD, NATO) A self-contained navigation
 system using inertial detectors, which automatically provides vehicle
 position, heading and velocity.

 inert mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine or replica of a mine incapable
 of producing an explosion.

 infill - (NATO) In cartography, the filling of an area or feature with
 color, e.g., roads, town shapes, lakes, etc.

 infiltration - (DOD, IADB) I. The movement through or into an
 area or territory occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or
 organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by
 individuals, at extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection
 with the enemy, it infers that contact is avoided. 2. In intelligence
 usage, placing an agent or other person in a target area in hostile
 territory. Usually involves crossing a frontier or other guarded line.
 Methods of infiltration are: black (clandestine); grey (through legal
 crossing point but under false documentation); white (legal).

 infiltration - (NATO) A technique and process in which a force
 moves as individuals or small groups over, through or around enemy
 positions without detection.

 inflammable cargo - (DOD, IADB) Cargo such as drummed gasoline
 and oils. - See also cargo.

 inflight phase - (DOD) The flight of a missile or space vehicle
 from launch to detonation or impact.

 inflight report - (DOD, IADB) The transmission from the airborne
 system of information obtained both at the target and en route.

 inflight report - (NATO) A standard form of message whereby
 aircrews report mission results while in flight. It is also used for
 reporting any other tactical information sighted of such importance and
 urgency that the delay, if reported by normal debriefing, would negate
 the usefulness of the information.

 influence field - (DOD, NATO) The distribution in space of the
 influence of a ship or mine-sweeping equipment.

 influence mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine actuated by the effect of
 a target on some physical condition in the vicinity of the mine or on
 radiations emanating from the mine. - See also mine.

 influence release sinker - (DOD, NATO) A sinker which holds
 a moored or rising mine at the sea-bed and releases it when actuated by
 a suitable ship influence.

 influence sweep - (DOD, NATO) A sweep designed to produce an
 influence similar to that produced by a ship and thus actuate mines.

 informant - (DOD, IADB) I. A person who, wittingly or unwittingly,
 provides information to an agent, a clandestine service, or the police.
 2. In reporting, a person who has provided specific information and is
 cited as a source.

 information - (DOD) 1. In intelligence usage, unevaluated material of
 every description that may be used in the production of intelligence.
 2. The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known
 conventions used in their representation.

 information - (NATO) In intelligence usage, unprocessed data
 of every description which may be used in the production  of
 intelligence. - See also intelligence cycle.

 information box - (NATO) A space on an annotated overlay, mosaic,
 map, etc., which is used for identification, reference, and scale
 information.

 information (intelligence) - (IADB) Unevaluated material of every
 description, including that derived from observations, reports, rumors,
 imagery, and other sources that, when processed,  may  produce
 intelligence.

 information processing - See intelligence cycle.

 information report - (DOD, IADB) Report used to forward raw information
 collected to fulfill intelligence requirements.

 information requirements - (DOD, NATO) Those items of information
 regarding the enemy and his environment which need to be collected and
 processed in order to meet the intelligence requirements of a commander.
 - See also priority intelligence requirements.

 informer - (DOD, IADB) Person who intentionally discloses to police
 or to a security service information about persons or activities
 considered suspect, usually for a financial reward.

 infrared film - (DOD, IADB) Film carrying an emulsion especially
 sensitive to "near-infrared." Used to photograph through haze, because
 of the penetrating power of infrared light; and in camouflage detection
 to distinguish between living vegetation and dead vegetation or
 artificial green pigment.

 infrared film - (NATO) Film carrying an emulsion especially
 sensitive to the near infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

 infrared imagery - (DOD, IADB) That imagery produced as a result
 of sensing electromagnetic radiations emitted or reflected from a given
 target surface in the infrared position of the electromagnetic spectrum
 (approximately 0.72 to 1,000 microns).

 infrared linescan system - (DOD, NATO) A passive airborne infrared
 recording system which scans across the ground beneath the flight path,
 adding successive lines to the record as the vehicle advances along the
 flight path.

 infrared photography - (DOD) Photography employing an optical
 system and direct image recording on film sensitive to near-infrared
 wavelength (infrared film). Note: Not to be confused with infrared
 imagery.

 infrared radiation - (DOD, NATO) Radiation emitted or reflected
 in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

 infrastructure - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A term generally applicable
 to all fixed and permanent installations, fabrications, or facilities
 for the support and control of military forces. : See also bilateral
 infrastructure; common infrastructure; national infrastructure.

 initial active duty training - (DOD) The first period of active
 duty for training prescribed by law or regulation for non-prior-service
 enlistees which, when satisfactorily completed, produces a trained
 member in a military specialty. - See also active duty for training.

 initial approach - (DOD, NATO, IADB) a. That part of an instrument
 approach procedure in which the aircraft has departed an initial
 approach fix or point and is maneuvering to enter the intermediate or
 final approach. It ends at the intermediate fix or point or, where no
 intermediate segment is established, at the final approach fix or point.
 b. That part of a visual approach of an aircraft immediately prior to
 arrival over the airfield of destination, or over the reporting point
 from which the final approach to the airfield is commenced.

 initial approach area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area of defined
 width lying between the last preceding navigational fix or dead
 reckoning position and either the facility to be used for making an
 instrument approach or a point associated with such a facility that is
 used for demarcating the termination of initial approach.

 initial contact report - See contact report.

 initial draft plan - (NATO) A plan which has been drafted and
 coordinated by the originating headquarters, and is ready for external
 coordination with other military headquarters. It cannot be directly
 implemented by the issuing commander, but it may form the basis for an
 operation order issued by the commander in the event of an emergency.
 - See also draft plan; coordinated draft plan; final plan; operation
 plan.

 initial early resupply - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The onward movement
 of ships which are already loaded with cargoes which will serve the
 requirements after D-day. This includes such shipping evacuation from
 major ports/ major water terminals and subsequently dispersed to
 secondary ports/alternate water terminals and anchorages. - See also
 element of resupply. (Note: IADB puts parentheses around "early" in the
 term.)

 initial entry into Military Service - (DOD) Entry for the first
 time into military status (active duty or reserve) by induction,
 enlistment, or appointment in any Service of the Armed Forces of the
 United States. Appointment may be as a commissioned or warrant officer;
 as a cadet or midshipman at the Service academy of one of the armed
 forces; or as a midshipman, US Naval Reserve, for US Naval Reserve
 Officers' Training Corps training at a civilian institution.

 initial issues - (DOD) The issue of materiel not previously furnished
 to an individual or organization, including new inductees and newly
 activated organizations and the issue of newly authorized items of
 materiel.

 initial operational capability - (DOD, IADB) The first attainment of
 the capability to employ effectively a weapon, item of equipment, or
 system of approved specific characteristics, and which is manned or
 operated by an adequately trained, equipped, and supported military unit
 or force.

 initial path sweeping - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, initial
 sweeping to clear a path through a mined area dangerous to the following
 mine sweepers. - See also precursor sweeping.

 initial photo interpretation report - (DOD) A first-phase interpretation
 report, subsequent to the Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance
 Mission Report, presenting the results of the initial readout of new
 imagery to answer the specific requirements for which the mission was
 requested.

 initial point - (DOD, IADB) 1. The first point at which a moving
 target is located on a plotting board. 2. A well-defined point, easily
 distinguishable visually and/or electronically, used as a starting point
 for the bomb run to the target. 3. airborne-A point close to the landing
 area where serials (troop carrier air formations) make final alterations
 in course to pass over individual drop or landing zones. 4. helicopter-
 An air control point in the vicinity of the landing zone from which
 individual flights of helicopters are directed to their prescribed
 landing sites. 5. Any designated place at which a column or element
 thereof is formed by the successive arrival of its various subdivisions,
 and comes under the control of the commander ordering the move. - See
 also target approach point.

 initial point - (NATO) 1. A well-defined point, easily distinguishable
 visually and/or electronically, used as a starting point for the run to
 the target. 2. The first point at which a moving target is located on
 a plotting board. 3. (Airborne) A point close to the landing area where
 serials (troop carrier air formations) make final alterations in course
 to pass over individual drop or landing zones. 4. (Helicopter) An air
 control point in the vicinity of the landing zone from which individual
 flights of helicopters are directed to their prescribed landing sites.
 5. A preselected point on the surface of the earth which is used as a
 reference. - See also target approach point.

 initial programmed interpretation report (IPIR) - (DOD, NATO)
 A standardized imagery interpretation report providing information on
 programmed mission objectives or other vital intelligence information
 which can be readily identified near these objectives, and which has not
 been reported elsewhere.

 initial provisioning - (DOD, IADB) The process of determining
 the range and quantity of items (i.e., spares and repair parts, special
 tools, test equipment, and support equipment) required to support and
 maintain an item for an initial period of service. Its phases include
 the identification of items of supply, the establishment of data for
 catalog, technical manual, and allowance list preparation, and the
 preparation of instructions to assure delivery of necessary support
 items with related end articles.

 initial radiation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The radiation, essentially
 neutrons and gamma rays, resulting from a nuclear burst and emitted from
 the fireball within one minute after burst.  - See also induced
 radiation; residual radiation.

 initial reserves - (DOD, IADB) In an amphibious operation, those
 supplies which normally are unloaded immediately following the assault
 waves; usually the supplies for the use of the beach organization,
 battalion landing teams, and other elements of regimental combat teams
 for the purpose of initiating and sustaining combat until higher supply
 installations are established. - See also reserve supplies.

 initial unloading period - (DOD, NATO) In amphibious operations,
 that part of the ship-to-shore movement in which unloading is primarily
 tactical in character and must be instantly responsive to landing force
 requirements. All elements intended to land during this period are
 serialized. - See also general unloading period.

 initial vector - (DOD, IADB) The initial command heading to be
 assumed by an interceptor after it has been committed to intercept an
 airborne object.

 initial velocity - See muzzle velocity.

 initiation - (NATO) 1. The action of a device used as the first
 element of an explosive train which, upon receipt of the proper impulse,
 causes the detonation or burning of an explosive item. 2. (nuclear) The
 action which sets off a chain reaction in a fissile mass which has
 reached the critical state (generally by the emission of a "spurt" of
 neutrons).

 initiation of procurement action - (DOD) That point in time when
 the approved document requesting procurement and citing funds is
 forwarded to the procuring activity. - See also procurement lead time.

 injury - (DOD, IADB) A term comprising such conditions as fractures,
 wounds, sprains, strains, dislocations, concussions, and compressions.
 In addition, it includes conditions resulting from extremes of
 temperature or prolonged exposure. Acute poisonings, except those due
 to contaminated food, resulting from exposure to a toxic or poisonous
 sub stance are also classed as injuries. - See also battle casualty;
 casualty; nonbattle casualty; wounded.

 inland search and rescue region - (DOD) The inland areas of continental
 United States, except waters under the jurisdiction of the United
 States. - See also search and rescue region.

 inner transport area - (DOD) In amphibious operations, an area
 as close to the landing beach as depth of water, navigational hazards,
 boat traffic, and enemy action permit, to which transports may move to
 expedite unloading. - See also outer transport area; transport area.

 in-place force - (DOD, NATO) A NATO as-signed force which, in
 peacetime, is principally stationed in the designated combat zone of
 the NATO Command to which it is committed.

 inserted grouping - (DOD, NATO) In radar, the inclusion of one area of
 homogeneous surface material in an area of different material.  - See
 also homogeneous area.

 inset - (NATO) In cartography, a separate map positioned within
 the neatline of a larger map. Three forms are recognized: a. An area
 geographically outside a sheet but included therein for convenience of
 publication, usually at the same scale; b. A portion of the map or chart
 at an enlarged scale; c. A smaller scale map or chart of surrounding
 areas, included for location purposes.

 inshore patrol - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A naval defense patrol operating
 generally within a naval defense coastal area and comprising all
 elements of harbor defenses, the coastal lookout system, patrol craft
 supporting bases, aircraft, and Coast Guard stations. (Note: IADB
 definition ends with the word "aircraft.")

 inspection - (DOD, IADB) In arms control, physical process of
 determining compliance with arms control measures.

 installation - (DOD, IADB) A grouping of facilities, located
 in the same vicinity, which support particular functions. Installations
 may be elements of a base. - See also base; base complex.

 instantaneous vertical speed indicator - See vertical speed indicator.

 instructional mine - (DOD, NATO) An inert mine used for instruction and
 normally sectionalized for this purpose. - See also inert mine.

 instrument approach procedure - (DOD, NATO) A series of predetermined
 maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument
 flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a
 landing or to a point from which a landing may be made visually or the
 missed approach procedure is initiated.

 instrument flight - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Flight in which the path
 and attitude of the aircraft are controlled solely by reference to
 instruments.

 instrument landing system - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system of radio
 navigation intended to assist aircraft in landing which provides lateral
 and vertical guidance, which may include indications of distance from
 the optimum point of landing.

 instrument recording photography - (NATO) Photography of the
 presentation of instrument data.

 in support - (DOD, NATO) An expression used to denote the task
 of providing artillery sub porting fire to a formation or unit. Liaison
 and observation are not normally provided - See also at priority call;
 direct support.

 in support of - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Assisting or protecting another
 formation, unit, or organization while remaining under original control.

 insurgency - (DOD, NATO, I, IADB) An organized movement aimed
 at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion
 and armed conflict.

 integrated fire control system - (DOD, IADB) A system which performs
 the functions of target acquisition, tracking, data computation, and
 engagement control, primarily using electronic means assisted by
 electromechanical devices

 integrated logistics support - (DOD) A composite of all the support
 considerations necessary to assure the effective and economical support
 of a system for its life cycle. It is an integral part of all other
 aspects of system acquisition and operation.

 Integrated logistics support - (NATO, IADB) The pooling of specified
 resources by nations for use by the same nations as decided by
 coordinating agency or authority to which the subscribing nations have
 agreed. - See also logistic assistance; mutual aid; reallocation of
 resources.

 integrated material management - (DOD) The exercise of total
 Department of Defense management responsibility for a Federal Supply
 Group/Class, commodity, or item by a single agency. It normally includes
 computation of requirements, funding, budgeting, storing, is-suing,
 cataloging, standardizing, and procuring functions.

 integrated staff - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A staff in which one officer
 only is appointed to each post on the establishment of the headquarters,
 irrespective of nationality and Service. - See also combined staff;
 joint staff; parallel staff; staff.

 integrated tactical warning - See tactical warning.

 integrated warfare - (DOD) The conduct of military operations
 in any combat environment wherein opposing forces employ nonconventional
 weapons in combination with conventional weapons.

 integrating circuit - (DOD, NATO) A circuit whose actuation is
 dependent on the time integral of a function of the influence.

 integration - (DOD) 1. A stage in the intelligence cycle in which
 a pattern is formed through the selection and combination of evaluated
 information. 2. In photography, a process by which the average radar
 picture seen on several scans of the time base may be obtained on a
 print, or the process by which several photographic images are combined
 into a single image.

 integration - (NATO) In photography, a process by which the
 average radar picture seen on several scans of the time base may be
 obtained on a print, or the process by which several photographic images
 are combined into a single image.

 integration - (IADB) The process of forming an intelligence pattern
 through selection and combination of evaluated information.

 intelligence - (DOD) The product resulting from the collection,
 processing, integration, analysis, evaluation and interpretation of
 available information concerning foreign countries or areas.

 intelligence - (NATO) The product resulting from the processing
 of information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially
 hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations.
 The term is also applied to the activity which results in the product
 and to the organizations engaged in such activity - See also basic
 intelligence; combat intelligence; current intelligence; security
 intelligence; strategic intelligence; tactical intelligence; target
 intelligence; technical intelligence.

 intelligence annex - (DOD, IADB) A supporting document of an
 operation plan or order that provides detailed information on the enemy
 situation, assignment of intelligence  tasks,  and  intelligence
 administrative procedures.

 intelligence collection plan - (DOD, IADB) A plan for gathering
 information from all available sources to meet an intelligence
 requirement. Specifically, a logical plan for transforming the
 essential elements of information into orders or requests to sources
 within a required time limit.

 Intelligence-related activities - (DOD) 1. Those activities outside the
 consolidated defense intelligence program which: a. Responds to
 operational commander's tasking for time-sensitive information on
 foreign entities; b. Respond to national intelligence community tasking
 of systems whose primary mission is support to operating forces; c.
 Train personnel for intelligence duties; d. Provide an intelligence
 reserve;  or e. Are devoted to research and development of intelligence
 or related capabilities. 2. Specifically excluded are programs which
 are so closely integrated with a weapon system that their primary
 function is to provide immediate-use targeting data.

 intelligence report - (DOD, IADB) A specific report of information,
 usually on a single item, made at any level of command in tactical
 operations and disseminated as rapidly as possible in keeping with the
 timeliness of the information. Also called INTREP.

 intelligence reporting - (DOD, IADB) The preparation and conveyance of
 information by any means. More commonly, the term is restricted to
 reports as they are prepared by the collector and as they are
 transmitted by him to his headquarters and by this component of the
 intelligence structure to one or more intelligence-producing components.
 Thus, even in this limited sense, reporting embraces both collection and
 dissemination. The term is a-plied to normal and specialist intelligence
 reports.  - See also normal  intelligence  reports;  specialist
 intelligence reports.

 intelligence requirement - (DOD, IADB) Any subject, general or
 specific, upon which there is a need for the collection of information,
 or the production of intelligence. - See also essential elements of
 information.

 intelligence subject code - (DOD) A system of subject and area
 references to index the information contained in intelligence reports
 as required by a general intelligence document reference service.

 intelligence summary - (DOD) A specific report providing a summary of
 items of intelligence at frequent intervals. - See also intelligence.

 intensity factor - (DOD, NATO) A multiplying factor used in planning
 activities to evaluate the foreseeable intensity or the specific nature
 of an operation in a given area for a given period of time.  It is
 applied to the standard day of supply in order to calculate the combat
 day of supply.
 intensity mine circuit - (DOD, NATO) A circuit whose actuation
 is dependent on the field strength reaching a level differing by some
 pre-set minimum from that experienced by the mine when no ships are in
 the vicinity.

 intention - (DOD, IADB) An aim or design (as distinct from capability)
 to execute a specified course of action.

 intercepting search - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A type of search designed
 to intercept an enemy whose previous position is known and the limits
 of whose subsequent course and speed can be assumed.

 interceptor - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A manned aircraft utilized for
 identification and/or engagement of airborne objects.

 interceptor controller - (NATO, IADB) An officer who controls
 fighter aircraft allotted to him for interception purposes.

 intercept point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point to which an airborne
 vehicle is vectored or guided to complete an interception.

 intercept receiver - (DOD, NATO) A receiver designed to detect
 and provide visual and/or aural indication of electromagneticc emissions
 occurring within the particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
 to which it is tuned.

 interchangeability - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A condition which exists
 when two or more items possess such functional  and  physical
 characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and
 are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of
 the items themselves, or of adjoining items, forming the essential
 elements of information into orders or requests to sources within a
 required time limit. See also intelligence cycle.

 intelligence contingency funds - (DOD) Appropriated funds to
 be used for intelligence activities when the use of other funds is not
 applicable or would either jeopardize or impede the mission of the
 intelligence unit.

 intelligence cycle - (DOD, IADB) The steps by which information
 is converted into intelligence and made available to users. There are
 five steps in the cycle: a. planning and direction - Determination of
 intelligence requirements, preparation of a collection plan, issuance
 of orders and requests to information collection agencies, and a
 continuous check on the productivity of collection agencies.
 b. collection - Acquisition of information and the provision of this
 information to processing and/or production elements. c. processing -
 Conversion of collected information into a form suitable to the
 production of intelligence. d. production - Conversion of information
 into intelligence through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and
 interpretation of all source data and the preparation of intelligence
 products in support of known or anticipated user requirements.
 e. dissemination - Conveyance of intelligence to users in a suitable
 form.

 intelligence cycle - (NATO) The sequence of activities whereby
 information is obtained, assembled, converted into intelligence and
 made available to users. This sequence comprises the following four
 phases: a. direction - Determination of intelligence requirements,
 planning the collection effort, issuance of orders and requests to
 collection agencies and maintenance of a continuous check on the
 productivity of such agencies. b. collection - The exploitation of
 sources by collection agencies and the delivery of the information
 obtained to the appropriate processing unit for use in the
 production of intelligence. c. processing - The conversion of
 information into intelligence through collation, evaluation, analysis,
 integration and interpretation. d. dissemination - The timely
 conveyance of intelligence, in an appropriate form and by any
 suitable means, to those who need it.

 intelligence data base - (DOD, IADB) The sum of holdings of intelligence
 data and finished intelligence products at a given organization.

 intelligence data handling systems - (DOD, IADB) Information systems
 that process and manipulate raw information and intelligence data
 as required. They are characterized by the application of general
 purpose computers, peripheral equipment, and automated storage and
 retrieval equipment for documents and photographs. While automation is
 a distinguishing characteristic of intelligence data handling systems,
 individual system components may be either automated or manually
 operated.

 intelligence estimate - (DOD, NATO) The appraisal, expressed
 in writing or orally, of available intelligence relating to a specific
 situation or condition with a view to determining the courses of action
 open to the enemy or potential enemy and the order of probability of
 their adoption.

 intelligence journal - (DOD, IADB) A chronological log of intelligence
 activities covering a stated period, usually 24 hours. It is an index
 of reports and messages that have been received and transmitted, and of
 important events that have occurred, and actions taken. The journal is
 a permanent and official record.

 inter-chart relationship diagram - (NATO) A diagram on a map or chart
 showing names and/or numbers of adjacent sheets in the same (or
 related) series. Also called "index to adjoining sheets." See also
 map index.

 intercoastal traffic - (DOD) Sea traffic between Atlantic, Gulf,
 and Great Lakes continental United States ports and Pacific Continental
 United States ports.

 intercom - (DOD, IADB) A telephone apparatus by means of which
 personnel can talk to each other within an aircraft, tank, ship, or
 activity.

 inter-command exercise - (NATO) An exercise involving two or more
 Major NATO Commanders and/or their subordinates.

 interconnection - (DOD) The linking together of interoperable
 systems.

 intercontinental ballistic missile - (DOD, IADB) A ballistic
 missile with a range capability from about 3,000 to 8,000 nautical
 miles.

 intercount dormant period - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In naval mine warfare,
 the period after the actuation of a ship counter before it is ready to
 receive another actuation.

 interdepartmental/agency support - (DOD) Provision of logistic
 and/or administrative sub port in services or materiel by one or more
 Military Services to one or more departments or agencies of the United
 States government (other than military) with or without reimbursement.
 See also international logistic support; inter-Service support;
 support.

 interdepartmental intelligence - (DOD) Integrated departmental
 intelligence that is required by departments and agencies of the United
 States Government for the execution of their missions but which
 transcends the exclusive competence of a single department or agency to
 produce.

 interdict - (IADB) To prevent or hinder, by any means, enemy
 use of an area or route.

 interdiction - (DOD) An action to divert, disrupt, delay or destroy the
 enemy's surface military potential before it can be used effectively
 against friendly forces.

 interdiction fire - (NATO, IADB) Fire placed on an area or point
 to prevent the enemy from using the area or point. See also fire.

 interface - (DOD) A boundary or point common to two or more similar or
 dissimilar command and control systems, sub-systems, or other entities
 against which or at which necessary information flow takes place.

 interim financing - (DOD, IADB) Advance payments, partial payments,
 loans, discounts, advances, and commitments in connection therewith; and
 guarantees of loans, discounts, advances, and commitments in connection
 therewith; and any other type of financing necessary for both
 performance and termination of contracts.

 interim overhaul - (DOD, IADB) An availability for the accomplishment
 of necessary repairs and urgent alterations at a naval shipyard or other
 shore-based repair activity, normally scheduled halfway through the
 established regular overhaul cycle.

 inter-look dormant period - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, the
 time interval after each look in a multi-look mine, during which the
 firing mechanism will not register.

 intermediate approach - (DOD, NATO) That part of an instrument
 approach procedure in which aircraft configuration,  speed  and
 positioning adjustments are made. It blends the initial approach
 segment into the final approach segment. It begins at the intermediate
 fix or point and ends at the final approach fix or point.

 intermediate area illumination - (NATO) Illumination in the area,
 extending in depth from the far boundary of the close-in (about 2,000
 meters) to the maximum effective range of the bulk of division
 artillery weapons (about 10,000 meters).

 intermediate contour line - (NATO) A contour line drawn between
 index contours. Depending on the contour interval there are three or
 four intermediate contours between the index contours. See also index
 contour line.

 Intermediate Force Planning Level - (DOD) The force level established
 during Planning Force development to depict the buildup from the Current
 Force to the Planning Force. The Intermediate Force Planning Level is
 insufficient to carry out strategy with a reasonable assurance of
 success and consequently cannot be referred to as the Planning Force.
 See also Current Force; force; Minimum Risk Force; Planning Force;
 Programmed Forces.

 intermediate maintenance (field) - (DOD IADB) That maintenance
 which is the responsibility of and performed by designated maintenance
 activities for direct support of using organizations. Its phases
 normally consist of a. calibration, repair, or replacement of damaged
 or unserviceable parts, components, or assemblies; b. the emergency
 manufacture of nonavailable parts; and c. providing technical assistance
 to using organizations.  (NOTE: IADB definition does  not  use
 subdivisions a., b.,c.)

 intermediate marker (land mine warfare) - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A
 marker, natural, artificial or specially installed, which is used as a
 point of reference between the landmark and the minefield. See also
 marker (land mine warfare).

 intermediate-range ballistic missile - (DOD, IADB) A ballistic
 missile with a range capability from about 1,500 to 3,000 nautical
 miles.

 intermediate-range bomber aircraft - (DOD) A bomber designed for a
 tactical operating radius of between 1,000 to 2,500 nautical miles
 at design gross weight and design bomb load.

 intermittent arming device - (DOD, NATO) A device included in a mine
 so that it will be armed only at set times.

 intermittent illumination - (DOD, NATO) A type of fire in which
 illuminating projectiles are fired at irregular intervals.

 internal defense - (DOD, I, IADB) The full range of measures taken by
 a government to free and protect its society from subversion,
 lawlessness, and insurgency. See also foreign internal defense.

 internal development - (DOD) Actions taken by a, nation to promote its
 growth by building viable institutions (political, military, economic,
 and social) that respond to the needs of its society.

 internal radiation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Nuclear radiation (alpha
 and beta particles and gamma radiation) resulting from radioactive
 substances in the body.

 internal security - (DOD, I, IADB) The state of law and order
 prevailing within a nation.

 international actual strength - (NATO) The total number of military and
 civilian personnel currently filling international posts.

 international arms control organization - (DOD,  I,  IADB)  An
 appropriately constituted organization established to supervise and
 verify the implementation of arms control measures.

 international call sign - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A call sign assigned
 in accordance  with  the  pro  visions  of  the  International
 Telecommunications Union to identify a radio station. The nationality
 of the radio station is identified by the first or the first two
 characters. (When used in visual signaling, international call signs are
 referred to as "signal letters.") See also call sign.

 international civilian personnel with NATO status - (NATO) Civilian
 persons assigned or appointed to authorized NATO international civilian
 posts.

 international cooperative logistics - (DOD, NATO) Cooperation
 and mutual support in the field of logistics through the coordination
 of policies, plans, procedures, development activities and the common
 supply and exchange of goods and services arranged on the basis of
 bilateral and  multilateral  agreements  with  appropriate  cost
 reimbursement provisions.

 international date line - (DOD, NATO) The line coinciding approximately
 with the anti-meridian of Greenwich, modified to avoid certain habitable
 land. In crossing this line there is a date change of one day. Also
 called date line.

 international identification code - (DOD, NATO) In railway terminology,
 a code which identifies a military train from point of origin to final
 destination. The code consists of a series of figures, letters, or
 symbols indicating the priority, country of origin, day of departure,
 national identification code number and country of destination of the
 train.

 international job description - (NATO) A delineation of the
 specific duties, responsibilities and qualifications pertaining to a
 specific international post.

 international loading gauge (GIC) - (DOD, NATO) The loading gauge
 upon which international railway agreements are based. A load whose
 dimensions fall within the limits of this gauge may move without
 restriction on most of the railways of Continental Western Europe. GIC
 is an abbreviation for "gabarit international de chargement," formerly
 called PPI.

 international logistics - (DOD, IADB) The negotiating, planning,
 and implementation of supporting logistics arrangements between nations,
 their forces, and agencies. It includes furnishing logistic support
 (major end items, materiel, and/or services) to, or receiving logistic
 support from, one or more friendly foreign governments, international
 organizations, or military forces, with or without reimbursement. It
 also includes planning and actions related to the intermeshing of a
 significant element, activity, or component of the military logistics
 systems or procedures of the United States with those of one or more
 foreign governments, international organizations, or military forces on
 a temporary or permanent basis. It includes planning and actions related
 to the utilization of United States logistics policies, systems, and/or
 procedures to meet requirements of one or more foreign governments,
 international organizations, or forces.

 international logistic support - (DOD, IADB) The provision of
 military logistic support by one participating nation to one or more
 participating nations, either with or without reimbursement.  See
 also interdepartmental/ agency support; inter-Service support; support.

 international manpower ceiling - (NATO) The total number of
 international posts, military and civilian, which has been authorized
 for each international organization.

 international map of the world - (NATO, IADB) A map series at
 1:1,000,000 scale published by a number of countries to common
 internationally agreed specifications.

 international military education and training - (DOD, IADB) Formal or
 informal instruction provided to foreign military students, units, and
 forces on a nonreimbursable (grant) basis by offices or employees of the
 United States, contract technicians, and contractors. Instruction may
 include correspondence courses; technical, educational or informational
 publications; and media of all kinds. See also United States Military
 Service Funded Foreign Training.

 international military personnel - (NATO) Military persons assigned or
 appointed to authorized international military posts.

 international military post - (NATO) An international post authorized
 to be filled by a military person whose pay and allowances remain the
 responsibility of the parent nation.

 International Peace Force - (DOD) An appropriately constituted
 organization established for the purpose of preserving world peace.

 international personnel - (NATO) Military and civilian persons
 assigned or appointed to authorized international posts.

 international post - (NATO) A post, position, job or billet,
 authorized in a peacetime establishment or emergency establishment which
 carries a specific international job description, whose incumbent is
 responsible to international authority.

 interocular distance - (DOD) The distance between the centers
 of rotation of the eyeballs of an individual or between the oculars of
 optical instruments.

 interoperability - (DOD, NATO) 1. The ability of systems, units
 or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems,
 units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to
 operate effectively together. (DOD) 2. The condition achieved among
 communications-electronics systems  or  items  of  communications
 electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged
 directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree
 of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases.

 interoperation - (DOD) The use of interoperable systems, units,
 or forces.

 interphone - See intercom.

 interpretability - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Suitability of imagery for
 interpretation with respect to answering adequately requirements on a
 given type of target in terms of quality and scale. a. poor - Imagery
 is unsuitable for interpretation to answer adequately requirements on
 a given type of target. b. fair - Imagery is suitable for
 interpretation to answer requirements on a given type of target but
 with only average detail. c. good - Imagery is suitable for
 interpretation to answer requirements on a given type of target in
 considerable detail. d. excellent - Imagery is suitable for
 interpretation to answer requirements on a given type of target in
 complete detail.

 interpretation - (DOD) A stage in the intelligence cycle in which
 the significance of information is judged in relation to the current
 body of knowledge.

 interpretation - (NATO) See intelligence cycle.

 interrogation (intelligence) - (DOD, IADB) Systematic effort
 to procure information by direct questioning of a person under the
 control of the questioner.

 interrupted line - (NATO) A broken, dashed or pecked line usually
 used to indicate the indefinite alignment or area of a feature on the
 chart.

 inter-Service education - (DOD, IADB) Military education which
 is provided by one Service to members of another Service. See also
 military education; military training.

 inter-Service support - (DOD, IADB) Action by one Military Service or
 element thereof to provide logistic and/or administrative support to
 another Military Service or element there of. Such action can be
 recurring or nonrecurring in character on an installation, area, or
 worldwide basis.  See also interdepartmental/agency support;
 international logistic support; support.

 inter-Service training - (DOD, IADB) Military training which is
 provided by one Service to members of another Service. See also
 military education; military training.

 intertheater traffic - (DOD) Traffic between theaters exclusive
 of that between the continental United States and theaters.

 interval - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The space between adjacent groups
 of ships or boats measured in any direction between the corresponding
 ships or boats in each group. 2. The space between adjacent individuals,
 ground vehicles, or units in a formation that are placed side by side,
 measured abreast. 3. The space between adjacent aircraft measured from
 front to rear in units of time or distance. 4. The time lapse between
 photographic exposures. 5. At battery right or left, an interval ordered
 in seconds is the time between one gun firing and the next gun firing.
 Five seconds is the standard interval. 6. At rounds of fire for effect
 the interval is the time in seconds between successive rounds from each
 gun.

 interview (intelligence) - (DOD, IADB) To gather information
 from a person who is aware that information is being given although
 there is ignorance of the true connection and purposes of the
 interviewer. Generally overt unless the collector is other than
 purported to be.

 in the dark - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Not visible on
 my scope."

 intracoastal sealift - (DOD, IADB) Shipping used primarily for the
 carriage of personnel and/or cargo along a coast or into river ports
 to support operations within a given area.

 intra-command exercise - (DOD, NATO) An exercise which involves
 an identified part of one Major NATO Command or subordinate command.

 intransit aeromedical evacuation facility - (DOD, IADB) A medical
 facility, on or in the vicinity of an air base, that provides limited
 medical care for intransit patients awaiting air transportation. This
 type of medical facility is provided to obtain effective utilization of
 transport airlift within operating schedules. It includes "remain
 overnight" facilities, intransit facilities at aerial ports  of
 embarkation and debarkation, and casualty staging facilities in an
 overseas combat area. See also aeromedical evacuation unit.

 intransit inventory - (DOD, IADB) That materiel in the military
 distribution system that is in the process of movement from point of
 receipt from procurement and production (either contractor's plant or
 first destination, depending upon point of delivery) and between
 points of storage and distribution.

 intransit stock - See intransit inventory.

 intratheater traffic - (DOD, IADB) Traffic within a theater.

 Intruder - (DOD, IADB) A twin-engine, turbo-jet, two-place, long-range,
 all-weather, aircraft carrier-based, low-altitude attack aircraft,
 possessing an integrated attack-navigation and central digital computer
 system to locate, track, and destroy small moving targets, and large
 fixed targets. The armament system consists of an assortment of nuclear
 and/or non-nuclear weapons, Sidewinder, Bullpup, napalm, and all
 standard Navy rockets. This aircraft can be air refueled. Designated as
 A-6.

 intruder - (DOD, NATO) An individual, unit, or weapon system, in or
 near an operational or exercise area, which presents the threat of
 intelligence gathering or disruptive activity.

 intruder operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An offensive operation by day
 or night over enemy territory with the primary object of destroying
 enemy aircraft in the vicinity of their bases.

 intrusion See electromagnetic intrusion.

 invasion currency See military currency.

 inventory control - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That phase of military
 logistics  which  includes  managing,  cataloging,  requirements
 determinations, procurement, distribution, overhaul, and disposal of
 materiel. Synonymous with materiel control, materiel management,
 inventory management, and supply management.

 inventory control point - (DOD) An organizational unit or activity
 within a DOD supply system that is assigned the primary responsibility
 for the materiel management of a group of items either for a particular
 Service or for the Defense Department as a whole. Materiel inventory
 management includes cataloging direction, requirements computation,
 procurement direction, distribution management, disposal direction, and,
 generally, rebuild direction.

 inventory management See inventory control.

 inventory managers See inventory control point.

 inverter - (DOD, NATO) In electrical engineering, a device for
 converting direct current into alternating current. See also rectifier.

 investigation - (DOD) A duly authorized, systematized, detailed
 examination or inquiry to uncover facts and determine the truth of a
 matter. This may include collecting, processing, reporting, storing,
 recording, analyzing, evaluating, producing and disseminating the
 authorized information.

 investment costs - (DOD) Those program costs required beyond the
 development phase to introduce into operational use a new capability;
 to procure initial, additional, or replacement equipment for
 operational forces; or to provide for major modifications of an
 existing capability. They exclude research, development, test and
 evaluation, military personnel, and  Operation  and  Maintenance
 appropriation costs.

 ionization - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The process of producing ions by the
 removal of electrons from, or the addition of electrons to, atoms
 or molecules.

 ionosphere - (DOD) That part of the atmosphere, extending from
 about 70 to 500 kilometers, in which ions and free electrons exist in
 sufficient quantities to reflect electromagnetic waves.

 Iroquois - (DOD) A light single-rotor helicopter utilized for
 cargo/personnel transport and attack helicopter support. Some versions
 are armed with machine guns and light air-to-ground rockets. Designated
 as UH-1.

 irregular forces - (DOD, IADB) Armed individuals or groups who
 are not members of the regular armed forces, police, or other internal
 security forces.

 irregular outer edge (land mine warfare) - (DOD, IADB) Short mine
 strips laid in an irregular manner in front of a minefield facing
 the enemy to deceive the enemy as to the type or extent of the
 minefield. Generally, the irregular outer edge will only be used in
 minefields with buried mines.

 irregular outer edge - (NATO) In land mine warfare, short mine
 rows or strips laid in an irregular manner in front of a minefield
 facing the enemy, to deceive the enemy as to the type or extent of the
 minefield. Generally, the irregular outer edge will only be used in
 minefields with buried mines.

 isobar - (IADB) A line along which the atmospheric pressure is,
 or is assumed to be, the same or constant.

 isocentre - (NATO) The point on a photograph intersected by
 the bisector of the angle between the plumbline and the photograph
 perpendicular.

 isoclinal - (IADB) A line drawn on a map or chart joining points
 of equal magnetic dip.

 isodose rate line See dose rate contour line.

 isogonal - (IADB) A line drawn on a map or chart joining points
 of equal magnetic declination for a given time.

 isogonic line See isogonal.

 isogriv - (NATO, IADB) A line on a map or chart which joins
 points of equal angular difference between grid north and magnetic
 north. See also grid magnetic angle.

 isotopes - (DOD, IADB) Forms of the same element having identical
 chemical properties but differing in their atomic masses due to
 different numbers of neutrons in their respective nuclei and in their
 nuclear properties.

 issue priority designator See priority designator.

 I stay - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Am remaining
 with you on patrol/mission _____ hours." See also I go.

 item manager - (DOD) An individual within the organization of
 an inventory control point or other such organization assigned
 management responsibility for one or more specific items of materiel.

 jamming See barrage jamming; electronic countermeasures; electronic
 jamming; selective jamming; spot jamming.

 JCS-coordinated exercise - (DOD) A minor exercise, the scheduling
 of which requires coordination by the Joint Chiefs of Staff because it
 involves the units or forces of more than one commander in chief or
 agency. See also exercise.

 JCS-directed exercise - (DOD) A strategic mobility or major
 commander in chief directed exercise of considerable interest to the
 Joint Chiefs of Staff. See also exercise.

 jet advisory service - (DOD, IADB) The service provided certain
 civil aircraft while operating within radar and nonradar jet advisory
 areas. Within radar jet advisory areas, civil aircraft receiving this
 service are provided radar flight following, radar traffic information,
 and vectors around observed traffic. In nonradar jet advisory areas,
 civil aircraft receiving this service are afforded standard instrument
 flight rules separation from all other aircraft known to air traffic
 control to be operating within these areas.

 jet conventional low-altitude bombing system - (DOD, IADB) A maneuver
 used by jet aircraft to loft conventional ordnance by means of a
 low-altitude bombing system.

 jet propulsion - (DOD, IADB) Reaction propulsion in which the
 propulsion unit obtains oxygen from the air, as distinguished from
 rocket propulsion in which the unit carries its own oxygen-producing
 material. In connection with aircraft propulsion, the term refers to a
 gasoline or other fuel turbine jet unit, which discharges hot gas
 through a tail pipe and a nozzle, affording a thrust which propels the
 aircraft. See also rocket propulsion.

 Jet Star - (DOD, IADB) A small, fast, support-type transport aircraft
 powered by four turbo jet engines which are podded two on either side
 of the fuselage. Designated as C-140.

 jet stream - (DOD, IADB) A narrow band of high velocity wind
 in the upper troposphere or in the stratosphere.

 jettison - (DOD, IADB) The selective release of stores from an
 aircraft other than normal attack.

 jettison - (NATO) Deliberate release of an aircraft store from
 an aircraft to effect aircraft safety or prepare for air combat.

 jettisoned mines - (DOD, NATO) Mines which are laid as quickly
 as possible in order to empty the minelayer of mines, without regard to
 their condition or relative positions.

 joiner - (DOD, NATO) An independent merchant ship sailed to join
 a convoy. See also joiner convoy; joiner section.

 joiner convoy - (DOD, NATO) A convoy sailed to join the main
 convoy. See also joiner; joiner section.

 joiner section - (DOD, NATO) A joiner or joiner convoy, after
 rendezvous, and while maneuvering to integrate with the main convoy.

 joint - (DOD, NATO) Connotes activities, operations, organizations,
 etc., in which elements of more than one service of the same nation
 participate. (When all services are not involved, the participating
 services shall be identified, e.g., Joint Army-Navy.)  See also
 combined.

 joint airborne training - (DOD, IADB) Training operations or
 exercises involving airborne and appropriate troop carrier units. This
 training includes: a. air delivery of personnel and equipment; b.
 assault operations by airborne troops and/or air transportable units;
 c. loading exercises and local orientation flights of short duration;
 and d. maneuvers/ exercises as agreed upon by Services concerned and/or
 as authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (Note: IADB definition does
 not use the words "and/or as authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.")

 joint amphibious operation - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An amphibious
 operation conducted by significant elements of two or more Services.

 joint amphibious task force - (DOD, IADB) A temporary grouping
 of units of two or more Services under a single commander, organized for
 the purpose of engaging in an amphibious landing for assault on hostile
 shores.

 joint amphibious task force - (NATO) A temporary grouping of units of
 two or more services under a single commander, organized for the
 purpose of engaging in an amphibious operation.

 joint Army-Navy-Air Force publications - (DOD) A series of publications
 produced by supporting agencies of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and
 intended for distribution through the approved offices of distribution
 within the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

 joint chiefs of staff - (DOD) See Organization of the Joint Chiefs
 of Staff.

 joint common user item - (NATO, IADB) An item of an interchangeable
 nature which is in common use by two or more services of a nation.

 joint communications network - (DOD) The aggregation of all the
 joint communications systems in a theater. The joint communications
 network includes the Joint Multi-channel Trunking and Switching System
 and the Joint Command and Control Communications System(s).

 Joint Deployment Agency - (DOD) The activity that supports the
 Joint Chiefs of Staff and supported commanders in planning for and
 executing deployments. Also called JDA.

 joint deployment community - (DOD) Those headquarters, commands,
 and agencies involved in the training, preparation, movement, reception,
 employment, support, and sustainment of military forces assigned or
 committed to a theater of operations or objective area. The joint
 deployment community usually consists of the Organization of the Joint
 Chiefs of Staff, Services, certain Service major commands (including the
 Service wholesale logistic commands), unified and specified commands
 (and their Service component commands), transportation operating
 agencies, Joint Deployment Agency, joint task forces (as applicable),
 Defense Logistics Agency, and other Defense agencies (e.g., Defense
 Intelligence Agency) as may be appropriate to a given scenario. Also
 called JDC.

 joint deployment system - (DOD) A system that consists of personnel,
 procedures, directives, communications systems, and electronic data
 processing systems to directly support time-sensitive planning and
 execution, and to complement peacetime deliberate planning. Also called
 JDS.

 joint doctrine - (DOD) Fundamental principles that guide the
 employment of forces of two or more Services of the same nation in
 coordinated action toward a common objective. It is ratified by all
 four Services and may be promulgated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
 See also multi-service doctrine; combined doctrine.

 joint force - (DOD, IADB) A general term a-plied to a force which
 is composed of significant elements of the Army, the Navy or the Marine
 Corps, and the Air Force, or two or more of these Services, operating
 under a single commander authorized to exercise unified command or
 operational control over joint forces.

 joint force air component commander - (DOD) The joint force air
 component commander derives his authority from the joint force commander
 who has the authority to exercise operational control, assign missions,
 direct coordination among his subordinate commanders, redirect and
 organize his forces to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of
 his overall mission. The joint force commander will normally designate
 a joint force air component commander. The joint force air component
 commander's responsibilities will be assigned by the joint force
 commander (normally these would include, but not be limited to,
 planning, coordination, allocation and tasking based on the joint force
 commander's apportionment decision). Using the joint force commander's
 guidance and authority, and in coordination with other service component
 commanders and other assigned or supporting commanders, the joint force
 air component commander will recommend to the joint force commander
 apportionment of air sorties to various missions or geographic areas.

 joint intelligence - (DOD, IADB) Intelligence produced by elements of
 more than one Service of the same nation.

 joint intelligence liaison element - (DOD) A liaison element
 provided by the Central Intelligence Agency in support of a unified
 command or joint task force.

 joint manpower program - (DOD) The document which reflects an
 activity's mission, functions, organization, current and projected
 manpower needs, and, when applicable, its required mobilization
 augmentation. A recommended joint manpower program also identifies and
 justifies any changes proposed by the commander/director of a joint
 activity for the next five fiscal years. Also called JMP.

 joint multichannel trunking and switching system - (DOD) That
 composite multichannel trunking and switching system formed from assets
 of the Services, the Defense Communications System, other available
 systems, and/ or assets controlled by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to
 provide an operationally responsive, survivable communication system,
 preferably in a mobile/transportable/recoverable configuration, for the
 joint force commander in an area of operations.

 joint nuclear accident coordinating center - (DOD) A combined
 Defense Nuclear Agency and Department of Energy centralized agency for
 exchanging and maintaining information concerned with radiological
 assistance capabilities and coordinating assistance activities, when
 called upon, in connection with accidents involving radioactive
 materials.

 joint operational intelligence agency - (DOD, IADB) An intelligence
 agency in which the efforts of two or more Services are integrated to
 furnish that operational intelligence essential to the commander of a
 joint force and to supplement that available to subordinate forces of
 the command. The agency may or may not be part of such joint force
 commander's staff.

 joint operations area - (DOD) That portion of an area of conflict
 in which a joint force commander conducts military operations pursuant
 to an assigned mission and the administration incident to such military
 operations. Also called JOA.

 joint operations center - (DOD, IADB) A jointly manned facility
 of a joint force commander's headquarters established for planning,
 monitoring, and guiding the execution of the commander's decisions.

 joint purchase - (DOD, IADB) A method of purchase whereby purchases of
 a particular commodity for two or more departments are made by an
 activity established, staffed, and financed by them jointly for that
 purpose. See also purchase.

 joint rescue coordination center - (DOD) See rescue coordination
 center.

 joint rescue coordination center - (IADB) An installation staffed
 by supervisory personnel from all participating Services and possessing
 sufficient facilities to direct and coordinate all available search and
 rescue facilities within a specified area.  See also search and
 rescue.

 joint servicing - (DOD) That function performed by a jointly
 staffed and financed activity in support of two or more military
 Services. See also servicing.

 joint staff - (DOD) 1. The staff of a commander of a unified
 or specified command, or of a joint task force, which includes members
 from the several Services comprising the force. These members should be
 assigned in such a manner as to insure that the commander understands
 the tactics, techniques, capabilities, needs, and limitations of the
 component parts of the force. Positions on the staff should be divided
 so that Service representation and influence generally reflect the
 Service composition of the force. 2. The staff of the Joint Chiefs of
 Staff as provided for under the National Security Act of 1947, as
 amended. See also Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; staff.

 joint staff - (NATO, IADB) A staff formed of two or more of
 the services of the same country. See also combined staff; integrated
 staff; parallel staff.

 joint table of allowances - (DOD) A document which authorizes
 end-items of materiel for units operated jointly by two or more military
 assistance advisory groups and missions. Also called JTA.

 joint table of distribution - (DOD) A manpower document which
 identifies the positions and enumerates the spaces that have been a
 proved for each organizational element of a joint activity for a
 specific fiscal year (authorization year), and those spaces which have
 been accepted for planning and programming purposes for the four
 subsequent fiscal years (program years). Also called JTD. See also
 joint manpower program.

 Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance Mission Report - (DOD)
 A preliminary report of information from tactical reconnaissance
 aircrews rendered by designated debriefing personnel immediately after
 landing and dispatched prior to compilation of the Initial Photo
 Interpretation Report. It provides a summary of the route conditions,
 observations, and aircrew actions and identifies sensor products. Also
 called MISREP.

 joint target list - (DOD) A consolidated list of selected targets
 considered to have military significance in the joint operations area.

 joint task force - (DOD) A force composed of assigned or attached
 elements of the Army, the Navy or the Marine Corps, and the Air Force,
 or two or more of these Services, which is constituted and so designated
 by the Secretary of Defense or by the commander of a unified command,
 a specified command, or an existing joint task force.

 joint task force - (IADB) A force composed of assigned or attached
 elements of the Army, Navy and Air Force, or two or more of these
 Services.

 joint zone (air, land, or sea) - (DOD, IADB) An area established
 for the purpose of permitting friendly surface, air, and subsurface
 forces to operate simultaneously.

 join-up - (NATO) To form separate aircraft or groups of aircraft
 into a specific formation. See also rendezvous.

 judy - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "I have contact and
 am taking over the intercept."

 jumpmaster - (DOD, IADB) The assigned airborne-qualified individual who
 controls parachutists from the time they enter the aircraft until they
 exit. See also stick commander (air transport).

 jump speed - (DOD, NATO) The airspeed at which parachute troops
 can jump with comparative safety from an aircraft.

 KA-6 - See Intruder.

 KC-10 - See Extender.

 KC-97L - See Stratofreighter.

 KC-130 - See Hercules.

 KC-135 - See Stratotanker.

 K-day - (DOD, IADB) The basic date for the introduction of a convoy
 system on any particular convoy lane. See also D-day; M-day.

 K-day - (NATO) See designation of days and hours.

 key - (NATO) In cartography, a term sometimes loosely used as
 a synonym for "legend." See also blue key; drawing key; legend.

 key facilities list - (DOD) A register of selected command installations
 and industrial facilities of primary importance to the support of
 military operations or military production programs. It is prepared
 under the policy direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

 key point - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A concentrated site or installation, the
 destruction or capture of which would seriously affect the war effort
 or the success of operations.

 key symbol - (NATO) In psychological operations, a simple, suggestive,
 repetitive element (rhythm, sign, color, etc.) which has an immediate
 impact on a target audience and fords a marked advantage to either
 combatant. See also key area.

 key terrain - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any locality,

 killed in action - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A battle casualty who is
 killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other injuries
 before reaching a medical treatment facility. See also died of wounds
 received in action.

 killing zone - (DOD) An area in which a commander plans to force
 the enemy to concentrate so as to destroy him with conventional weapons
 or the tactical employment of nuclear weapons.

 kill probability - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A measure of the probability
 of destroying a target.

 kiloton weapon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A nuclear weapon, the yield of which
 is measured in terms of thousands of tons of trinitrotoluene explosive
 equivalents, producing yields from 1 to 999 kilotons.  See also
 megaton weapon; nominal weapon; subkiloton weapon.

 kite - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a device which when towed,
 submerges and planes at a predetermined level without sideways
 displacement.
 Lance - (DOD) A mobile, storable, liquid propellant, surface-to-surface
 guided missile, with nuclear and nonnuclear capability; designed to
 support the Army corps with long-range fires. Designated as XMGM-52.

 land arm mode - (DOD, NATO) A mode of operation in which automatic
 sequence is used to engage and disengage appropriate modes of an
 aircraft automatic flight control system in order to execute the various
 flight phases in the terminal area necessary for completing an automatic
 approach and landing.

 land control operations - (DOD, IADB) The employment of ground
 forces, supported by naval and air forces, as appropriate, to achieve
 military objectives in vital land areas. Such operations include
 destruction of opposing ground forces, securing key terrain, protection
 of vital land lines of communication, and establishment of local
 military superiority in areas of land operations.

 landing aid - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any illuminating light, radio beacon,
 radar device, communicating device, or any system of such devices for
 aiding aircraft in an approach and landing.

 landing approach - (DOD, NATO) The continuously changing position
 of an aircraft in space directed toward effecting a landing on a
 predetermined area.

 landing area - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. That part of the objective
 area within which are conducted the landing operations of an amphibious
 force. It includes the beach, the approaches to the beach, the transport
 areas, the fire support areas, the air occupied by close supporting
 aircraft, and the land included in the advance inland to the initial
 objective. 2. (Airborne) The general area used for landing troops and
 materiel either by airdrop or air landing. This area includes one or
 more drop zones or landing strips. 3. Any specially prepared or selected
 surface of land, water, or deck designated or used for take-off and
 landing of aircraft. - See also airfield.

 landing attack - (DOD, IADB) An attack against enemy defenses by troops
 landed from ships, aircraft, boats, or amphibious vehicles. See also
 assault.

 landing beach - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That portion of a shoreline
 usually required for the landing of a battalion landing team. However,
 it may also be that portion of a shoreline constituting a tactical
 locality (such as the shore of a bay) over which a force larger or
 smaller than a battalion landing team may be landed.

 landing craft - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A craft employed in amphibious
 operations, specifically designed for carrying troops and equipment and
 for beaching, unloading, and retracting. Also used for logistic cargo
 resupply operations.

 landing craft and amphibious vehicle assignment table - (DOD, IADB) A
 table showing the assignment of personnel and materiel to each landing
 craft and amphibious vehicle and the assignment of the landing craft
 and amphibious vehicles to waves for the ship-to-shore movement.

 landing craft availability table - (DOD, IADB) A tabulation of
 the type and number of landing craft that will be available from each
 ship of the transport group. The table is the basis for the assignment
 of landing craft to the boat groups for the ship-to-shore movement.

 landing diagram - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A graphic means of illustrating the
 plan for the ship-to-shore movement.

 landing force - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A task organization of troop units,
 aviation and ground, assigned to an amphibious assault. It is the
 highest troop echelon in the amphibious operation. See also amphibious
 force.

 landing group - (NATO) A subordinate task organization of the landing
 force capable of conducting landing operations, under a single
 tactical command, against a position or group of positions.

 landing mat - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A prefabricated, portable mat so
 designed that any number of planks (sections) may be rapidly fastened
 together to form surfacing for emergency runways, landing beaches, etc.

 landing point - (DOD, NATO) A point within a landing site where
 one helicopter or vertical take-off and landing aircraft can land.  See
 also airfield.

 landing roll - (DOD, NATO) The movement of an aircraft from touchdown
 through deceleration to taxi speed or full stop.

 landing schedule - (DOD, IADB) In an amphibious operation, a
 schedule which shows the beach, hour, and priorities of landing of
 assault units, and which coordinates the movements of landing craft from
 the transports to the beach in order to execute the scheme of maneuver
 ashore.

 landing ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An assault ship which is designed for
 long sea voyages and for rapid unloading over and on to a beach.

 landing ship dock - (NATO, IADB) A ship designed to transport
 and launch loaded amphibious craft and/or amphibian vehicles with their
 crews and embarked personnel and/or equipment and to render limited
 docking and repair services to small ships and craft.

 landing site - (DOD, NATO) 1. A site within a landing zone containing
 one or more landing points. - See also airfield. 2. In amphibious
 operations, a continuous segment of coastline over which troops,
 equipment and supplies can be landed by surface means.

 landing threshold - (DOD, IADB) The beginning of that portion
 of a runway usable for landing.

 landing vehicle, tracked, engineer, model 1 - (DOD, IADB) A lightly
 armored amphibious vehicle designed for minefield and obstacle clearance
 in amphibious assaults and operations inland. Equipped with line charges
 for projection in advance of the vehicle and bulldozer-type blade with
 scarifier teeth. Designated as LVTE-1.

 landing zone - (DOD, NATO) Any specified zone used for the landing of
 aircraft. - See also airfield.

 landing zone control - See pathfinder drop zone control.

 landing zone control party - (DOD, NATO) Personnel specially
 trained and equipped to establish and operate communications devices
 from the ground for traffic control of aircraft/ helicopters for a
 specific landing zone.

 landmark - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A feature, either natural or artificial,
 that can be accurately determined on the ground from a grid reference.

 land mine warfare - See mine warfare.

 land projection operations - See land, sea, or aerospace projection
 operations.

 land, sea, or aerospace projection operations - (DOD) The employment of
 land, sea, or air forces, or appropriate combinations thereof, to
 project United States military power into areas controlled or threatened
 by enemy forces. Operations may include penetration of such areas by
 amphibious, airborne, or land-transported means, as well as air combat
 operations by land-based and/or carrier air.

 land search - (DOD) The search of terrain by earth-bound personnel.

 lane marker - (DOD, NATO) In land mine warfare, sign used to
 mark a minefield lane. Lane markers, at the entrance to and exit from
 the lane, may be referenced to a landmark or intermediate marker. - See
 also marker; mine-field lane.

 lap - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, that section or strip
 of an area assigned to a single sweeper or formation of sweepers for a
 run through the area.

 lap course - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the true course
 desired to be made good during a run along a lap.

 lap track - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the center line
 of a lap; ideally, the track to be followed by the sweep or detecting
 gear.

 lap turn - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the maneuver a
 minesweeper carries out during the period between the completion of one
 run and the commencement of the run immediately following.

 lap width - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the swept path
 of the ship or formation divided by the percentage coverage being swept
 to.

 large-lot storage - (DOD, IADB) A quantity of material which
 will require four or more pallet columns stored to maximum height.
 Usually accepted as stock stored in carload or greater quantities.
 See also storage.

 large-scale map - (DOD, IADB) A map having a scale of 1:75,000 or
 larger. See also map.

 large ship - (NATO) A ship of over 450 feet (or 137 meters) in length.
 See also small ship.

 large spread - (DOD) A report by an observer or a spotter to the ship
 to indicate that the distance between the bursts of a salvo is
 excessive.

 laser designator - (DOD, NATO) A device that emits a beam of laser
 energy which is used to mark a specific place or object.

 laser guidance unit - (DOD, NATO) A device which incorporates a laser
 seeker to provide guidance commands to the control system of a missile,
 projectile or bomb.

 laser guided weapon - (DOD, NATO) A weapon which utilizes a seeker to
 detect laser energy reflected from a laser marked/designated target and
 through signal processing provides guidance commands to a control system
 which guides the weapon to the point from which the laser energy is
 being reflected.

 laser illuminator - (DOD, NATO) A device for enhancing the illumination
 in a zone of action by irradiating with a laser beam.

 laser intelligence - (DOD) Technical and intelligence information
 derived from laser systems; a  subcategory  of  electro-optical
 intelligence. Also called LASINT.

 laser linescan system - (DOD, NATO) An active airborne imagery
 recording system which uses a laser as the primary source of
 illumination to scan the ground beneath the flight path, adding
 successive across-track lines to the record as the vehicle advances.
 See also infrared linescan system.

 laser pulse duration - (DOD, NATO) The time during which the
 laser output pulse power remains continuously above half its maximum
 value.

 laser rangefinder - (DOD, NATO) A device which uses laser energy
 for determining the distance from the device to a place or object.

 laser seeker - (DOD, NATO) A device based on a direction sensitive
 receiver which detects the energy reflected from a laser designated
 target and defines the direction of the target relative to the receiver.
 See also laser guided weapon.

 laser target designating system - (DOD, NATO) A system which
 is used to direct (aim or point) laser energy at a target. The system
 consists of the laser designator or laser target marker with its display
 and control components necessary to acquire the target and direct the
 beam of laser energy thereon.

 laser target marker - See laser designator.

 laser target marking system - See laser target designating system.

 laser tracker - (DOD, NATO) A device which locks on to the reflected
 energy from a laser marked/designated target and defines the direction
 of the target relative to itself.

 lashing - (DOD, NATO) - See tie down. - See also restraint of loads.

 lashing point - See tie down point.

 LASINT - See laser intelligence.

 late - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a report
 made to the observer or spotter, whenever there is a delay in
 reporting "shot" by coupling a time in seconds with the report.

 lateral gain - (DOD, NATO) The amount of new ground covered laterally
 by successive photographic runs over an area.

 lateral route - (DOD, NATO) A route generally parallel to the
 forward edge of the battle area, which crosses, or feeds into, axial
 routes. - See also route.

 lateral spread - (DOD) A technique used to place the mean point
 of impact of two or more units 100 meters apart on a line perpendicular
 to the gun-target line.

 lateral tell - See cross tell; track telling.

 late time - See span of detonation (atomic demolition munition
 employment).

 latitude band - (DOD, NATO) Any latitudinal strip, designated by
 accepted units of linear or angular measurement, which circumscribes
 the earth. Also called latitudinal band.

 lattice - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A network of intersecting positional
 lines printed on a map
 or chart from which a fix may be obtained.

 launch - (DOD, IADB) The transition from static repose to dynamic
 flight of a missile.

 launcher - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A structural device designed to support and
 hold a missile in position for firing.

 launching site - (NATO, IADB) Any site or installation with
 the capability of launching missiles from surface to air or surface to
 surface.

 launch pad - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A concrete or other hard surface
 area on which a missile launcher is positioned.

 launch time - (DOD, IADB) The time at which an aircraft or missile is

 scheduled to be airborne. - See also airborne order.

 launch under attack - (DOD) Execution by National Command Authorities
 of Single Into grated Operational Plan forces subsequent to tactical
 warning of strategic nuclear attack against the United States and prior
 to first impact. Also called LUA.

 law of armed conflict - See law of war.

 law of war - (DOD) That part of international law that regulates
 the conduct of armed hostilities. It is often termed the law of armed
 conflict. - See also rules of engagement.

 lay - (DOD, IADB) 1. Direct or adjust the aim of a weapon. 2. Setting
 of a weapon for a given range, or for a given direction, or both.
 3. To drop one or more aerial bombs or aerial mines onto the surface
 from an aircraft. 4. To spread a smoke screen on the ground from an
 aircraft. 5. To calculate or project a course. 6. To lay on: a. to
 execute a bomber strike; b. to set up a mission.

 laydown bombing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A very low level bombing
 technique wherein delay fuzes and/or devices are used to allow the
 attacker to escape the effects of his bomb.

 layer depth - (DOD, IADB) The depth from the surface of the sea
 to the point above the first major negative thermocline at which sound
 velocity is maximum.

 layer tint - See hypsometric tinting.

 laying-up position - (NATO) Any suitable position where naval units
 can berth, camouflage and replenish in preparation for forthcoming
 operations. - See also waiting position.

 lay reference number - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a number
 allocated to an individual mine by the minefield planning authority to
 provide a simple means of referring to it.

 lazy - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Equipment indicated at
 standby."

 LCC - See amphibious command ship.

 lead aircraft - (DOD, IADB) 1. The airborne aircraft designated to
 exercise command of other aircraft within the flight. 2. An aircraft
 in the van of two or more aircraft.

 lead aircraft - (NATO) 1. An airborne aircraft designated to
 provide certain command and air control functions. 2. An aircraft in the
 van of two or more aircraft.

 lead collision course - (DOD, NATO) A vector which, if maintained
 by an interceptor aircraft, will result in collision between the
 interceptor's fixed armament and the target.

 lead pursuit - (DOD, NATO) An interceptor vector designed to
 maintain a course of flight at a predetermined point ahead of a target.

 leapfrog - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Form of movement in which like supporting
 elements are moved successively through or by one another along the axis
 of movement of supported forces.

 leaver - (DOD, NATO) An independent merchant ship which breaks
 off from the main convoy. - See also leaver convoy; leaver section.

 leaver convoy - (DOD, NATO) A convoy which has broken off from
 the main convoy and is proceeding to a different destination.

 leaver section - (DOD, NATO) A group of ships forming part of
 the main convoy which will subsequently break off to become leavers or
 a leaver convoy.

 left (or right) - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. Terms used to establish
 the relative position of a body of troops. The person using the terms
 "left" or "right" is assumed to be facing in the direction of the enemy
 regardless of whether the troops are advancing towards or withdrawing
 from the enemy. 2. Correction used in adjusting fire to indicate that
 a lateral shift of the mean point of impact perpendicular to the
 reference line or spotting line is desired.

 left (right) bank - (DOD, IADB) That bank of a stream or river
 on the left (right) of the observer when he is facing in the direction
 of flow or downstream.

 legend - (NATO) An explanation of symbols used on a map, chart,
 sketch, etc., commonly printed in tabular form at the side of the map,
 etc.

 lens coating - (NATO) A thin transparent coating applied to
 a surface of a lens element.

 lens distortion - (NATO) Image  displacement  caused  by  lens
 irregularities and aberrations.

 level - (DOD) In air intercept, a word meaning, "Contact designated is
 at your angels."

 level of effort-oriented items - (DOD) Items for which requirements
 computations are based on such factors as equipment and personnel
 density and time and rate of use. See also combination mission/level
 of effort-oriented items; mission-oriented items.

 level of supply - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The quantity of supplies
 or materiel authorized or directed to be held in anticipation of future
 demands. - See also operating level of supply; order and shipping time;
 procurement lead time; requisitioning objective; safety level of supply;
 stockage objective; strategic reserve.

 LGM-25C - See Titan II.

 LGM-30 - See Minuteman.

 LHA - See amphibious assault ship (general purpose).

 liaison - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That contact or intercommunication
 maintained between elements of military forces to insure mutual
 understanding and unity of purpose and action.

 liberated territory - (DOD, NATO IADB) Any area, domestic, neutral or
 friendly, which, having been occupied by an enemy, is retaken by
 friendly forces.

 LIC - See low-intensity conflict.

 life cycle - (DOD) The total phases through which an item passes
 from the time it is initially developed until the time it is either
 consumed in use or disposed of as being excess to all known materiel
 requirements.

 lifeguard submarine - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A submarine employed
 for rescue in an area which cannot be adequately covered by air or
 surface rescue facilities because of enemy opposition, distance from
 friendly bases, or other reasons. It is stationed near the objective and
 sometimes along the route to be flown by the strike aircraft.

 life support equipment - (DOD) Equipment designed to sustain
 aircrew members and passengers throughout the flight environment,
 optimizing their mission effectiveness and affording a means of safe and
 reliable escape, descent, survival, and recovery  in  emergency
 situations.

 light artillery - See field artillery.

 light damage - See nuclear damage (land warfare).

 lightening - (DOD, NATO) The operation (normally carried out
 at anchor) of transferring crude oil cargo from a large tanker to a
 smaller tanker, so reducing the draft of the larger tanker to enable it
 to enter port.

 light filter - (DOD, NATO) An optical element such as a sheet
 of glass, gelatine or plastic dyed in a specific manner to absorb
 selectively light of certain colors.

 light line - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A designated line forward of which
 vehicles are required to use black-out lights at night.

 limited access route - (DOD, NATO) A one way route with one or
 more restrictions which preclude its use by the full range of military
 traffic. - See also double flow route; single flow route.

 limited denied war - (DOD) Not to be used. No substitute recommended.

 limited production type item - (DOD, IADB) An item under development,
 commercially available or available from other Government agencies, for
 which an urgent operational requirement exists and for which no other
 existing item is substitutable; which appears to fulfill an approved
 materiel requirement or other Military Department-approved requirements,
 and to be promising enough operationally to warrant initiating
 procurement and/or production for service issue prior to completion of
 development and/or test or adoption as a standard item.

 limited standard item - (DOD, IADB) An item of supply determined
 by standardization action as authorized for procurement only to support
 in-Service military materiel requirements.

 limited war - (DOD, IADB) Armed conflict short of general war,
 exclusive of incidents, involving the overt engagement of the military
 forces of two or more nations.

 limit of fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The boundary marking off
 the area on which gunfire can be delivered. 2. Safe angular limits for
 firing at aerial targets.

 line - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 spotting, or an observation, used by a spotter or an observer to
 indicate that a burst(s) occurred on the spotting line.

 linear scale - See graphic scale; scale.

 line astern - See trail formation.

 line gauge - (NATO) A measurement of line width.

 line of arrival - See line of impact.

 line of departure - (DOD, NATO) 1. In land warfare, a line designated
 to coordinate the departure of attach or scouting elements. Also called
 start line 2. In amphibious warfare, a suitable marked offshore
 coordinating line to assist assault craft to land on designated beaches
 at scheduled times.

 line of departure - (IADB) 1. A line designated to coordinate the
 departure of attack or scouting elements. Also called jump-off line.
 2. A suitably marked offshore coordinating line to assist assault craft
 to land on designated beaches at scheduled times.

 line of impact - (NATO, IADB) A line tangent to the trajectory
 at the point of impact or burst.

 line of position - (DOD) In air intercept, a reference line which
 originates at a target and extends outward at a predetermined angle.

 line overlap - See overlap 1.

 liner - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Fly at speed
 giving maximum cruising range."

 line-route map - (DOD, IADB) A map or overlay for signal communications
 operations that shows the actual routes and types of construction of
 wire circuits in the field. It also gives the locations of switchboards
 and telegraph stations. See also map.

 line search - (DOD, NATO) Reconnaissance along a specific line
 of communications, such as a road, railway or waterway, to detect
 fleeting targets and activities in general.

 lines of communications - (DOD, IADB) All the routes, land, water, and
 air, which connect an operating military force with a base of operations
 and along which supplies and military forces move.

 lines of communications - (NATO) All the land, water, and air routes
 that connect an operating military force with one or more bases of
 operations, and along which supplies and reinforcements move.

 line weight - See line gauge.

 link - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. In communications, a general term used to
 indicate the existence of communications facilities between two points.
 2. A maritime route, other than a coastal or transit route, which links
 any two or more routes.

 link encryption - (DOD, IADB) The application of on-line crypt-operation
 to a link of a communications system so that all information passing
 over the link is encrypted in its entirety.

 link-lift vehicle - (DOD) The conveyance, together with its
 operating personnel, used to satisfy a movement requirement between
 nodes.

 link-route segments - (DOD) Route segments that connect nodes
 wherein link-lift vehicles perform the movement function.

 liquid explosive - (DOD, NATO) Explosive which is fluid at normal
 temperatures.

 liquid propellant - (DOD, IADB) Any liquid combustible fed to
 the combustion chamber of a rocket engine.

 listening watch - (DOD, IADB) A continuous receiver watch established
 for the reception of traffic addressed to, or of interest to, the unit
 maintaining the watch, with complete log optional.

 list of targets - (DOD, IADB) A tabulation of confirmed or suspect
 targets maintained by any echelon for informational and fire support
 planning purposes. - See also target list.

 litter - (DOD, IADB) A basket or frame utilized for the transport
 of injured persons.

 litter patient - (DOD, IADB) A patient requiring litter accommodations
 while in transit.

 live exercise - (NATO) An exercise using real forces and units.

 LKA - See attack cargo ship.

 load - See airlift capability; airlift requirement; allowable
 load; combat load; payload (parts 1 and 4); standard load.

 load control group - (DOD, NATO) Personnel who are concerned
 with organization and control of loading within the pick-up zone.

 loading - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The process of putting troops, equipment,
 and supplies into ships, aircraft, trains, road transport, or other
 means of conveyance. - See also administrative loading; block stowage
 loading; cargo; combat loading; commodity loading; convoy loading;
 cross loading (personnel); endurance loading; horizontal loading;
 preload loading; selective loading; unit loading; vertical loading.

 loading chart (aircraft) - (DOD, IADB) Any one of a series of charts
 carried in an aircraft which shows the proper location for loads to be
 transported and which pertains to check-lists, balance records, and
 clearances for weight and balance.

 loading plan - (DOD, NATO, IADB) All of the individually prepared
 documents which, taken together, present in detail all instructions for
 the arrangement of personnel, and the loading of equipment for one or
 more units or other special grouping of personnel or material moving by
 highway, water, rail, or air transportation. - See also ocean manifest.

 loading point - (DOD, NATO) A point where one aircraft can be loaded or
 unloaded.

 loading site - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An area containing a number of loading
 points.

 load spreader - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Material used to distribute
 the weight of a load over a given floor area to avoid exceeding designed
 stress.

 localizer - (DOD, NATO) A directional radio beacon which provides
 to an aircraft an indication of its lateral position relative to a pro
 determined final approach course. - See also beacon; instrument landing
 system.

 localizer mode - (DOD, NATO) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which an aircraft is automatically positioned to, and held at,
 the center of the localizer course.

 local mean time - (DOD, NATO) The time interval elapsed since
 the mean sun's transit of the observer's anti-meridian.

 local procurement - (DOD, IADB) The process of obtaining personnel,
 services, supplies, and equipment from local or indigenous sources.

 local purchase - (DOD) The function of acquiring a decentralized
 item of supply from sources outside the Department of Defense.

 local purchase - (IADB) The function of acquiring a decentralized
 item of supply from sources outside the military establishment.

 local wage rate NATO civilian employee - (NATO) Civilian employee
 who does not occupy a NATO international civilian post and who does not
 enjoy NATO status.

 local war - (DOD) Not to be used. See limited war.

 LOCAP - (DOD) Low combat air patrol.

 location diagram - (NATO) On a map or chart, a diagram shown
 in the margin to indicate the position of the sheet in relation to the
 surrounding country, or to adjoining sheets of the same or adjacent map
 series. - See map index.

 lock on - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Signifies that a tracking or target-seeking
 system is continuously and automatically tracking a target in one or
 more coordinates (e.g., range, bearing, elevation).

 lodgment area - See airhead; beachhead.

 loft bombing - (DOD, IADB) A method of bombing in which the delivery
 plane approaches the target at a very low altitude, makes a definite
 pullup at a given point, releases the bomb at predetermined point during
 the pullup, and tosses the bomb onto the target. - See also over-the
 shoulder bombing; toss bombing.

 logair - (DOD) Long-term contract airlift service within continental
 United States for the movement of cargo in support of the logistics
 systems of the Military Services (primarily the Army and Air Force) and
 Department of Defense agencies. See also quicktrans.

 logistic assessment - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An evaluation of: a.
 The logistic support required to support particular military operations
 in a theater of operations, country, or area. b. The actual and/or
 potential logistics support available for the conduct of military
 operations either within the theater, country, or area, or located
 elsewhere.

 logistic assistance - (NATO, IADB) A generic term used to denote
 types of assistance between and within military commands both in peace
 and war.  - See also integrated logistic support; mutual aid;
 reallocation of resources.

 logistic estimate of the situation - (DOD, IADB) An appraisal
 resulting from an orderly examination of the logistic  factors
 influencing contemplated courses of action to provide conclusions
 concerning the degree and manner of that influence.  See also estimate
 of the situation.

 logistic implications test - (DOD, IADB) An analysis of the major
 logistic aspects of a joint strategic war plan and the consideration of
 the logistic implications resultant therefrom as they may limit the
 acceptability of the plan. The logistic analysis and consideration are
 conducted concurrently with the development of the strategic plan. The
 objective is to establish whether the logistic requirements generated
 by the plan are in balance with availabilities, and to set forth those
 logistic implications that should be weighed by the Joint Chiefs of
 Staff in their consideration of the plan. - See also feasibility test.

 logistic routes - See lines of communication.

 logistics - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The science of planning and carrying out
 the movement and maintenance of forces. In its most comprehensive sense,
 those aspects of military operations which deal with: a. design and
 development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance,
 evacuation, and disposition of materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and
 hospitalization of personnel; c.  acquisition  or  construction,
 maintenance, operation, and disposition of facilities;  and  d.
 acquisition or furnishing of services.

 logistics over the shore operations - (DOD, IADB) The loading
 and unloading of ships without the benefit of fixed port facilities, in
 friendly or nondefended territory, and, in time of war, during phases
 of theater development in which there is no opposition by the enemy.

 logistics sourcing(DOD) The identification of the origin and
 determination of the availability of the time-phased force and
 deployment data non-unit logistics requirements.

 logistic support (medical) - (DOD, IADB) Medical care, treatment,
 hospitalization, evacuation, furnishing of medical services, supplies,
 materiel, and adjuncts thereto.

 long-range bomber aircraft - (DOD) A bomber designed for a tactical
 operating radius over 2,500 nautical miles at design gross weight and
 design bomb load.

 long-range transport aircraft - See transport aircraft.

 look - (DOD, NATO) In mine warfare, a period during which a mine
 circuit is receptive of an influence.

 loran - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A long-range radio navigation position
 fixing system using the time difference of reception of pulse type
 transmissions from two or more fixed stations. This term is derived from
 the words long-range electronic navigation.

 lost - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a
 spotting, or an observation used by a spotter or an observer to indicate
 that rounds fired by a gun or mortar were not observed.

 lot - (DOD, IADB) Specifically, a quantity of material all of
 which was manufactured under identical conditions and assigned an
 identifying lot number.

 low - (DOD, IADB) A height between five hundred and two thousand
 feet.

 low airburst - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The fallout safe height of burst
 for a nuclear weapon which maximizes damage to or casualties on surface
 targets. - See also types of burst.

 low-altitude bombing(DOD, IADB) Horizontal bombing with the
 height of release between 900 and 8,000 feet.

 low altitude bombing system mode - (DOD) In a flight control
 system, a control mode in which the low altitude bombing maneuver of an
 aircraft is controlled automatically.

 low angle - (DOD, NATO) In artillery and naval gunfire support,
 an order or request to obtain low-angle fire.

 low angle fire - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Fire delivered at angles of
 elevation below the elevation that corresponds to the maximum range of
 the gun and ammunition concerned.

 low angle loft bombing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Type of loft bombing
 of free fall bombs where in weapon release occurs at an angle less than
 35 degrees above the horizontal. - See also loft bombing.

 low dollar value item - (DOD) An item which normally requires
 considerably less management effort than those in the other management
 intensity groupings.

 low-intensity conflict - (DOD) A limited politico-military struggle to
 achieve political, social, economic, or psychological objectives. It is
 often protracted and ranges from diplomatic, economic, and psychosocial
 pressures through terrorism and insurgency. Low-intensity conflict is
 generally confined to a geographic area and is often characterized by
 constraints on the weaponry, tactics, and the level of violence. Also
 called LID.

 low level flight - See terrain flight.

 low level transit route - (DOD, NATO) A temporary corridor of
 defined dimensions which facilitates the low level passage of friendly
 aircraft through friendly air defenses and controlled or restricted
 airspace.

 low oblique - See oblique air photograph.

 low velocity drop - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A drop procedure in which
 the drop velocity does not exceed 30 feet per second.

 low visibility operations - (DOD) Sensitive operations wherein
 the political/military restrictions inherent in covert and clandestine
 operations are either not necessary or not feasible; actions are taken
 as required to limit exposure of those involved and/or their activities.
 Execution of these operations is undertaken with the knowledge that the
 action and/or sponsorship of the operation may preclude plausible denial
 by the initiating power.

 LPA - See attack transport.

 LPD - See amphibious transport dock. LSD - See dock landing ship.

 LST - See tank landing ship.

 LVTE-1 - See landing vehicle, tracked, engineer, model 1.
 M-42 - See Duster (antiaircraft weapon).

 M-48A3 - See tank, combat, full-tracked, 90-mm gun.

 M-60 - See tank, combat, full-tracked, 105-mm gun.

 M-88A1 - See recovery vehicle.

 M-548 - See cargo carrier.

 Mace - (DOD, IADB) An improved version of the MGM-lC Matador,
 differing primarily in its improved guidance system, longer-range, low-
 level attack capability and higher yield warhead. The MGM-13A is guided
 by a self-contained radar guidance system. The MGM-13B is guided by an
 inertial guidance system. Designated as MGM-13.

 mach front - See mach stem.

 mach hold mode - (DOD) In a flight control system, a control
 mode in which a desired flight (flying) speed of an aircraft expressed
 as a mach number is maintained automatically.

 machmeter - (DOD, NATO) An instrument which displays the mach
 number of the  aircraft  derived  from  inputs  of  pitot  and  static
 pressures.

 mach no/yes - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "I have
 reached maximum speed and am not/am closing my target."

 mach number - (DOD, IADB) The ratio of the velocity of a body
 to that of sound in the surrounding medium.

 mach number indicator - See machmeter.

 mach stem - (DOD, NATO) The shock front formed by the fusion
 of the incident and reflected shock fronts from an explosion. The term
 is generally used with reference to a blast wave, propagated in the air,
 reflected at the surface of the earth. In the ideal case, the mach stem
 is  perpendicular  to  the  reflecting  surface  and  slightly  convex
 (forward). Also called mach front.

 mach trim compensator - (DOD) In a flight control system, an
 automatic control sub-system which provides pitch trim of an  aircraft
 as a function of mach number.

 mach wave - See mach stem.

 magnetic bearing - See bearing.

 magnetic circuit - See magnetic mine.

 magnetic compass - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An instrument containing
 a freely suspended magnetic element which displays the direction of the
 horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field  at  the  point  of
 observation.

 magnetic declination - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The angle between the
 magnetic and geographical meridians at any place, expressed in degrees
 east or west to indicate the direction of  magnetic  north  from  true
 north. In nautical and  aeronautical  navigation,  the  term  magnetic
 variation is used instead of magnetic declination  and  the  angle  is
 termed variation  of  the  compass  or  magnetic  variation.  Magnetic
 declination is not otherwise synonymous with magnetic variation  which
 refers to regular or  irregular  change  with  time  of  the  magnetic
 declination, dip, or intensity. See also magnetic variation.

 magnetic equator - (DOD, NATO) A line drawn on a map or chart
 connecting all points at which the magnetic inclination (dip) is  zero
 for a specified epoch. Also called "aclinic line."

 magnetic mine - (DOD, NATO) A mine which responds to the magnetic
 field of a target.

 magnetic minehunting - (DOD) The process of using magnetic detectors to
 determine the presence of mines or minelike objects.

 magnetic minehunting - (NATO) The process of using magnetic
 detectors to determine the presence of mines or minelike objects which
 may be either on or protruding from the seabed, or buried.

 magnetic north - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The direction indicated by
 the north-seeking pole of a freely suspended magnetic needle, influenced
 only the earth's magnetic field.

 magnetic tape - (DOD, IADB) A tape or ribbon of any material
 impregnated or  coated  with  magnetic  or  other  material  on  which
 information may be placed in the form of magnetically polarized spots.

 magnetic variation - (DOD, NATO) 1. In navigation, at a given
 place and time, the horizontal angle between the true north and magnetic
 north measured east or west according to whether magnetic  north  lies
 east or west of true north.  See  also  magnetic  declination.  2.  In
 cartography, the annual change in direction of the horizontal component
 of the earth's magnetic field.

 magnetic variation - (IADB) The horizontal angle at a place between the
 true north and magnetic north measured in degrees and minutes east  or
 west according to whether magnetic north lies east  or  west  of  true
 north. See also magnetic declination.

 main airfield - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An airfield  planned  for  permanent
 occupation  in  peace  time,  at  a  location  suitable  for   wartime
 utilization, and with operational facilities of a standard adequate to
 develop full use of its war combat  potential.  See  also  alternative
 airfield; departure airfield; redeployment airfield.

 main armament - (DOD) The request of the observer or spotter
 to obtain fire from the largest guns installed on the fire support ship.

 main attack - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The principal attack or effort
 into which the commander throws the full weight of the offensive power
 at his disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the
 campaign or battle.

 main battle tank - See tank, main battle.

 main convoy - (DOD, NATO) The convoy as a whole which sails from
 the convoy assembly port/anchorage  to  its  destination.  It  may  be
 supplemented by joiners or joiner convoys, and leavers or leaver convoys
 may break off.

 main detonating line - (DOD, NATO) In demolition, a line of detonating
 cord used to transmit the detonation wave to two or more branches.

 mainguard - (NATO, IADB) Element of an advanced guard. See also
 advanced guard.

 main line of resistance - (DOD, IADB) A line at the forward edge
 of the battle position, designated for the purpose of coordinating the
 fire of all units and supporting  weapons,  including  air  and  naval
 gunfire. It defines  the  forward  limits  of  a  series  of  mutually
 supporting defensive areas, but it does not include the areas occupied
 or used by covering or screening forces.

 main road - (DOD, IADB) A road capable of  serving  as  the  principal
 ground line of communication to an area or locality. Usually it is wide
 enough and suitable for two-way, all-weather traffic at high speeds.

 main supply route - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The route or  routes  designated
 within an area of operations upon which the bulk of traffic  flows  in
 support of military operations.

 maintenance - (NATO) 1. All action taken to retain materiel in
 or to restore it to a specified condition.  It  includes:  inspection,
 testing,  servicing,  classification  as  to  serviceability,  repair,
 rebuilding, and reclamation. 2. All supply and repair action taken  to
 keep a force in condition to carry out its  mission.  3.  The  routine
 recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure,
 ground facility, utility system,  or  other  real  property)  in  such
 condition that it may be continuously utilized,  at  its  original  or
 designed capacity and efficiency, for its intended purpose.

 maintenance and operations support set - (DOD) A US Air Force
 grouping of reusable lightweight, air transportable shelters  designed
 to provide deployable maintenance and operations facilities to support
 a specific weapon system, i.e., F-4, F-15, A-7, C-130. The  expandable
 shelters are configured to allow rapid installation of unit equipment,
 tools, and other organic equipment for such functions as command post,
 life support, inertial navigation, and fire control.  Units  deploying
 with these sets can conduct sustained operations at any location which
 possesses the necessary base operating/housekeeping facilities.

 maintenance area - (DOD, IADB) A general locality in which are
 grouped a number of maintenance activities for the purpose of retaining
 or restoring materiel to a serviceable condition.

 maintenance engineering - (DOD, IADB) The application  of  techniques,
 engineering skills, and effort, organized to insure that the design and
 development of weapon systems and equipment provide adequately for their
 effective and economical maintenance.

 maintenance (materiel) - (DOD, IADB) 1. All  action  taken  to  retain
 materiel in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability.
 It includes  inspection,  testing,  servicing,  classification  as  to
 serviceability, repair, rebuilding, and reclamation. 2. All supply and
 repair action taken to keep a force in  condition  to  carry  out  its
 mission. 3. The routine recurring work required  to  keep  a  facility
 (plant, building, structure, ground facility, utility system, or other
 real property) in such condition that it may be continuously utilized,
 at its original or designed capacity and efficiency, for its  intended
 purpose.

 maintenance status - (DOD, IADB) 1. A nonoperating condition,
 deliberately imposed, with adequate personnel to maintain and preserve
 installations, materiel, and facilities in such a condition that  they
 may be readily restored to operable condition in a minimum time by the
 assignment of additional personnel and  without  extensive  repair  or
 overhaul. 2. That condition of  materiel  which  is  in  fact,  or  is
 administratively classified as, unserviceable, pending  completion  of
 required servicing or repairs.

 major disaster - See domestic emergencies.

 major fleet - (DOD, IADB) A principal, permanent subdivision
 of the operating forces of the  Navy  with  certain  supporting  shore
 activities. Presently there are two such fleets: the Pacific Fleet and
 the Atlantic Fleet. See also fleet.

 Major NATO Commanders - (NATO) Major NATO Commanders are Supreme
 Allied Commander Atlantic, Supreme Allied Commander Europe and  Allied
 Commander-in-Chief Channel. See also commander(s);  Major  Subordinate
 Commanders;  Principal  Subordinate   Commanders;   Subordinate   Area
 Commanders.

 major nuclear power - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any nation that possesses
 a nuclear striking force capable of posing a serious threat  to  every
 other nation.

 major port - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Any port with two or more berths
 and facilities and equipment capable of discharging  100,000  tons  of
 cargo per month from ocean-going ships. Such ports will be  designated
 as probable nuclear targets. See also port.

 Major Subordinate Commanders - (NATO) The designation assigned
 to NATO commanders operationally responsible to Supreme Allied Commander
 Europe  and  Supreme  Allied  Commander  Atlantic  for  an   allocated
 geographical area or function. See also Major NATO Commanders; Principal
 Subordinate Commanders; Subordinate Area Commanders.

 major water terminal - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A water terminal with
 facilities for berthing numerous ships simultaneously at wharves  and/
 or working anchorages, located within sheltered coastal waters adjacent
 to rail, highway, air and/or inland water transportation nets. It covers
 a relatively large area, and its scope of operation is such that it is
 designated as a probable nuclear target. See also water terminal.

 major weapon system - (DOD) One of a limited number of systems
 or subsystems which, for reasons of military urgency, criticality,  or
 resource requirements, is determined by the Department of  Defense  as
 being vital to the national interest.

 make safe - (DOD) One or more actions necessary to prevent or
 interrupt complete function of the system (traditionally synonymous with
 "dearm," "disarm," and "disable"). Among the necessary actions are: (1)
 install (safety devices such as pins or locks); (2) disconnect (hoses,
 linkages, batteries); (3) bleed (accumulators, reservoirs); (4) remove
 (explosive devices such as initiators, fuzes, detonators); (5) intervene
 (as in welding, lockwiring).

 management - (DOD, IADB) A process of establishing and attaining
 objectives to carry out responsibilities. Management consists of those
 continuing actions of planning, organizing,  directing,  coordinating,
 controlling, and evaluating the use  of  men,  money,  materials,  and
 facilities to accomplish missions and tasks. Management is inherent in
 command,  but  it  does  not  include  as  extensive   authority   and
 responsibility as command.

 management and control system (mobility) - (DOD) Those elements of
 organizations and/ or activities which are part of, or are closely
 related to, the mobility system, and which authorize requirements to
 be moved, to obtain and allocate lift resources, or to direct the
 operation of linklift vehicles.

 maneuver - (IADB) 1. A movement to place ships, troops, materiel,
 or fire in a better location with respect to the enemy. 2. A  tactical
 exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in
 imitation of war. 3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle to
 cause it to perform desired movements. See also command post exercise;
 exercise; field exercise.

 maneuver - (DOD, NATO) 1. A movement to place ships or aircraft
 in a position of advantage over the  enemy.  2.  A  tactical  exercise
 carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in imitation
 of war. 3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause  it
 to perform desired movements. 4. Employment of forces on the battlefield
 through movement in combination with fire, or fire potential, to achieve
 a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish
 the mission.

 maneuverable reentry vehicle - (DOD) A reentry vehicle capable
 of performing preplanned flight maneuvers during the reentry phase. See
 also multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle; multiple reentry
 vehicle; reentry vehicle.

 maneuvering area - (DOD, IADB) That part of an airfield used
 for takeoffs, landings, and associated maneuvers.  See  also  aircraft
 marshalling area.

 maneuvering area - (NATO) That part of an airfield to be used
 for the take-off and landing of aircraft and for the surface  movement
 of aircraft associated with take-off and landing, excluding aprons. See
 also aircraft marshalling area.

 manifest - (DOD, IADB) A document specifying in detail the  passengers
 or items carried for a specific destination.

 manipulative deception - See electronic warfare.

 manipulative electronic deception (MED) - See electronic warfare.

 man portable - (DOD, NATO) Capable of being carried by one man.
 Specifically, the term may be used to qualify: I. Items designed to be
 carried as an integral part of individual, crew served or team equipment
 of the dismounted soldier in conjunction with his assigned duties. Upper
 weight limit: approximately 14  kilograms  (31  pounds.)  2.  In  land
 warfare, equipment which can be carried by one man over long  distance
 without serious degradation of the performance of his normal duties.

 manpower - See manpower requirements; manpower resources.

 manpower management - (DOD, NATO) The means of manpower control to ensure
 the most efficient and economical use of available manpower.

 manpower management survey - (DOD, NATO) Systematic evaluation of a
 functional area, utilizing  expert knowledge, manpower scaling guides,
 experience and other practical considerations in determining the
 validity and managerial efficiency of the function's present or proposed
 manpower establishment.

 manpower requirements - (DOD) Human  resources  needed  to  accomplish
 specified work loads of organizations.

 manpower resources - (DOD) Human resources available to  the  Services
 which can be applied against manpower requirements.

 manpower scaling guide - (NATO) Manpower management standards or
 guide lines which express a manpower requirement as a variable
 dependent upon workload encountered.

 man space - (DOD, IADB) The space and weight factor used to  determine
 the combat capacity of vehicles, craft, and transport aircraft,  based
 on the requirements of one person with individual equipment. The person
 is assumed to weigh between 222-250 pounds and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet
 of space. See also boat space.

 man transportable - (DOD) Items which are usually transported on
 wheeled, tracked, or air vehicles, but have integral provisions to
 allow periodic handling by one or more individuals for limited distances
 (100-500 meters). Upper weight  limit:  approximately  65 pounds per
 individual.

 many (raid size) - (DOD) In air intercept usage, 8 or more aircraft. See
 also few (raid size).

 map - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A graphic representation, usually on  a  plane
 surface, and at an established scale, of natural or artificial features
 on the surface of a part or the whole of the earth or other  planetary
 body. The features are positioned relative to a  coordinate  reference
 system. See also administrative map; battle map;  chart  index;  chart
 series; chart sheet; controlled map; general map; large-scale map; line
 route map; map chart; map index; map series; map  sheet;  medium-scale
 map; operation map; planimetric map; situation map;  small-scale  map;
 strategic map; tactical map; topographic map; traffic circulation map;
 weather map.

 map chart - (DOD, IADB) A representation of a land-sea area, using
 the characteristics of a map to represent the land area and the
 characteristics of a chart to represent the sea area, with such special
 characteristics as to make the map chart most useful in military
 operations, particularly amphibious operations. See also map.

 map convergence(DOD, NATO) The angle at which one meridian
 is inclined to another on a map or chart. See also convergence.

 map exercise - (DOD, IADB) An exercise in which a series  of  military
 situations is stated and solved on a map.

 map index - (DOD, NATO, IADB) Graphic key primarily designed
 to give the relationship between sheets of a series,  their  coverage,
 availability, and further information on the series. See also map.

 mapping camera - See air cartographic camera.

 map reference - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A means of identifying a point
 on the surface of the earth by relating it to information appearing on
 a map, generally the graticule or grid.

 map reference code - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A code used primarily
 for encoding grid coordinates and other information pertaining to maps.
 This code may be used for  other  purposes  where  the  encryption  of
 numerals is required.

 map series - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A group of maps or charts usually
 having the same scale and cartographic specifications, and  with  each
 sheet appropriately identified by producing agency as belonging to the
 same series.

 map sheet - (DOD, NATO, IADB) An individual map or chart either
 complete in itself or part of a series. See also map.

 margin - (DOD, NATO) In cartography, the area of a map or chart
 lying outside the border.

 marginal data - (DOD, NATO) All explanatory information given
 in the margin of a map or chart which clarifies, defines, illustrates,
 and/ or supplements the graphic portion of the sheet.

 marginal information - See marginal data.

 marginal weather - (DOD, IADB) Weather which is sufficiently
 adverse to a military operation so as to  require  the  imposition  of
 procedural limitations. See also adverse weather.

 Marine air command and control system - (DOD) A US Marine Corps
 tactical air command and control system which provides the tactical air
 commander with the means to command, coordinate, and control  all  air
 operations within an assigned sector and to coordinate air  operations
 with other Services. It is composed of command and control agencies with
 communications-electronics equipment that incorporates a capability from
 manual through semiautomatic control.

 Marine Air Control Squadron - (DOD, IADB) The component of the
 Marine Air Control Group which provides and operates ground facilities
 for the detection and interception of hostile  aircraft  and  for  the
 navigational direction of friendly aircraft in the conduct of  support
 missions.

 Marine Air-Ground Task Force - (DOD) A Marine Air-Ground Task
 Force is a task organization of Marine forces (Division, Aircraft Wing
 and Service Support Groups) under a single command and  structured  to
 accomplish a  specific  mission.  The  Marine  Air-Ground  Task  Force
 components will normally  include  command,  ground  combat,  aviation
 combat, and combat service support elements  (including  Navy  Support
 Elements). Three types of Marine Air-Ground Task Forces which  can  be
 task organized are  the  Marine  Amphibious  Unit,  Marine  Amphibious
 Brigade, Marine Amphibious Force. Also called MAGTF.

 Marine Air Support Squadron - (DOD, IADB) The component of the
 Marine Air Control Group which provides and operates facilities for the
 control of support aircraft operating  in  direct  support  of  ground
 forces.

 Marine Amphibious Brigade - (DOD) A Marine Amphibious Brigade
 is a task organization which is normally  built  around  a  regimental
 landing team, a provisional Marine aircraft  group,  and  a  logistics
 support group. It is capable of conducting amphibious assault operations
 of a limited scope.  During  potential  crisis  situations,  a  Marine
 Amphibious Brigade may be forward deployed afloat for an extended period
 in order to provide an immediate combat response. Also called MAB.

 Marine Amphibious Force - (DOD) The Marine Amphibious Force,
 the largest of the Marine air-ground task forces,  is  normally  built
 around a division/wing team, but can  include  several  divisions  and
 aircraft wings, together with an appropriate  combat  service  support
 organization. The Marine Amphibious Force is capable of  conducting  a
 wide range of amphibious assault operations and  sustained  operations
 ashore. It can be tailored for a wide variety of combat missions in any
 geographic environment. Also called MAF.

 Marine Amphibious Unit - (DOD) The Marine Amphibious Unit is
 a task organization which is normally built around a battalion landing
 team, composite squadron, and logistic  sub  port  unit.  It  fulfills
 routine forward afloat deployment requirements, provides an  immediate
 reaction capability for crisis situations, and is capable of relatively
 limited combat operations. Also called MAU.

 Marine base - (DOD) A base for support of Marine ground forces,
 consisting of activities or facilities for which the Marine Corps  has
 operating  responsibilities,   together   with   interior   lines   of
 communication and the minimum surrounding  area  necessary  for  local
 security. (Normally, not greater than an area of 20 square miles.) See
 also base complex.

 Marine division/wing team - (DOD, IADB) A Marine Corps air-ground
 team consisting of one division and one aircraft wing,  together  with
 their normal reinforcements.

 marine environment - (DOD) The oceans, seas, bays, estuaries,
 and other major water bodies, including their  surface  interface  and
 interaction with the atmosphere and with the land seaward of the  mean
 high water mark.

 maritime area - (NATO, IADB) A maritime theater of operations
 can be divided for the purposes of decentralization  of  command  into
 maritime areas and sub-areas, e.g., Atlantic theater, which is  divided
 into maritime area and sub-area commands.

 maritime control area - (DOD, IADB) An area generally similar
 to a defensive sea area in purpose except that it may be established any
 place on the high seas. Maritime control areas are normally established
 only in time of war. See also defensive sea area.

 maritime defense sector - (DOD, NATO) One of the subdivisions
 of a coastal area.

 maritime operation - (NATO, IADB) An action performed by forces
 on, under, or over the sea to gain or exploit control of the sea or to
 deny its use to the enemy.

 maritime search and rescue region - (DOD) The waters subject to the
 jurisdiction of the United States; the territories and possessions
 of the United States (except Canal Zone and the inland area of Alaska)
 and designated areas of the high seas.  See  also  search  and  rescue
 region.

 mark - (DOD, NATO) 1. In artillery and naval gunfire support:
 a.  a  call  for  fire  on  a  specified  location   to   orient   the
 observer/spotter or to indicate targets;  b.  a  report  made  by  the
 observer or spotter in firing  illumination  shells  to  indicate  the
 instant of optimum light on the target. 2. In close air support and air
 interdiction, an air control agency's term utilized  to  indicate  the
 point of weapon release. It is usually preceded by the word  "standby"
 as a preparatory command.

 marker - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. A visual or electronic aid used
 to mark a designated point. 2. In land mine warfare: See  gap  marker;
 intermediate marker; lane marker; row marker; strip marker. 3. In naval
 operations during a period of tension, a maritime unit  which  has  an
 immediate  offensive  or  obstructive  capability.  See  also  beacon;
 shadower.

 marker ship - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In an amphibious operation, a
 ship which takes accurate station on a designated control point. It may
 fly identifying flags by day and show lights to seaward by night.

 marking error - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, the distance
 and bearing of a marker from a target.

 marking fire - (DOD, NATO) Fire placed on a target for the purpose  of
 identification.

 marking panel - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A sheet of material displayed
 for visual communication usually between friendly units. See also panel
 code.

 marking team - (NATO, IADB) Personnel landed in the landing
 area with  the  task  of  establishing  navigational  aids.  See  also
 pathfinder aircraft; pathfinders.

 mark mark - (DOD) Command from ground controller for aircraft
 to release bombs; may indicate electronic ground-controlled release or
 voice command to aircrew.

 married failure - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, a moored
 mine lying on the seabed connected to its sinker  from  which  it  has
 failed to release owing to defective mechanism.

 marshalling - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The process by which units
 participating in an amphibious or airborne operation, group together or
 assemble when feasible or move to temporary camps in the  vicinity  of
 embarkation points, complete preparations for combat  or  prepare  for
 loading. 2. The process of assembling, holding, and organizing supplies
 and/or equipment, especially vehicles of  transportation,  for  onward
 movement. See also stage; staging area.

 masking - (DOD, NATO) In electronic warfare, the use of additional
 transmitters to hide a  particular  electromagnetic  radiation  as  to
 location of source and/or purpose of the radiation.

 mass - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. The concentration of combat power.
 2. The military formation in which units are spaced at less  than  the
 normal distances and intervals.

 mass casualties - (DOD, NATO) Any number of casualties produced
 in a relatively short period of time which  overwhelms  the  available
 medical and logistic support capabilities.

 massed fire - (DOD, IADB) 1. The fire of the batteries of two
 or more ships directed against a single target. 2. Fire from a  number
 of weapons directed  at  a  single  point  or  small  area.  See  also
 concentrated fire.

 master film - (DOD, NATO) The earliest generation of imagery
 (negative or positive) from which subsequent copies are produced.

 master force list - (DOD) A file which contains the current status of
 each requirement for a given operation plan. The master force list is
 made available for file transfer service (FTS) transfer to other
 Worldwide Military Command and Control System activities from a file
 produced from the joint deployment system data base. Also called MFL.

 master plot - (DOD, NATO) A portion of a map or overlay on which
 are drawn the outlines of the areas covered  by  an  air  photographic
 sortie. Latitude and longitude, map, and sortie information are shown.
 See also sortie plot.

 materials handling - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The movement of materials
 (raw materials, scrap, semi-finished, and finished) to,  through,  and
 from productive processes; in warehouses and storage; and in receiving
 and shipping areas.

 materials handling equipment - (DOD) Mechanical devices for handling of
 supplies with greater ease and economy

 materiel - (DOD) All items  (including  ships,  tanks,  self-propelled
 weapons, aircraft, etc., and related spares, repair parts, and support
 equipment, but excluding real property, installations, and  utilities)
 necessary to equip, operate, maintain, and support military activities
 without distinction as to its application for administrative or combat
 purposes. See also equipment; personal property.

 materiel cognizance - (DOD, IADB) Denotes responsibility for
 exercising supply management over items or categories of materiel.

 materiel control - See inventory control.

 materiel inventory objective - (DOD) The quantity of an item
 required to be on hand and on order on M-day in order to equip, provide
 a materiel pipeline, and sustain the approved US force structure (active
 and reserve) and those Allied forces designated for US materiel support,
 through the period prescribed for war materiel planning purposes. It is
 the quantity by which the war materiel  requirement  exceeds  the  war
 materiel procurement  capability  and  the  war  materiel  requirement
 adjustment. It includes the M-day force materiel requirement and the war
 reserve materiel requirement.

 materiel management - See inventory control.

 materiel pipeline - (DOD, IADB) The quantity of an item required
 in the worldwide supply system to maintain an uninterrupted replacement
 flow.

 materiel readiness - (DOD, IADB) The availability of materiel
 required by a military organization to support its wartime  activities
 or contingencies, disaster relief (flood, earthquake, etc.), or  other
 emergencies.

 materiel release confirmation - (DOD) A  notification  from  a
 shipping/storage activity advising the originator of a materiel release
 order of the positive action taken on the order. It will also be  used
 with appropriate shipment status document identifier codes as a  reply
 to a followup initiated by the inventory control point.

 materiel release order - (DOD) An order issued by an accountable
 supply system manager (usually an inventory control point or accountable
 depot/stock point) directing  a  non-accountable  activity  (usually  a
 storage site or materiel drop point) within the same supply distribution
 complex to release and ship materiel.

 materiel requirements(DOD, IADB) Those quantities of items of
 equipment and supplies  necessary  to  equip,  provide  a  materiel
 pipeline, and sustain a service, formation, organization, or unit in the
 fulfillment of its purposes or tasks during a specified period.

 Maverick - (DOD) An air-to-surface missile with launch and leave
 capability. It is designed for use against stationary or moving small,
 hard targets such as tanks, armored vehicles, and field fortifications.
 Designated as AGM-65.

 maximum aircraft arresting hook load - (DOD) The maximum load
 experienced by an aircraft arresting hook assembly during an arrestment.

 maximum effective range - (DOD, NATO) The maximum distance at
 which a weapon may be expected to be accurate and achieve the  desired
 result.

 maximum effective range - (IADB) The maximum distance at which
 a weapon may be expected to deliver its destructive  charge  with  the
 accuracy specified to inflict prescribed damage.

 maximum landing weight - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The maximum gross
 weight due to design or operational limitations at which an aircraft is
 permitted to land.

 maximum operating depth - (DOD, NATO) The depth which a submarine
 is not to exceed during operations. This depth is  determined  by  the
 submarine's national naval authority. See also test depth.

 maximum ordinate - (DOD, NATO, IADB) In artillery  and  naval  gunfire
 support: a. the highest point along the trajectory of a projectile; b.
 the difference in altitude (vertical interval) between the origin  and
 the summit of the trajectory of a projectile.

 maximum permissible concentration -  See  radioactivity  concentration
 guide.

 maximum permissible dose - (DOD, NATO, IADB) That radiation dose
 which a military commander or other appropriate authority may prescribe
 as the limiting cumulative radiation dose to be received over a specific
 period of time by members of  his  command,  consistent  with  current
 operational military considerations.

 maximum range - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The greatest distance a weapon
 can fire without consideration of dispersion.

 maximum sustained speed - (DOD, NATO) In road transport, the
 highest speed at which a vehicle, with its rated payload, can be driven
 for an extended period on a level first-class highway without sustaining
 damage.

 maximum sustained speed (transport vehicles) - (IADB) The highest
 speed at which a vehicle, with its rated payload, can be driven for an
 extended period on a  level  first-class  highway  without  sustaining
 damage.

 maximum take-off weight - (DOD, NATO IADB) The maximum gross
 weight due to' design or operational limitations at which an  aircraft
 is permitted to take off.

 mayday - (DOD, IADB) Distress call.

 M-day - (DOD, IADB) The term used to designate the day on which
 mobilization is to begin. See also D-day; K-day.

 M-day - See designation of days and hours.

 M-day force materiel requirement - (DOD) The quantity of an item
 required to be on hand and on order (on M-day minus one day) to  equip
 and provide a materiel pipeline for the approved  peacetime  US  force
 structure, both active and reserve.

 meaconing - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A system of receiving radio beacon
 signals and rebroadcasting them  on  the  same  frequency  to  confuse
 navigation. The meaconing stations cause  inaccurate  bearings  to  be
 obtained by aircraft or ground stations. See also beacon.

 mean line of advance - (DOD) In naval usage, the direction expected to
 be made good over a sustained period.

 mean point of burst - See mean point of impact.

 mean point of impact - (DOD, NATO, IADB) The point whose coordinates are
 the arithmetic means of the coordinates  of  the  separate  points  of
 impact/burst of a finite number of projectiles fired or released at the
 same aiming point under a given set of conditions.

 mean sea level - (DOD, IADB) The average height of the surface
 of the sea for all stages  of  the  tide,  used  as  a  reference  for
 elevations.

 mean sea level - (NATO) The average sea level for a particular
 geographical location, obtained from numerous observations, at regular
 intervals, over a long period of time.

 means of transport - See mode of transport.

 measurement and signature intelligence - (DOD) Scientific and
 technical  intelligence  information  obtained  by  quantitative   and
 qualitative analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time
 dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived from specific
 technical sensors for  the  purpose  of  identifying  any  distinctive
 features associated  with  the  source,  emitter,  or  sender  and  to
 facilitate subsequent identification and/or measurement of  the  same.
 Also called MASINT.

 measuring magnifier - (NATO) A magnifying instrument  incorporating  a
 graticule for measuring small distances.

 mechanical sweep - (DOD, NATO) In naval mine warfare, any sweep
 used with  the  object  of  physically  contacting  the  mine  or  its
 appendages.

 median incapacitating dose - (DOD, NATO) The amount or quantity
 of chemical agent which when introduced into the body will incapacitate
 50 percent of exposed, unprotected personnel.

 median lethal dose - (DOD, NATO, IADB) 1. (Nuclear) The amount
 of radiation over the whole body which would be fatal to 50 percent of
 the exposed personnel in a given period of time. 2. (Chemical) The dose
 of chemical agent that would kill 50 percent of exposed, unprotected and
 untreated personnel. It is expressed in milligram  minutes  per  cubic
 meter.

 medical evacuees - (DOD) Personnel who are wounded, injured,
 or ill and must be moved to or between medical facilities.

 medical intelligence - (DOD) That category of  intelligence  resulting
 from collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation  of  foreign
 medical, bio-scientific, and environmental  information  which  is  of
 interest to strategic planning and to military  medical  planning  and
 operations for the conservation of the fighting strength  of  friendly
 forces and the formation of assessments of foreign medical capabilities
 in both military and civilian sectors.

 medical officer - (DOD, NATO) Physician with officer rank.

 medical treatment facility - (DOD, IADB) A facility established
 for the purpose of furnishing medical and/or dental care  to  eligible
 individuals.

 medium - (DOD) As used in air intercept, a height between 2,000
 and 25,000 feet.

 medium-altitude bombing - (DOD, IADB) Horizontal bombing with
 the height of release between 8,000 and 15,000 feet.

 medium-angle loft bombing - (DOD, IADB) Type of loft bombing
 wherein weapon release occurs at an angle between 35  and  75  degrees
 above the horizontal.

 medium artillery - See field artillery.

 medium atomic demolition munition - (DOD, IADB) A low-yield,
 team-portable, atomic demolition munition which can be detonated either
 by remote control or a timer device.

 medium-lot storage - (DOD, IADB) Generally defined as a quantity
 of material which will require one to three pallet stacks,  stored  to
 maximum height. Thus, the term refers  to  relatively  small  lots  as
 distinguished from definitely large or small lots. See also storage.

 medium-range ballistic missile - (DOD, IADB) A ballistic missile
 with a range capability from about 600 to 1,500 nautical miles.

 medium-range bomber aircraft - (DOD) A bomber designed for a
 tactical operating radius of under 1,000 nautical miles at design gross
 weight and design bomb load.

 medium-range transport aircraft - See transport aircraft.

 medium-scale map - (DOD, IADB) A map having a scale larger than
 1:600,000 and smaller than 1:75,000. See also map.

 meeting engagement - (DOD, NATO) A combat action that occurs
 when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy
 at an unexpected time and place.

 megaton weapon - (DOD, NATO, IADB) A nuclear weapon, the yield of
 which is measured in terms of millions of tons  of  trinitrotoluene
 explosive equivalents. See also kiloton weapon; nominal weapon;
 subkiloton weapon.

 memory - See storage.

 mercantile convoy - (DOD, NATO) A convoy consisting primarily
 of  merchant  ships  controlled  by  the  naval  control  of  shipping
 organization.

 mercast system - See merchant ship broadcast system.

 merchant intelligence - (DOD) In intelligence handling,  communication
 instructions for reporting by merchant vessels of  vital  intelligence
 sightings. Also called MERINT.

 merchant ship - (DOD, NATO) A vessel engaged in mercantile trade
 except river craft, estuarial craft, or  craft  which  operate  solely
 within harbor limits.

 merchant ship broadcast system - (DOD, NATO) A system of radio
 broadcasts to allied merchant ships which may be activated to  provide
 for the transmission of official messages to merchant ships in any part
 of the world.

 merchant ship casualty report - (DOD, IADB) A report by message,
 or other means, of a casualty to a merchant ship at sea  or  in  port.
 Merchant ship casualty reports are sent by the escort force  commander
 or other appropriate authority to the operational control authority in
 whose area the casualty occurred.

 merchant ship communications system - (DOD, NATO) A communications
 system for allied merchant ships which may be activated to provide for
 the transmission of official messages to merchant ships in any part of
 the world.

 merchant ship control zone - (DOD, NATO) A defined area of sea
 or ocean inside which it may be necessary to offer guidance, control and
 protection to allied shipping.

 merchant ship reporting and control message system - (DOD, NATO)
 A  worldwide  message  system  for  reporting  the  movements  of  and
 information relating to the control of merchant ships.

 mercomms system - See merchant ship communications system.

 merged - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Tracks have
 come together."

 message - (DOD, IADB) Any thought or idea expressed briefly in
 a plain or secret language, prepared in a form suitable for transmission
 by any means of communication.

 message - (NATO) Any thought or idea expressed briefly in a plain,
 coded, or secret language, prepared  in  a  form  suitable  for
 transmission by any means of communication.

 message center - See telecommunications center.

 message (telecommunications) - (DOD) Record information expressed
 in plain or encrypted language and prepared in a format specified  for
 intended transmission by a telecommunications system.

 meteorological data - (DOD, IADB) Meteorological facts pertaining
 to the atmosphere, such as wind, temperature, air density,  and  other
 phenomena which affect military operations.

 metrology - (DOD) The science of measurement, including the development
 of  measurement  standards  and  systems  for  absolute  and  relative
 measurements.

 MGM-13 - See Mace.

 MGM-29A - See Sergeant.

 MGM-31A - See Pershing.

 MGM-51 - See Shillelagh.

 microform - (DOD, NATO) A generic term for any form, whether
 film, video tape, paper or other medium,  containing  miniaturized  or
 otherwise compressed images which cannot be read without special display
 devices.

 midcourse guidance - (DOD) The guidance applied to a missile
 between termination of the boost phase and the start of  the  terminal
 phase of flight. See also guidance.

 midcourse guidance - (NATO) The guidance applied to a missile between
 termination of the launching phase and the start of the terminal
 phase of flight.

 midcourse phase - (DOD) That portion of the trajectory of a  ballistic
 missile between the boost  phase  and  the  reentry  phase.  See  also
 ballistic trajectory; boost phase; reentry phase; terminal phase.

 middleman - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Very high
 frequency or ultra-high frequency radio relay equipment."

 midnight - (DOD) In air intercept, a code meaning, "Changeover
 from close to broadcast control."

 militarily significant fallout - (DOD, IADB) Radioactive contamination
 capable of inflicting radiation doses on personnel which may result in
 a reduction of their combat effectiveness.
 Military Affiliate Radio System - (DOD) A program conducted by
 the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force in which amateur radio
 stations and operators participate in and contribute to the mission of
 providing auxiliary and emergency communications on a local, national,
 or international basis as an adjunct to normal military communications.
 Also referred to as MARS.

 Military Airlift Command - (DOD) The single manager operating
 agency for designated airlift service. Also referred to as MAC.

 military assistance advisory group - (DOD, IADB) A joint Service
 group, normally under the military command of a commander of a unified
 command and representing the Secretary  of  Defense,  which  primarily
 administers the US military assistance planning and programming in the
 host country. Also called MAAG.

 Military Assistance Articles and Services List - (DOD, IADB)
 A Department of Defense publication listing source, availability,  and
 price of items and services for use by the unified commands and Military
 Departments in preparing military assistance plans and programs. (Note:
 IADB uses the words "United States" before Department of Defense.)

 Military Assistance Program - (DOD, IADB) That portion of the US
 security assistance authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
 as amended, which provides defense articles and services to recipients
 on a nonreimbursable (grant) basis. Also referred to as MAP.

 Military Assistance Program Training - See international military
 education and training.

 military capability - (DOD) The ability to achieve a specified wartime
 objective (win a war or battle, destroy a target set). It includes
 four major components: force structure, modernization, readiness, and
 sustainability. a. force structure - Numbers, size, and composition of
 the units that comprise our Defense forces;